r

zh (as in "treasure")

th (as in "the")

Siblings, friends, parents, and others can usually understand the child.

Sound Sample

r red

zh treasure

th th

(Crowe and Mclead, 2020)

th (as in "teeth")

Sound Sample

th teeth

(Crowe and Mclead, 2020)

6 years: Using LEGO bricks, beads, or pennies, say a word and have your child show you how many sounds the word makes. For example, tap = t-o-p = three sounds, so your child would place three objects in a row. Then have them tap each object as they say the sound. (Reading Rockets)

7years: Goal. 2nd graders should recognize rhyming word pairs (flutter/butter), and tell you the first, middle, and last sounds at the end of words, like an -s, -ing, or -ed. They should be able to separate a word into syllables, or beats, they hear. (Read Charlotte)

Syllable awareness: Blending- put these words together to make a whole word: rock-et. (rocket)

On-set Awareness: Rhyme recognition- Do these two words rhyme?: ham, jam? Yes.

Tell me a word that rhymes with nut.

Categorization: Which word do not belong? mat, cat, sun, fat? sun.

Phoneme Awareness: Isolation- What is the first sound in fan? (/f/)

What is the last sound in fan? (/n/)

What is the middle sound in fan? (/a/)

Identification- Which word has the same sound as car: fan, corn, or map? (corn)

Categorization: Which word does not belong? bus, ball, house? (house)

Blending- Which word am I saying? /b/l/g/)

(Read Naturally, Inc.)

Deletion- Involves having students manipulate spoken words by deleting specific phonemes. (TTAConline)

Addition- Adding phonemes to a given word to produce a new word. For instance, starting with the word we and adding the phoneme /k/ to the end turns it into week. (Really Great Reading Blog, March 22, 2019)

Segmentation- Separating a word into its individual sounds, like cat pulled apart makes /c/ /a/ /t/ (Al Overview)

Blending- Combining individual sounds to form a word, like /c/ /a/ /t/ to make cat. (Al Overview)

Phoneme Isolation- A strategy that helps develop students' phonemic awareness, which is part of phonological awareness. Phonemic isolation involves having students identify specific phonemes in (e.g., first, middle, last sound). (DPI)

Your students need phonemic awareness. If you want them to be able to decode unfamiliar words and sound out words they come across when they are reading. If a student can blend the word, they can then read the word. (Janelle McArdle, August 13, 2023)

-Michelle Buchanan

Phonemic Awareness | Phonological Awareness:: Read Naturally, Inc. https://www.readnaturally.com/research/5-components-of-reading/phonological-awareness#:~:text=The%20following%20table%20shows%20how,an%20example%20for%20each%20skill.

Phoneme Isolation-DPI.

https://dpi.wi.gov/sites/default/files/imce/ela/bank/RF_PA_Isolation.pdf

Phoneme substitution- Reading Universe. https://readinguniverse.org/glossary/phoneme-substitution#:~:text=Phoneme%20substitution%20%2D%20the%20act%20of,to%20create%20the%20word%20leg.

Phonological and Phonemic Awareness: Activities for your first grader-Reading Rockets. https://www.readingrockets.org/literacy-home/reading-101-guide-parents/your-first-grader/phonological-and-phonemic-awareness#:~:text=Using%20LEGO%20bricks%2C%20beads%2C%20or,you%20the%20sounds%20they%20hear.

Second Grade Phonemic Awareness | Knowing Sounds in Second Grade-Read Charlotte. https://www.homereadinghelper.org/2nd-grade-reading-skills-phonemic-awareness/#:~:text=Goal,%2Ding%2C%20or%20%2Ded.

12 Effective Strategies for Teaching  Phonemic Awareness-My Teaching CupBoard-Janelle Ardle, August 13, 2023. https://www.myteachingcupboard.com/blog/effective-strategies-for-teaching-phonemic-awareness?format=amp

-Michelle Buchanan