Nervous System Drugs by Mélanie Filion https://padlet.com/melanie_filion/NSThursday Thursday en-us 2019-11-07 13:22:50 UTC 2025-05-12 04:02:32 UTC hello@padlet.com Q: What is a Neurotransmitter? https://padlet.com/melanie_filion/NSThursday/wish/408062862 A: a chemical substance that is released at the end of a nerve fiber by the arrival of a nerve impulse and, by diffusing across the synapse or junction, causes the transfer of the impulse to another nerve fiber, a muscle fiber, or some other structure.]]> 2019-11-07 14:07:41 UTC https://padlet.com/melanie_filion/NSThursday/wish/408062862 Q: Classification/mechanism of action. Why are they ordered when the patient is already on morphine? https://padlet.com/melanie_filion/NSThursday/wish/408063483 A: All of the additional medications ordered vary in their mechanism of action and receptor activity causing additive therapeutic effects. Naloxone and Nalbuphine are PRN, only administered for pruritis and respiratory depression to reverse the effects of opioids.
Mechanism of action for Tylenol: Inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX) in only the CNS, minimal effects at peripheral sites. By decreasing prostaglandin synthesis in the CNS, it will reduce fever and pain
Mechanism of action for Meloxicam: A non steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that inhibits both COX-1 and COX-2.
Mechanism of action for Naloxone: A potent narcotic antagonist essentially free of agonistic (morphine-like) properties, blocks both Kappa and Mu receptors.
Mechanism of action for Nalbuphine: Agonist at kappa receptors and an antagonist at mu receptors. Has analgesic effect for mild to moderate pain, sedation and respiratory depression.]]> 2019-11-07 14:08:28 UTC https://padlet.com/melanie_filion/NSThursday/wish/408063483 Q: What additional Data? https://padlet.com/melanie_filion/NSThursday/wish/408063669 A: Past medical Hx. , current meds, base line information regarding sleep.

]]> 2019-11-07 14:08:43 UTC https://padlet.com/melanie_filion/NSThursday/wish/408063669 1. Discuss the difference between meloxicam and celebrex. https://padlet.com/melanie_filion/NSThursday/wish/408063989 Meloxicam - COX-1 and COX-2 . Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug used to treat pain and inflammation in rheumatic diseases and osteoarthritis. It is taken by mouth. It is recommended that it be used for as short a period as possible and at a low dose

Celebrex -  is a COX-2 selective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (blocks COX-2) . It is used to treat the pain and inflammation in osteoarthritis, acute pain in adults, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, painful menstruation, and juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.]]> 2019-11-07 14:09:12 UTC https://padlet.com/melanie_filion/NSThursday/wish/408063989 https://padlet.com/melanie_filion/NSThursday/wish/408064214 Q: identify the major adverse effect of acetaminophen.
A: hepatotoxicity (increase doses), agitation (increase in children) (IV), anxiety (IV), headache, fatigue, insomnia, atelectasis (increase in children), dyspnea, hypertension, hypotension, acute generalized exanthemata’s pustulosis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis ]]> 2019-11-07 14:09:28 UTC https://padlet.com/melanie_filion/NSThursday/wish/408064214 Q: Why is it imperative that patients on benzodiazepines be cautioned against combining them with alcohol? https://padlet.com/melanie_filion/NSThursday/wish/408065987 A:  Enhanced effects (alcohol and benzodiazepines can enhance eachothers effects) The main concern here being the increased respiratory depression effect.

Increased Risk of Overdose

Increased Reduction of Cognition (Impaired judgement, significant loss of inhibitions)

Decreased Physical Reactions (Diminished reflexes, motor functions, etc.)

Increased Side Effect Potential

Increased Potential for Unpredictable Effects

Increased potential of Acute Condition Development

Increased Risk of Long-Term physical conditions

Increased risk of developing a mental health disorder

Increased risk of developing a dependence on both or either drug

Increased risk of developing a substance use disorder

Increased Risk of issues with relationships, professional goals, educational goals, finances, etc.]]> 2019-11-07 14:11:59 UTC https://padlet.com/melanie_filion/NSThursday/wish/408065987 https://padlet.com/melanie_filion/NSThursday/wish/408066833 Q: Identify the most prevalent 5 adverse effects that can be experienced by a patient receiving an opioid drug and indicate what assessments and nursing interventions you, the nurse, might use to prevent and address these adverse effects.
A: Respiratory depression; monitor resp. rate and notify if at 12 or below, and have naloxone available
- Sedation; try smaller doses more frequently, use drugs with shorter half-life, give small doses of CNS stimulant in am and pm
- Orthostatic hypotension; monitor BP and pulse, help patient ambulate
- Constipation; promote physical activity, fluids, fiber, and stool softener/laxative if needed
- Urinary retention; monitor I&O, palpate for bladder distention q4-6h, promote voiding q4h, catheterization if needed
- N&V; give antiemetic]]> 2019-11-07 14:13:04 UTC https://padlet.com/melanie_filion/NSThursday/wish/408066833 2.What are the most common adverse reactions of non steroidal anti-inflammatory agents? https://padlet.com/melanie_filion/NSThursday/wish/408067548 Renal impairment, gastric erosion, ulceration, occult GI bleeding, nausea, constipation, diarrhea, stomach pain, stomach ulcers, anemia, dizziness, swelling in the legs.]]> 2019-11-07 14:14:01 UTC https://padlet.com/melanie_filion/NSThursday/wish/408067548 Norepinephrine https://padlet.com/melanie_filion/NSThursday/wish/408067625 is the transmitter released by practically all postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system. the only exceptions are the postganglionic sympathetic neurons that go to sweat glands, which employ acetylcholine as their transmitter
- predominantly from the ends of sympathetic nerve fibres and that acts to increase the force of skeletal muscle contraction and the rate and force of contraction of the heart.
-Norepinephrine exerts its effects by binding to α- and β-adrenergic receptors
-In the blood vessels, it triggers vasoconstriction (narrowing of blood vessels), which increases blood pressure
-Norepinephrine is used clinically as a means of maintaining blood pressure in certain types of shock (e.g., septic shock).]]> 2019-11-07 14:14:08 UTC https://padlet.com/melanie_filion/NSThursday/wish/408067625 https://padlet.com/melanie_filion/NSThursday/wish/408067850 Q: how does physical dependence on opioid analgesics differ from abuse and addiction.
A:
Physical: "state which abstinence syndrome occurs if drug is withdrawn"
Abuse: "drug use that is inconsistent with medical or social norms, used to produce euphoria"
Addiction: "pattern of compulsive drug use, individual pathologically pursuing towards and/or relief by substance use & other behaviors"]]> 2019-11-07 14:14:26 UTC https://padlet.com/melanie_filion/NSThursday/wish/408067850 Epinephrine https://padlet.com/melanie_filion/NSThursday/wish/408068616 Found in the SNS and secreted by the medulla. Epinephrine has a specificity for the following receptors: alpha1, alpha2, beta1, beta2. Its classified as a catecholamine and the therapeutic uses are:
- Delay absorption of local anesthetic
- Control superficial bleeding 
- Elevate blood pressure
- Overcome AV heart blockage 
- Restore cardiac function post cardiac arrest
-Promotes bronchodilation, useful in asthma
- Treatment of choice for anaphylactic shock. ]]> 2019-11-07 14:15:33 UTC https://padlet.com/melanie_filion/NSThursday/wish/408068616 Acetylcholine https://padlet.com/melanie_filion/NSThursday/wish/408068727 (ACh) Is a neurotransmitter that binds to its receptor with a "lock and key" analogy. ACh binds to its receptors (NicotinicN and NicotinicM or Muscarinic) located on the postjunctional cell. Upon dissociating from its receptors, ACh is destroyed immediately by acetylcholinesterase (AChE). ACh causes muscles to contract, activates pain responses and regulates endocrine and REM sleep functions. ]]> 2019-11-07 14:15:43 UTC https://padlet.com/melanie_filion/NSThursday/wish/408068727 3. What are the key considerations in using anti-inflammatory agents with older adults? https://padlet.com/melanie_filion/NSThursday/wish/408070644
  • Lead to high blood pressure.
  • Make symptoms of heart failure worse.
  • Raise the risk of heart attack, stroke, kidney damage, and skin reactions.

    • ]]>     2019-11-07 14:18:25 UTC https://padlet.com/melanie_filion/NSThursday/wish/408070644     Main functions of the parasympathetic NS: https://padlet.com/melanie_filion/NSThursday/wish/408070829 A: Constricts pupil, stimulates salvation, inhibits heart, constricts bronchi, stimulates digestive activity, stimulates gall bladder, contracts bladder, relaxes rectum ]]> 2019-11-07 14:18:39 UTC https://padlet.com/melanie_filion/NSThursday/wish/408070829 Dopamine https://padlet.com/melanie_filion/NSThursday/wish/408071529 Dopamine is an organic chemical of the catecholamine and phenethylamine families. Dopamine functions as a neurotransmitter in the brain.

    Dopamine plays a part in controlling the movements a person makes, as well as their emotional responses. The right balance of dopamine is vital for both physical and mental well being.
    Vital brain functions that affect mood, sleep, memory, learning, concentration, and motor control are influenced by the levels of dopamine in a person's body

    ]]>     2019-11-07 14:19:25 UTC https://padlet.com/melanie_filion/NSThursday/wish/408071529     4.What are the important nursing considerations and teaching needs for patients when taking an over the counter salicylate? https://padlet.com/melanie_filion/NSThursday/wish/408071943 Nursing Considerations - For assessment and drug effects system relief is gradual and may require 3 to 4 days for a steady state. Monitor for adverse GI effects especially for patients with peptic ulcer disease.
    Teaching - Do not take other salicylates while on salsalate therapy. Monitor blood glucose for loss of glycemic control and diabetes. Drug may induce hypoglycaemia when used with sulfonylureas. Report tinnitus, hearing loss, vertigo, rash, nausea. ]]>     2019-11-07 14:19:56 UTC https://padlet.com/melanie_filion/NSThursday/wish/408071943     5. Discuss the components of the drug Percocet. https://padlet.com/melanie_filion/NSThursday/wish/408071981 - combination of oxycodone and acetaminophen.
    - oxycodone: opioid pain medication (narcotic)
    - acetaminophen: less potent pain reliever. Increases the effects of oxycodone.]]>     2019-11-07 14:19:59 UTC https://padlet.com/melanie_filion/NSThursday/wish/408071981     Endorphins https://padlet.com/melanie_filion/NSThursday/wish/408074512 Found in CNS.  Promotes motivation helps with depression. They are produced by the central nervous system and the pituitary gland. The principal function of endorphins is to inhibit the communication of pain signals; they may also produce a feeling of euphoria very similar to that produced by other opioids.]]> 2019-11-07 14:23:06 UTC https://padlet.com/melanie_filion/NSThursday/wish/408074512 Serotonin https://padlet.com/melanie_filion/NSThursday/wish/408075100 Serotonin is a chemical that has a wide variety of functions in the human body. It is sometimes called the happy chemical, because it contributes to well being and happiness.

    The scientific name for serotonin is 5-hydroxytryptamine, or 5-HT. It is mainly found in the brain, bowels, and blood platelets.

    Serotonin is used to transmit messages between nerve cells, it is thought to be active in constricting smooth muscles, and it contributes to well being and happiness, among other things. As the precursor for melotonin, it helps regulate the body's sleep-wake cycles and the internal clock.

    It is thought to play a role in appetite, the emotions, and motor, cognitive, and autonomic functions. However, it is not known exactly if serotonin affects these directly, or if it has an overall role in coordinating the nervous system.

    It appears to play a key role in maintaining mood balance. Low serotonin levels have been linked to depression

    ]]>     2019-11-07 14:23:57 UTC https://padlet.com/melanie_filion/NSThursday/wish/408075100     GABA https://padlet.com/melanie_filion/NSThursday/wish/408076762 GABA is considered an inhibitory neurotransmitter because it blocks, or inhibits, certain brain signals and decreases activity in your nervous system.

    produces a calming effect. This can help with feelings of anxiety, stress, and fear. It may also help to prevent seizures.

    Researchers suspect that GABA may boost mood or have a calming, relaxing effect on the nervous system.

    • Anxiety or mood disorders
    • Epilepsy
    • Chronic pain
    ]]>     2019-11-07 14:25:58 UTC https://padlet.com/melanie_filion/NSThursday/wish/408076762     Actions of muscarinic and nicotonic receptors https://padlet.com/melanie_filion/NSThursday/wish/408078991 Muscarinic receptors: located in the heart, act to slow the heart rate down to normal sinus rhythm. 
    Nicotonic receptors: to trigger rapid neural and neuromuscular transmission. ]]>     2019-11-07 14:28:41 UTC https://padlet.com/melanie_filion/NSThursday/wish/408078991     6. What should be included in the discharge teaching for this pt? https://padlet.com/melanie_filion/NSThursday/wish/408080153 - Highlight the possibility of withdrawal syndrome; physical dependence on drugs
    - Do not alter dosage regimen 
    - Avoid potential hazardous activities ex driving 
    - Do not drink large amounts of alcohol ( risk of liver damage)
    - Check w/ prescriber before taking OTC drugs for colds, stomach distress, allergies, insomnia,  or pain
    - Inform dentist of oxycodone usage ]]>     2019-11-07 14:30:12 UTC https://padlet.com/melanie_filion/NSThursday/wish/408080153     Muscarinic Receptor Stimulation: https://padlet.com/melanie_filion/NSThursday/wish/408088927 Eye: Contraction of muscle focuses the lens for near vision, decrease pupil diameter. 
    Heart: Decrease heart
    Lungs: Constriction of bronchi, promotion of secretions. 
    Bladder: Contraction of detrusor muscle which increases bladder pressure. Relaxation of sphincter to allow urine flow. Allows voiding to happen. 
    GI tract: Salvation, increase gastric secretions, increase intestinal tone and allows for deification. 
    Sweat glands: Generalized sweating
    Sex Organ: Erection 
    Blood vessels: vasodilation ]]>     2019-11-07 14:40:44 UTC https://padlet.com/melanie_filion/NSThursday/wish/408088927     Muscarinic Receptor Blocking: https://padlet.com/melanie_filion/NSThursday/wish/408106459 Eye: Pupil dilation, blurred vision
    Heart: Tachycardia, AV-node conduction
    Lungs: Bronchodilation, decreases secretion
    Bladder: urinary retention 
    GI Tract: constipation, dry mouth
    Sweat glands: anhidrosis (no sweat)
    Sex organ: no effect
    Blood vessels: no effect]]>     2019-11-07 15:00:33 UTC https://padlet.com/melanie_filion/NSThursday/wish/408106459     Mechanism of Action & Why it's preferred - Benzodiazepine https://padlet.com/melanie_filion/NSThursday/wish/408106616 Acts on the limbic, thalamic and hypothalamic areas of the CNS. Has long acting hypnotic properties. Mild suppression of REM. Increases the total sleep time

    Safer alternative while extending stage 4 of the REM Cycle]]>     2019-11-07 15:00:48 UTC https://padlet.com/melanie_filion/NSThursday/wish/408106616     Pt Teaching Plan https://padlet.com/melanie_filion/NSThursday/wish/408108036 Take drug exactly as prescribed; do not skip, increase/decrease doses, change intervals or discontinue therapy without physician's advice. Do not offer to any other person

    -Do not take any other OTC drugs unless prescribed

    -Oral hygiene can alleviate discomfort

    -Avoid excessive sunlight (r/t photophobia)

    -Do not breastfeed]]>     2019-11-07 15:02:49 UTC https://padlet.com/melanie_filion/NSThursday/wish/408108036     Ach cont'd https://padlet.com/melanie_filion/NSThursday/wish/408108142 Ach binds to nicotinicN or NicotinicM,]]> 2019-11-07 15:02:58 UTC https://padlet.com/melanie_filion/NSThursday/wish/408108142 Dopamine Cont'd https://padlet.com/melanie_filion/NSThursday/wish/408108584 parkinsons - lower levels of dopamine as part of disease process 
    Schizophrenia - also lower level of dopamine ]]>     2019-11-07 15:03:30 UTC https://padlet.com/melanie_filion/NSThursday/wish/408108584     Therapeutic uses and potential adverse effects: https://padlet.com/melanie_filion/NSThursday/wish/408109896 Cholinergic (muscarinic) agonist drugs
    Uses: Increases smooth muscle tone, especially in GI tract, urinary bladder and the eye. May also be used to reduce heart rate. 
    Adverse: Bronchospasm, eye pain due to ciliary spasm, nausea, vomiting, cramps, diarrhea 

    Cholinergic antagonist drugs (anticholinergics) 
    Uses: Increase actions of parasympathetic nervous system and used to treat glaucoma. 
    Adverse effects: dry mouth, blurred vision, hyperpyrexia ]]>     2019-11-07 15:05:23 UTC https://padlet.com/melanie_filion/NSThursday/wish/408109896     Signs and symptoms of cholinergic crisis https://padlet.com/melanie_filion/NSThursday/wish/408110465 Sweating, salivation, bronchial secretions along with meiosis (constricted pupils) ]]> 2019-11-07 15:06:09 UTC https://padlet.com/melanie_filion/NSThursday/wish/408110465 Effects of sympathetic (ADRENERGIC) receptor stimulation and blocking https://padlet.com/melanie_filion/NSThursday/wish/408123506 2019-11-07 15:22:55 UTC https://padlet.com/melanie_filion/NSThursday/wish/408123506