1 concept I find challenging is the calculation part like the heterozygosity. Is abit confusing for me to understand about how it works but I think after reading back the slides, I can understand it abit.

1)The 5 different source of genetic variation are non-random mating, random genetic drift, selection, mutation and genetic migration where these can result in evolutionary change. In non-random mating, organisms choose mates based with individuals of a particular genotype than with individuals of other genotypes. This can lead to genetic diversity of a species. Random genetic drift is the change in frequency of an existing gene variant in population due to random chance. Mutation introduces new allele into population which influences the frequency of the alleles in a population. Genetic migration is the permanent movement of genes from one population into another which help restore genetic variation into isolated population.

2)Genetic conservation is the possible effects of introducing domesticated aquaculture stocks on the genetics of natural populations and introducing new genotypes into established natural populations which help change the gene pool, heterozygosity and variation in the population.

1 Concept I find challenging is understanding the calculation of heterozygosity. I understand but takes awhile to digest.

1) sources of genetic variations includes non-random mating, random genetic drift, selection, mutation and genetic migration. genetic variation is when there is a force that acts on a population to result an evolutionary change. there are 4 types of non-random mating. they are positive assortative mating, negative assortative mating, inbreeding and outbreeding. random genetic drift is caused by random changes in allele frequencies due to chance and they can be caused by the species having a small population size due to founders effect or bottleneck effect. this would lead to large decrease or increase in a specific allele over time and always reduces genetic variation and this effect is amplified for endangered and endemic species with small populations.

2) population genetics can be useful when checking patterns and trends in genetic variability, gene flow, patterns of dispersal, effective population size and can also be helpful in genetic forensics applications. population genetics is the mathematical model that studies and predicts genotypes and phenotypes in a population.

1 concept that i find challenging to understand would be the math of the darwinain fitness. it sounds simple on paper but i cannot really understand and apply it yet. i think that doing more practice would allow me to understand it better

1) Genetic variation arises from several factors, including non-random mating, genetic drift, natural selection, mutation, and gene flow. Genetic variation occurs when forces act on a population, driving evolutionary change. Non-random mating has four types: positive assortative mating, negative assortative mating, inbreeding, and outbreeding.

2) There are three main types of natural selection:

Stabilizing Selection, which preserves a well-adapted trait; Directional Selection, which chooses one extreme variation, leading to shifts in the population's characteristics;

Disruptive Selection, which occurs when two or more distinct traits are chosen.

A concept i struggle with is the mathematical equations because i sometimes use the wrong ones for the wrong stuff

One area I find challenging is the calculation of heterozygosity a bit confusing.