https://padlet.com/elizabethstoa0607/y32uibfoq56zm28x Pharmacology en-us 2023-02-18 19:43:47 UTC 2023-02-19 01:45:23 UTC hello@padlet.com elizabethstoa0607 https://padlet.com/elizabethstoa0607/y32uibfoq56zm28x/wish/2487253801 The ANS is composed of two divisions, the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system. ]]> 2023-02-18 19:51:42 UTC https://padlet.com/elizabethstoa0607/y32uibfoq56zm28x/wish/2487253801 elizabethstoa0607 https://padlet.com/elizabethstoa0607/y32uibfoq56zm28x/wish/2487256256 The sympathetic nervous system, also known as the thoracolumbar division, originates in the spinal, thoracic and lumbar spinal cord. ]]> 2023-02-18 19:59:31 UTC https://padlet.com/elizabethstoa0607/y32uibfoq56zm28x/wish/2487256256 elizabethstoa0607 https://padlet.com/elizabethstoa0607/y32uibfoq56zm28x/wish/2487262161 The main function of the PNS is to control the body's response while at rest. In this phase, the PNS controls the body's ability to relax. This stage is also referred to as the "rest and digest" state. ]]> 2023-02-18 20:18:17 UTC https://padlet.com/elizabethstoa0607/y32uibfoq56zm28x/wish/2487262161 elizabethstoa0607 https://padlet.com/elizabethstoa0607/y32uibfoq56zm28x/wish/2487262180 The parasympathetic nervous system, also known as the craniosacral division, originates from the brain and spinal cord. ]]> 2023-02-18 20:18:21 UTC https://padlet.com/elizabethstoa0607/y32uibfoq56zm28x/wish/2487262180 elizabethstoa0607 https://padlet.com/elizabethstoa0607/y32uibfoq56zm28x/wish/2487262190 The primary function of the SNS is to activate the "fight-or-flight" response in frightening or emergency situations. ]]> 2023-02-18 20:18:23 UTC https://padlet.com/elizabethstoa0607/y32uibfoq56zm28x/wish/2487262190 elizabethstoa0607 https://padlet.com/elizabethstoa0607/y32uibfoq56zm28x/wish/2487263325 Once your "flight-or-fight" reaction has occurred, the adrenal medulla will release chemicals utilized in the communication of a message from one cell to another, also known as neurotransmitters. The neurotransmitters involved in the SNS include epinephrine and some norepinephrine into the blood. Once released into the bloodstream, epinephrine and norepinephrine are released at an effector site acting as hormones. ]]> 2023-02-18 20:21:39 UTC https://padlet.com/elizabethstoa0607/y32uibfoq56zm28x/wish/2487263325 elizabethstoa0607 https://padlet.com/elizabethstoa0607/y32uibfoq56zm28x/wish/2487273430 During the rest-and-digest response, acetylcholine is released. This neurotransmitter is released at the ganglia and post-ganglionic nerve endings in the PNS. ]]> 2023-02-18 20:54:54 UTC https://padlet.com/elizabethstoa0607/y32uibfoq56zm28x/wish/2487273430 elizabethstoa0607 https://padlet.com/elizabethstoa0607/y32uibfoq56zm28x/wish/2487274150 2023-02-18 20:57:30 UTC https://padlet.com/elizabethstoa0607/y32uibfoq56zm28x/wish/2487274150 elizabethstoa0607 https://padlet.com/elizabethstoa0607/y32uibfoq56zm28x/wish/2487276116 In the SNS, acetylcholine is released at the ganglia. Norepinephrine are the post-ganglionic nerve endings. ]]> 2023-02-18 21:04:33 UTC https://padlet.com/elizabethstoa0607/y32uibfoq56zm28x/wish/2487276116 elizabethstoa0607 https://padlet.com/elizabethstoa0607/y32uibfoq56zm28x/wish/2487276798 In the PNS, acetylcholine is released at the ganglia. The difference between the PNS and the SNS is that acetylcholine is released at the post-panglionic nerve endings as well. 

]]> 2023-02-18 21:07:27 UTC https://padlet.com/elizabethstoa0607/y32uibfoq56zm28x/wish/2487276798 elizabethstoa0607 https://padlet.com/elizabethstoa0607/y32uibfoq56zm28x/wish/2487277658 2023-02-18 21:10:59 UTC https://padlet.com/elizabethstoa0607/y32uibfoq56zm28x/wish/2487277658 elizabethstoa0607 https://padlet.com/elizabethstoa0607/y32uibfoq56zm28x/wish/2487278792 2023-02-18 21:15:27 UTC https://padlet.com/elizabethstoa0607/y32uibfoq56zm28x/wish/2487278792 elizabethstoa0607 https://padlet.com/elizabethstoa0607/y32uibfoq56zm28x/wish/2487278839 2023-02-18 21:15:39 UTC https://padlet.com/elizabethstoa0607/y32uibfoq56zm28x/wish/2487278839 elizabethstoa0607 https://padlet.com/elizabethstoa0607/y32uibfoq56zm28x/wish/2487280103 Muscarinic receptors are cholinergic receptors that cause an increase in secretion. 
-located on the cell membranes of the visceral organs and glands and are stimulated by acetylcholine supplied by parasympathetic fibers. ]]> 2023-02-18 21:20:58 UTC https://padlet.com/elizabethstoa0607/y32uibfoq56zm28x/wish/2487280103 elizabethstoa0607 https://padlet.com/elizabethstoa0607/y32uibfoq56zm28x/wish/2487282636 Nicotinic receptors stimulate parasympathetic post-ganglionic neurons to release their chemicals.
There are two types of nicotinic receptors: nicotinic-nerve and nicotinic-muscle. 
-Nicotinic-nerve receptors are located at the parasympathetic and sympathetic ganglia. Stimulated by the release of acetylcholine from pre-ganglionic nerve endings to conduct impulses across the autonomic ganglia to the post-ganglionic fibers.
-Nicotinic-muscle receptors are located on the cell membranes of skeletal muscle. Stimulated by the release of acetylcholine from somatic nerve endings to contract skeletal muscle. ]]> 2023-02-18 21:31:28 UTC https://padlet.com/elizabethstoa0607/y32uibfoq56zm28x/wish/2487282636 elizabethstoa0607 https://padlet.com/elizabethstoa0607/y32uibfoq56zm28x/wish/2487284505 -Stimulated by the release of norepinephrine from the post-ganglionic neurons. 
-Subdivided into two typed: Alpha and Beta receptors]]> 2023-02-18 21:34:54 UTC https://padlet.com/elizabethstoa0607/y32uibfoq56zm28x/wish/2487284505 elizabethstoa0607 https://padlet.com/elizabethstoa0607/y32uibfoq56zm28x/wish/2487285808 Located in the effector tissue, smooth muscle and glands]]> 2023-02-18 21:38:48 UTC https://padlet.com/elizabethstoa0607/y32uibfoq56zm28x/wish/2487285808 elizabethstoa0607 https://padlet.com/elizabethstoa0607/y32uibfoq56zm28x/wish/2487285912 Located in the nerve endings and some smooth tissue]]> 2023-02-18 21:39:16 UTC https://padlet.com/elizabethstoa0607/y32uibfoq56zm28x/wish/2487285912 elizabethstoa0607 https://padlet.com/elizabethstoa0607/y32uibfoq56zm28x/wish/2487286262 Located in three locations: the heart, the kidney, and the fat cells.]]> 2023-02-18 21:40:31 UTC https://padlet.com/elizabethstoa0607/y32uibfoq56zm28x/wish/2487286262 elizabethstoa0607 https://padlet.com/elizabethstoa0607/y32uibfoq56zm28x/wish/2487286462 Located in three locations: Smooth muscle, liver and heart. ]]> 2023-02-18 21:41:13 UTC https://padlet.com/elizabethstoa0607/y32uibfoq56zm28x/wish/2487286462 elizabethstoa0607 https://padlet.com/elizabethstoa0607/y32uibfoq56zm28x/wish/2487288496 2023-02-18 21:48:46 UTC https://padlet.com/elizabethstoa0607/y32uibfoq56zm28x/wish/2487288496 elizabethstoa0607 https://padlet.com/elizabethstoa0607/y32uibfoq56zm28x/wish/2487288656 2023-02-18 21:49:23 UTC https://padlet.com/elizabethstoa0607/y32uibfoq56zm28x/wish/2487288656 elizabethstoa0607 https://padlet.com/elizabethstoa0607/y32uibfoq56zm28x/wish/2487288684 2023-02-18 21:49:32 UTC https://padlet.com/elizabethstoa0607/y32uibfoq56zm28x/wish/2487288684 elizabethstoa0607 https://padlet.com/elizabethstoa0607/y32uibfoq56zm28x/wish/2487289120 Pupils narrow as a response that is generated when stimulated by the PNS division.]]> 2023-02-18 21:51:14 UTC https://padlet.com/elizabethstoa0607/y32uibfoq56zm28x/wish/2487289120 elizabethstoa0607 https://padlet.com/elizabethstoa0607/y32uibfoq56zm28x/wish/2487289287 Pupils widen as a response that is generated when stimulated by the SNS division.]]> 2023-02-18 21:52:00 UTC https://padlet.com/elizabethstoa0607/y32uibfoq56zm28x/wish/2487289287 elizabethstoa0607 https://padlet.com/elizabethstoa0607/y32uibfoq56zm28x/wish/2487290490 The heart rate, atrioventricular conduction and contractility is decreased as a response that is generated when stimulated by the PNS division. ]]> 2023-02-18 21:56:28 UTC https://padlet.com/elizabethstoa0607/y32uibfoq56zm28x/wish/2487290490 elizabethstoa0607 https://padlet.com/elizabethstoa0607/y32uibfoq56zm28x/wish/2487290896 The heart rate, atrioventricular conduction and contractility is increased as a response that is generated when stimulated by the SNS division. ]]> 2023-02-18 21:57:17 UTC https://padlet.com/elizabethstoa0607/y32uibfoq56zm28x/wish/2487290896 elizabethstoa0607 https://padlet.com/elizabethstoa0607/y32uibfoq56zm28x/wish/2487292295 Contraction occurs as a response that is generated when stimulated by the SNS division]]> 2023-02-18 22:03:33 UTC https://padlet.com/elizabethstoa0607/y32uibfoq56zm28x/wish/2487292295 elizabethstoa0607 https://padlet.com/elizabethstoa0607/y32uibfoq56zm28x/wish/2487292449 Relaxation occurs as a response that is generated when stimulated by the PNS division]]> 2023-02-18 22:04:14 UTC https://padlet.com/elizabethstoa0607/y32uibfoq56zm28x/wish/2487292449 elizabethstoa0607 https://padlet.com/elizabethstoa0607/y32uibfoq56zm28x/wish/2487292515 Relaxation occurs as a response that is generated when stimulated by the SNS division]]> 2023-02-18 22:04:35 UTC https://padlet.com/elizabethstoa0607/y32uibfoq56zm28x/wish/2487292515 elizabethstoa0607 https://padlet.com/elizabethstoa0607/y32uibfoq56zm28x/wish/2487292716 Contraction occurs as a response that is generated when stimulated by the PNS division]]> 2023-02-18 22:05:28 UTC https://padlet.com/elizabethstoa0607/y32uibfoq56zm28x/wish/2487292716 elizabethstoa0607 https://padlet.com/elizabethstoa0607/y32uibfoq56zm28x/wish/2487292987 Release of epinephrine occurs as a response that is generated when stimulated by the SNS division]]> 2023-02-18 22:06:47 UTC https://padlet.com/elizabethstoa0607/y32uibfoq56zm28x/wish/2487292987 elizabethstoa0607 https://padlet.com/elizabethstoa0607/y32uibfoq56zm28x/wish/2487294822 2023-02-18 22:15:48 UTC https://padlet.com/elizabethstoa0607/y32uibfoq56zm28x/wish/2487294822 elizabethstoa0607 https://padlet.com/elizabethstoa0607/y32uibfoq56zm28x/wish/2487295379 2023-02-18 22:18:31 UTC https://padlet.com/elizabethstoa0607/y32uibfoq56zm28x/wish/2487295379 elizabethstoa0607 https://padlet.com/elizabethstoa0607/y32uibfoq56zm28x/wish/2487295540 2023-02-18 22:19:19 UTC https://padlet.com/elizabethstoa0607/y32uibfoq56zm28x/wish/2487295540 elizabethstoa0607 https://padlet.com/elizabethstoa0607/y32uibfoq56zm28x/wish/2487296485 Receptor Site:
Alpha-1
Alpha-2

Action that occurs:
Alpha-1
~contraction of alpha-1
~mediated smooth muscle
~increased blood pressure
Alpha-2
~negative feedback effect to decrease release of NE]]> 2023-02-18 22:22:47 UTC https://padlet.com/elizabethstoa0607/y32uibfoq56zm28x/wish/2487296485 elizabethstoa0607 https://padlet.com/elizabethstoa0607/y32uibfoq56zm28x/wish/2487296992 Receptor Site:
Beta-1
Beta-2

Action that occurs:
Beta-1 
~cardiac stimulation
~increased heart rate and force of contraction
Beta-2 
~relaxation of beta-2-mediated smooth muscle and bronchodilation 
~increased blood flow to the heart and skeletal muscle]]> 2023-02-18 22:24:53 UTC https://padlet.com/elizabethstoa0607/y32uibfoq56zm28x/wish/2487296992 elizabethstoa0607 https://padlet.com/elizabethstoa0607/y32uibfoq56zm28x/wish/2487297232 Receptor Site:
Beta-2

Action that occurs:
Beta-2
~relaxation of beta-2-mediated smooth muscle and bronchodilation
~increased blood flow to the heart and skeletal muscle]]> 2023-02-18 22:25:52 UTC https://padlet.com/elizabethstoa0607/y32uibfoq56zm28x/wish/2487297232 elizabethstoa0607 https://padlet.com/elizabethstoa0607/y32uibfoq56zm28x/wish/2487297603 2023-02-18 22:27:22 UTC https://padlet.com/elizabethstoa0607/y32uibfoq56zm28x/wish/2487297603 elizabethstoa0607 https://padlet.com/elizabethstoa0607/y32uibfoq56zm28x/wish/2487297867 Receptor Site:
Alpha-1

Action that occurs:
~Alpha-1 blockade, relaxation of alpha-1-mediated smooth muscle
~decreased blood pressure]]> 2023-02-18 22:28:40 UTC https://padlet.com/elizabethstoa0607/y32uibfoq56zm28x/wish/2487297867 elizabethstoa0607 https://padlet.com/elizabethstoa0607/y32uibfoq56zm28x/wish/2487298173 Receptor Site:
Beta-1
Beta-2

Action that occurs:
~Beta-1 blockade, decreased cardiac function; decreased heart rate and force of contraction
~Beta-2 blockade, beta-2-mediated smooth muscle contraction (nontherapeutic)]]> 2023-02-18 22:29:50 UTC https://padlet.com/elizabethstoa0607/y32uibfoq56zm28x/wish/2487298173 elizabethstoa0607 https://padlet.com/elizabethstoa0607/y32uibfoq56zm28x/wish/2487298421 Receptor Site:
Beta-1

Action that occurs:
~Selective beta-1 blockade, decreases cardiac function ~decreases heart rate and force of contraction]]> 2023-02-18 22:30:57 UTC https://padlet.com/elizabethstoa0607/y32uibfoq56zm28x/wish/2487298421 elizabethstoa0607 https://padlet.com/elizabethstoa0607/y32uibfoq56zm28x/wish/2487298618 Receptor Site:
Adrenergic nerve ending

Action that occurs:
~Interferes with synthesis and/or release of NE from nerve ending
~decreases all sympathetic activity
~lowers blood pressure and cardiac function]]> 2023-02-18 22:32:00 UTC https://padlet.com/elizabethstoa0607/y32uibfoq56zm28x/wish/2487298618 elizabethstoa0607 https://padlet.com/elizabethstoa0607/y32uibfoq56zm28x/wish/2487299841 midodrine (ProAmatine™)
norepinephrine (Levophed™)
phenylephrine (Neo-Synephrine™)
naphazoline (Privine™) (Naphcon™)
oxymetazoline (Afrin™/Mucinex™/Dristan™)
phenylephrine (Neo-Synephrine™)
pseudoephedrine (Sudafed™)
tetrahydrozoline (Tyzine™) (Visine™)
xylometazoline (Otrivin™)]]> 2023-02-18 22:37:13 UTC https://padlet.com/elizabethstoa0607/y32uibfoq56zm28x/wish/2487299841 elizabethstoa0607 https://padlet.com/elizabethstoa0607/y32uibfoq56zm28x/wish/2487301124 Nonselective Drugs:
eopamine (Intropin™)
ephedrine (generic)
epinephrine (Adrenaline™) (EpiPen) (Primatene mist) 
isoproterenol (Isuprel™)

Selective Drugs:
albuterol (Proventil™)
dobutamine (Generics)
levalbuterol (Xopenex™)
metaproterenol (Alupent, generics)
salmeterol (Serevent™)
terbutaline (Brethine™)]]> 2023-02-18 22:42:35 UTC https://padlet.com/elizabethstoa0607/y32uibfoq56zm28x/wish/2487301124 elizabethstoa0607 https://padlet.com/elizabethstoa0607/y32uibfoq56zm28x/wish/2487302496 alfuzosin (Uroxatral™)
doxazosin (Cardura™)
phenoxybenzamine (Dibenzyline™)
prazosin (Minipress™)
silodosin (Rapaflo™)
tamsulosin (Flomax™)
terazosin (Hytrin™)]]> 2023-02-18 22:48:54 UTC https://padlet.com/elizabethstoa0607/y32uibfoq56zm28x/wish/2487302496 elizabethstoa0607 https://padlet.com/elizabethstoa0607/y32uibfoq56zm28x/wish/2487303935 Nonselective Drugs:
carvedilol (Coreg™)
labetalol (Normodyne™)
nadolol (Corgard™)
pindolol (Visken™)
propranolol (Inderal™)
timolol (Blocadren, Timoptic™)

Selective Drugs:
acebutolol (Sectral™)
atenolol (Tenormin™)
bisoprolol (Zebeta™)
esmolol (Brevibloc™)
IV infusion (dose variable)
metoprolol tartrate, acute myocardial infarction, cardiovascular event prevention post-myocardial infarction (Lopressor™)
metoprolol succinate (Toprol XL™)
Nebivolol (Bystolic™)]]> 2023-02-18 22:52:14 UTC https://padlet.com/elizabethstoa0607/y32uibfoq56zm28x/wish/2487303935 elizabethstoa0607 https://padlet.com/elizabethstoa0607/y32uibfoq56zm28x/wish/2487304301 methyldopa (Aldomet™)
serpasil (Reserpine™)
Guanethidine (Ismelin™)
Guanadrel (Hylorel™)]]> 2023-02-18 22:53:55 UTC https://padlet.com/elizabethstoa0607/y32uibfoq56zm28x/wish/2487304301 elizabethstoa0607 https://padlet.com/elizabethstoa0607/y32uibfoq56zm28x/wish/2487305336 2023-02-18 22:58:39 UTC https://padlet.com/elizabethstoa0607/y32uibfoq56zm28x/wish/2487305336 elizabethstoa0607 https://padlet.com/elizabethstoa0607/y32uibfoq56zm28x/wish/2487306637 2023-02-18 23:03:18 UTC https://padlet.com/elizabethstoa0607/y32uibfoq56zm28x/wish/2487306637 elizabethstoa0607 https://padlet.com/elizabethstoa0607/y32uibfoq56zm28x/wish/2487311629 Receptor Site:
ganglionic sites of both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves 

Action that occurs:
stimulates the autonomic ganglia (sympathetic and parasympathetic) in low doses and blocks the autonomic ganglia in high doses]]> 2023-02-18 23:30:07 UTC https://padlet.com/elizabethstoa0607/y32uibfoq56zm28x/wish/2487311629 elizabethstoa0607 https://padlet.com/elizabethstoa0607/y32uibfoq56zm28x/wish/2487312130 Receptor Site: 
At the skeletal neuromuscular junction

Action that occurs:
triggers rapid neural and neuromuscular transmission]]> 2023-02-18 23:32:43 UTC https://padlet.com/elizabethstoa0607/y32uibfoq56zm28x/wish/2487312130 elizabethstoa0607 https://padlet.com/elizabethstoa0607/y32uibfoq56zm28x/wish/2487312586 Receptor Site:
At the parasympathetic post-ganglionic nerve endings

Action that occurs:
Muscarine produces effects that are similar to those of ACH, but only at these particular receptor sites.]]> 2023-02-18 23:35:27 UTC https://padlet.com/elizabethstoa0607/y32uibfoq56zm28x/wish/2487312586 elizabethstoa0607 https://padlet.com/elizabethstoa0607/y32uibfoq56zm28x/wish/2487319729 Direct-acting drugs
Acetylcholine (Miochol-E™)
Bethanechol (Urecholine™)
Carbachol (Isopto carbachol™)
Pilocarpine (Isopto carpine™)

Indirect-acting drugs (Anticholinesterases™)
Echothiophate (Phospholine™)
Edrophonium (Tensilon™)
Neostigmine (Prostigmin™)
Physostigmine (generic)
Pyridostigmine (Mestinon™)
Donepezil (Aricept™)
Galantamine (Razadyne™)
Rivastigmine (Exelon™)]]> 2023-02-19 00:09:11 UTC https://padlet.com/elizabethstoa0607/y32uibfoq56zm28x/wish/2487319729 elizabethstoa0607 https://padlet.com/elizabethstoa0607/y32uibfoq56zm28x/wish/2487322729 atropine (generic)
atropine (Isopto atropine)™
darifenacin (Enablex™)
flavoxate (Urispas™)
glycopyrrolate (Robinul™)
hyoscyamine (Anaspaz™, Levbid™, Levsin™)
ipratropium (Atrovent™)
methscopolamine (Pamine™)
oxybutynin (Ditropan™, Ditropan XL™, oxybutynin topical™) (Oxytrol™, OTC)
propantheline (Pro-Banthine™)
scopolamine (generic) (Transderm scop™)
solifenacin (Vesicare™)
tiotropium (Spiriva™)
tolterodine (Detrol™, Detrol LA™)
trospium (Sanctura™)]]> 2023-02-19 00:26:20 UTC https://padlet.com/elizabethstoa0607/y32uibfoq56zm28x/wish/2487322729 elizabethstoa0607 https://padlet.com/elizabethstoa0607/y32uibfoq56zm28x/wish/2487339757 I used the electronic textbook for information ]]> 2023-02-19 01:45:17 UTC https://padlet.com/elizabethstoa0607/y32uibfoq56zm28x/wish/2487339757