Causes: 

extreme weather- average monthly temperature below 1 degree from November to March, short growing season and low productivity. In 2009, 1/5 of the total livestock died over winter due to the harsh condition. Strong wind leading to soil erosion and there is low precipitation rate.

Economic- lack of income alternatives to herding

Social- bad education quality, lack of qualified teachers, because they would want to work in urban areas more for higher wages and better assess to wider range of services, weak infrastructure and lack of wide range of services

Effect:

Job competition in Ulan

Air and noise pollution from cars and burning of coal in the winter (mainly from the ger district)

Poverty- 38% of people are currently below poverty line, living in Ger districts, locating at rural urban fridge, mainly rural migrants. Poor quality traditional mongolian housings. High unemployment rate, many people pick trash and recycle them in order to make money.

Future management (government)- developing rural areas by setting up regional urban areas, developing mining industries in Western Mongolia (contributes to GDP, provide employment alternatives)

Government provides incentives to convince Han Chinese to migrate to Tibet

This is to balance the ethnic groups in Tibet

However, there are now more Han Chinese than Tibetans in Tibet and Tibetans are becoming a minority. There are 200,000 Han Chinese in Lahsa but only 100,000 Tibetans.

A better quality of life, clean and quiet environment without air and noise pollution, busy traffic and crimes (inner city deprivation, overcrowding with migrants)

Larger and cheaper housing, lower living cost

Employers started to move to rural areas attracting people with new jobs. 1981-96 rural areas gained more than 1 million jobs

Increase use of internet, allowing people to work at home, allowing them to move away from towns and cities

Increase demand for homes for retirees, ageing population (old people likes countryside more)

Increase demand for second homes, high levels of wealth, increase

New towns and estates were built, the need for rural areas to attract more incomes (e.g. agricultural businesses are struggling and one way for them to make money is to sell unwanted land or buildings for residential areas)

Government schemes of resettlement- rehome people from deprive inner cities, mainly for working class that had moved into the area for work.

Increase in accessibility, highways built, middle class and socially mobile people, easily assess nearby towns and cities by car, bus or train.

More specific circumstances of a family/communities in terms of urban contact as being crucial in the decision making process.