Bio Summative: Systems Interactions by https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k en-us 2023-01-18 15:03:34 UTC 2023-01-23 20:36:21 UTC hello@padlet.com Systems Interactions kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2448491393
  • A biological system is made out of different biotic and abiotic parts that work together to create an emergent property
  • Systems exist on various levels and complexities: molecular, cellular, organisms, ecological
  • Systems can interact with each other to create new properties
  • Each component in a system is crucial to its function; the system will fail if a component is removed

    • ]]>     2023-01-18 15:17:12 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2448491393     kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2448493440 Emergent Property: A new property that isn't possessed by individual components of a system]]> 2023-01-18 15:18:36 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2448493440 Genetic Inheritance kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2448497442 Emergent Property: Giving diverse genetic traits to a living organism's offspring
    Level: Cellular
    System Components:
    • Chromosomes
    • Gametes
    • Centrioles
    • Microtubules
    • Centromeres
    System Component of: 
    • Living Cell
    • Organelles

    ]]>     2023-01-18 15:21:02 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2448497442     Elements of Life kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2448503309 2023-01-18 15:24:49 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2448503309 Carbon: The backbone of life kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2448511328
  • Chemical properties: 4 valence electrons so it can form 4 bonds
    • Can easily bond with many elements including hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur
  • The backbone of all organic molecules
  • Contributes to diverse structures of organic molecules

    • ]]>     2023-01-18 15:30:03 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2448511328     Functional Groups kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2448532281
  • Hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxylic acids, amine groups, phosphate groups
  • Attach and bond to carbon backbone to give organic molecules polar properties

    • ]]>     2023-01-18 15:42:44 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2448532281     Macromolecules kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2448554126 Emergent Property: Materials that organelles can utilize, consume, aid organelles in their functions, and more.
    Level: Molecular
    System Components: 
    • Carbon (backbone)
    • Functional Groups (polar properties)
    System Component of:
    • Organelles
    • Metabolic Pathways
    • Genetic Inheritance


    ]]>     2023-01-18 15:56:47 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2448554126     Carbohydrates kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2448680527
  • Short-term energy storage
  • Properties: Hydrophilic, ring-like carbon structures
  • mono/di/polysaccharides
  • Examples: glucose, sucrose, maltose, cellulose, glycogen

    • ]]>     2023-01-18 17:14:36 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2448680527     Lipids kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2448681372
  • Long-term energy source
  • Properties: hydrophobic, many carbon-hydrogen bonds
  • Examples: fatty acids, triglyceride, cholesterol, saturated vs. unsaturated fat

    • ]]>     2023-01-18 17:15:10 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2448681372     Proteins kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2448681619 Made of amino acids with R-groups
    • Some r-groups are polar, others are non-polar
      • Gives different proteins different properties for their specific functions
    Functions of Proteins:
    • Structure
    • Communication
    • Membrane transport
    • Catalyzing reactions
    • Protection
    • Movement
    The varying functions of proteins make it a key player in numerous biological systems

    ]]>     2023-01-18 17:15:19 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2448681619     Energy Source kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2448700477
  • Carbohydrates serve as a short-term energy source
  • Lipids (triglycerides) serve as a long term energy source
    • The carbon-hydrogen bonds in both sugars and fatty acids hold a lot of energy for the body to use in metabolic pathways
    • ]]>     2023-01-18 17:28:07 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2448700477     Organelles kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2448763857 Emergent Property: A structure that performs a specialized function to sustain cell life.
    Level: Cellular
    System Components:
    • Macromolecules
    System Component of:
    • Living Cell
    • Metabolic Pathways
    • Genetic Inheritance
    ]]>     2023-01-18 18:10:38 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2448763857     Endomembrane System kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2448766920 Emergent Property: The production and transportation of proteins in a cell
    Level: Cellular
    System Components: 
    • Nuclear Envelope
    • Endoplasmic Reticulum
    • Golgi Apparatus
    System Component of:
    • Organelles
    ]]>     2023-01-18 18:12:52 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2448766920     Nucleus kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2448768728
  • Contains genetic information (DNA)
  • Directs cell activities
    • ]]>     2023-01-18 18:14:12 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2448768728     Nucleolus kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2448768950
  • Produces ribosomes
    • ]]>     2023-01-18 18:14:22 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2448768950     Nuclear Membrane kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2448769327
  • Phospholipid bilayer that encloses and protects the nucleus
    • ]]>     2023-01-18 18:14:37 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2448769327     Smooth ER kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2448770170
  • Synthesizes lipids
  • Breaks down carbohydrates
    • ]]>     2023-01-18 18:15:11 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2448770170     Golgi Apparatus kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2448770630
  • Modifies proteins with sugars
    • ]]>     2023-01-18 18:15:29 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2448770630     Vacuole kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2448772056
  • Storage, gives structure (plant cells)
    • ]]>     2023-01-18 18:16:26 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2448772056     Lysosomes kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2448772304
  • Digests and recycles waste with enzymes
    • ]]>     2023-01-18 18:16:38 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2448772304     Cell Membrane kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2448772530
  • Regulates what goes in and out of cell

    • ]]>     2023-01-18 18:16:46 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2448772530     Cell Wall kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2448772714
  • Supports and protects plant cell
    • ]]>     2023-01-18 18:16:54 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2448772714     Mitochondria kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2448773398
  • site of ATP synthesis
    • ]]>     2023-01-18 18:17:25 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2448773398     Chloroplast kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2448773976
  • site of photosynthesis
    • ]]>     2023-01-18 18:17:49 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2448773976     Nuclear Envelope kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2448775215 2023-01-18 18:18:41 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2448775215 Rough ER kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2448780598
  • Synthesis proteins
    • ]]>     2023-01-18 18:22:27 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2448780598     Phospholipid Bi-layer kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2448837920 System Component of: Organelles
    • A phosphate group makes up the hydrophilic head of the phospholipid bilayer
      • Allows the cell membrane to interact with polar molecules
    • Lipids make up the hydrophobic tail
      • Acts as a barrier from water and other polar molecules
    • The phospholipid bilayer enables organelles to stay protected, provides structure, and manages what travels in and out. In the end, cell organelles protected by phospholipid bilayers work together systematically to create a living being: a cell

    ]]>     2023-01-18 19:02:44 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2448837920     Protein Channels kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2449815660 System Component of: Organelles
    • Function: transporting polar molecules through the non-polar phospholipid membrane
      • R-groups give the protein channel polar properties
    • A component of the mosaic cell membrane
    • Without protein channels, a cell would not be able to access/expel polar molecules. The protein channel works together with the bilayer, cholesterol, proteins pumps, and other beings to create a functional membrane.  
    ]]>     2023-01-19 13:58:51 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2449815660     Metabolic Pathways kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2449837577
  • Provides energy for a cell to live
  • Works together with other systems to maintain cell life
  • Without this system to generate energy, a cell would die
    • ]]>     2023-01-19 14:13:09 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2449837577     Cellular Respiration kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2449840917 Emergent Property: The synthesis of ATP to generate useful energy for the cell.
    Level: Cellular
    System components:
    • Energy source (carbohydrates, fatty acids)
    • ADP + Pi, ATP
    • Electron Carriers (NAD+, NADH, FAD, FADH2)
    • Protein complexes + ATP synthase
    • Mitochondrial membrane
    • Oxygen
    System component of: 
    • Living Cell
    • Environment

    ]]>     2023-01-19 14:15:10 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2449840917     Inorganic Molecules kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2449844506
  • Water
  • Metals (iron, magnesium, zinc, etc.)
  • Gases (oxygen, carbon dioxide, etc.)
    • ]]>     2023-01-19 14:17:23 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2449844506     ATP kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2449850274 Function: A form of energy that can be utilized by a cell
    • Breaks down into ADP + Pi which releases energy
    Composition:
    • Adenine
    • Ribose sugar
    • 3 phosphate groups
    ]]>     2023-01-19 14:20:49 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2449850274     NADH kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2449862557
  • Leads to ATP phosphorylation  
    • ]]>     2023-01-19 14:28:48 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2449862557     FADH2 kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2449863250
  • Leads to ATP phosphorylation 
    • ]]>     2023-01-19 14:29:16 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2449863250     Photosynthesis kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2449875919 Emergent Property: The synthesis of glucose in plants through absorption of light. 
    Level: Cellular
    System Components:
    • Light
    • Inorganic molecules (CO2 + Water)
    • Chlorophyll
    • Photosystems + ATP synthase
    • ATP, ADP + Pi
    • NADPH, NADP+
    • Thylakoid membrane
    • RUBISCO
    System Component of: 
    • Living Cell (plants)
    • Environment
    ]]>     2023-01-19 14:37:13 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2449875919     kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450184039 If the Carbon Backbone is removed...
    • Organic molecules will have no structure
    • Functional groups will have no backbone structure to bond to
    ]]>     2023-01-19 18:07:07 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450184039     kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450185588 If Functional Groups are removed...
    • Organic molecules will be completely non-polar and hydrophobic
      • Unable to interact and bond with polar molecules
    ]]>     2023-01-19 18:08:15 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450185588     kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450196805 If macromolecules are removed...
    • There would be no material to build organelles
      • E.g. Phospholipids in membranes, cellulose in cell walls
    • Chemical reactions that would originally be catalyzed by enzymes would proceed far too slowly
      • Most organelles would lose their function
        • Lysosomes fail to digest waste
        • Golgi apparatus is unable to modify proteins + lipids
        • Mitochondria fails to make ATP

    ]]>     2023-01-19 18:16:31 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450196805     kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450198649 If the Nuclear Envelope is removed...
    • There will be no genetic information (DNA+RNA) to code proteins
    ]]>     2023-01-19 18:18:02 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450198649     kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450200501 If the Rough ER is removed...
    • Amino acid sequences will not be folded into proteins
    ]]>     2023-01-19 18:19:24 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450200501     kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450202359 If the Golgi Body is removed...
    • Proteins will not be specialized and transported in the cell
    ]]>     2023-01-19 18:20:31 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450202359     Glucose kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450619372 2023-01-20 03:24:26 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450619372 Triglyceride kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450620438 2023-01-20 03:26:25 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450620438 Enzymes kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450635623 Made of proteins
    Purpose: To catalyze biological reactions
    • Reduces activation energy needed
    • Without enzymes, biological processes would be far too slow to sustain life
    System Component of:
    • Organelles
    • Metabolic Pathways
    • Genetic Inheritance

    ]]>     2023-01-20 03:56:23 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450635623     Oxygen kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450636664 2023-01-20 03:58:29 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450636664 Carbon Dioxide kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450636789 2023-01-20 03:58:39 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450636789 Water kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450637254 2023-01-20 03:59:20 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450637254 Light kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450637476 2023-01-20 03:59:43 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450637476 Inner Mitochondrial Membrane kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450639302
  • Separates mitochondrial membrane and intermembrane space
  • Polar properties acts as a barrier from ions to maintain a proton gradient
    • ]]>     2023-01-20 04:03:41 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450639302     Thylakoid Membrane kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450639387
  • Site of the photosynthetic electron transport chain
  • Separates stroma and thylakoid space
    • ]]>     2023-01-20 04:03:51 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450639387     Centriole kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450643335
  • To anchor and pull spindle fibers/microtubules during mitosis
    • ]]>     2023-01-20 04:08:44 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450643335     Centromere kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450644049
  • Holds sister chromatids together
    • ]]>     2023-01-20 04:10:27 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450644049     Microtubules kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450644533
  • Attach to centromere to pull/arrange sister chromatids
    • ]]>     2023-01-20 04:11:31 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450644533     Chromatin kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450645585
  • Strands of DNA stored in the nucleus
  • Condense into chromosomes during mitosis
    • ]]>     2023-01-20 04:13:34 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450645585     Nucleic Acids kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450651448
  • Polymers of nucleotides
    • Functions: Storing genetic information
    Nucleotide Components:
    • A nitrogenous base (adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine)
    • 5 carbon sugar (deoxyribose, ribose)
    • Phosphate group
    ]]>     2023-01-20 04:26:07 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450651448     Glycolysis kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450665350 Function: Converts glucose into pyruvate]]> 2023-01-20 04:56:28 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450665350 Transition Reaction kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450665705 Function: Converts pyruvate into acetyl-CoA]]> 2023-01-20 04:57:12 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450665705 Krebs Cycle kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450666924 Function: Reuses acetyl-CoA molecule to produce ATP, reduced electron carriers, and carbon dioxide]]> 2023-01-20 05:00:12 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450666924 Electron Transport Chain kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450680504 Function: To produce ATP through oxidative phosphorylation
    • Reduced electron carriers donate electron to the electron transport chain
    • Electron travels through ETC by jumping between protein complexes
      • A big energy jump transports protons across the mitochondrial membrane
    • A proton gradient is create, creating enough energy to power the ATP synthase 
      • Phosphorylation of ATP

    Components: 
    • Electron Carriers
    • Protein Complexes
    • ATP synthase
    • Oxygen
    ]]>     2023-01-20 05:29:45 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450680504     kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450681764 If the energy source is removed...
    • There would be nothing to synthesize ATP from
    ]]>     2023-01-20 05:33:04 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450681764     kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450682522 If ATP is removed...
    • There would be no form of usable energy that the cell can use
    ]]>     2023-01-20 05:34:41 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450682522     kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450682939 If the electron carriers are removed...
    • ATP production would decrease significantly
      • Not enough energy to sustain cell life
    ]]>     2023-01-20 05:35:45 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450682939     kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450683939 If the protein complexes are removed...
    • No energy jumps in the ETC
      • Not enough energy for the proton gradient, or for ATP phosphorylation
    ]]>     2023-01-20 05:38:20 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450683939     kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450685123 If the ATP synthase is removed...
    • No kinetic energy to synthesize ADP + Pi to ATP
    ]]>     2023-01-20 05:41:04 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450685123     kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450685910 If the mitochondrial membrane is removed...
    • ETC would not exist
    • No proton gradient between intermembrane space and mitochondrial matrix
    ]]>     2023-01-20 05:42:36 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450685910     kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450686822 If oxygen is removed...
    • Electrons will have nowhere to go after the ETC
    ]]>     2023-01-20 05:44:50 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450686822     kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450692063 2023-01-20 05:56:39 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450692063 Protein Complexes kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450694799
  • Several proteins, nucleic acids, other molecules bonded together
  • Electronegativity of different complexes attract electrons in the ETC, causing energy jumps which drives the proton gradient
    • ]]>     2023-01-20 06:01:50 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450694799     ATP synthase kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450697304
  • Enzyme for ATP phosphorylation
  • Protein gradient causes rotational motion
    • Generate kinetic energy to synthesize ATP
    • ]]>     2023-01-20 06:07:13 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450697304     Glucose kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450700361 2023-01-20 06:13:14 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450700361 Triglyceride kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450700863 2023-01-20 06:14:27 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450700863 Light Reaction kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450718157
  • Water donates electron to photosystem
  • Sunlight is captured by chlorophyll 
    • Electrons are excited and reverted back to ground state as they are transferred between chlorophyll molecules
  • Electrons reach reactions centres
  • Electrons move through Photosystem I and II
    • Causes proton gradient (greater concentration of protons in thylakoid space than stroma)
  • Proton gradient drives ATP synthase into ATP synthesis
  • Electron is accepted by NADP+
    • ]]>     2023-01-20 06:47:44 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450718157     Dark Reactions - Calvin Cycle kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450721189
  • Fixation of CO2 to RuBP
  • Reduction to G3P (3-Carbon Sugar) -- eventually glucose is synthesized
  • Regeneration of RuBP
    • ]]>     2023-01-20 06:53:45 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450721189     RUBISCO kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450724761 Function: Enzyme that fixates CO2 onto the 5-Carbon sugar RuBP
    • Necessary first step of the Calvin Cycle
    • Ensures re-usage of Carbon
    • Glucose cannot be produced without RUBISCO
    ]]>     2023-01-20 06:59:58 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450724761     kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450726448 If light is removed...
    • There will be no energy to excite electrons in the photosynthetic electron transport chain
      • No synthesis of ATP or NADPH

    ]]>     2023-01-20 07:03:15 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450726448     kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450728012 If water is removed...
    • No electrons are donated meaning the light reactions would not begin
    ]]>     2023-01-20 07:06:14 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450728012     kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450729610 If carbon dioxide is removed...
    • There is no continuous input in the Calvin cycle
    • No source of Carbon to synthesize glucose
    ]]>     2023-01-20 07:09:18 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450729610     kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450730409 If chlorophyll is removed...
    • Light cannot be absorbed by plants to excite electrons
    ]]>     2023-01-20 07:10:37 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450730409     kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450731397 If photosystems are removed...
    • Electrons have nowhere to be transported
    • Energy is not created to generate a proton gradient
    ]]>     2023-01-20 07:12:04 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450731397     kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450732309 If the ATP synthase is removed...
    • No photophosphorylation of ATP
    • No energy to create glucose in the Calvin Cycle
    ]]>     2023-01-20 07:13:19 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450732309     kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450732681 If ATP is removed...
    • No energy for synthesis of glucose
    ]]>     2023-01-20 07:13:53 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450732681     kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450733572 If NADPH is removed...
    • Not enough energy for glucose synthesis
    • Electron is not accepted after the photosynthetic ETC
    ]]>     2023-01-20 07:15:14 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450733572     kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450734327 If the thylakoid membrane is removed...
    • The photosynthetic ETC would not exist
    • No non-polar barrier to create proton gradient
    ]]>     2023-01-20 07:16:23 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450734327     kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450734878 If RUBISCO is removed...
    • CO2 is not fixated with RuBP
    • Calvin Cycle does not occur
      • Plant does not produce glucose
    ]]>     2023-01-20 07:17:18 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450734878     Stroma kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450742780
  • Site of the Calvin Cycle
    • ]]>     2023-01-20 07:28:48 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450742780     Glucose kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450743184 2023-01-20 07:29:18 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450743184 CO2 kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450744317 2023-01-20 07:30:40 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450744317 RuBP kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450744777 2023-01-20 07:31:13 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450744777 G3P kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450746056 2023-01-20 07:32:51 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450746056 RuBP kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450746696 2023-01-20 07:33:40 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450746696 Water kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450748150 2023-01-20 07:35:37 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450748150 kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450775988 If chromosomes were removed...
    • There would be no genetic information to pass onto the offspring
    ]]>     2023-01-20 08:09:47 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450775988     kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450776523 If gametes were removed...
    • Fertilization of offspring would be impossible
    ]]>     2023-01-20 08:10:30 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450776523     kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450779586 If centrioles are removed...
    • Nothing will be anchoring microtubules
    • Chromosomes are not divided evenly in gametes
    ]]>     2023-01-20 08:14:10 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450779586     kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450781526 If microtubules are removed...
    • Chromosomes are not separated evenly
    ]]>     2023-01-20 08:16:18 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450781526     kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450783734 If centromeres are removed...
    • Microtubules cannot attach to chromosomes and separate tetrads/sister chromatids
    ]]>     2023-01-20 08:18:37 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450783734     Meiosis kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450793137 Purpose: A reduction division of chromosomes to produce haploid gametes.
    • 46 chromosomes --> 23 chromosomes
    ]]>     2023-01-20 08:29:17 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450793137     Meiosis I kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450801338 Prophase I
    • Homologous chromosomes pair up and undergo synapsis
      • Crossing over of genetic information
    Metaphase I
    • Homologous chromosomes form tetrads and are arranged randomly at the middle of the cell
    Anaphase I
    • Tetrads are separated
    Telophase I
    • Nuclear envelope re-forms
    • Two daughter cells are produced
    ]]>     2023-01-20 08:39:13 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450801338     Meiosis II kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450803330 Prophase II
    • Nuclear envelope disintegrates
    • Chromosomes condense
    Metaphase II
    • Chromosomes align at the middle of the cell
    Anaphase II
    • Sister chromatids are separated
    Telophase II
    • Nuclear envelope re-forms
    • 4 total gametes produced
    ]]>     2023-01-20 08:41:52 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450803330     Systems Interactions kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450805803 Some examples of how different systems interact with each other]]> 2023-01-20 08:44:38 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450805803 Macromolecules kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450806650 Emergent Property: Materials that organelles can utilize, consume, aid organelles in their functions, and more.
    Level: Molecular
    System Components: 
    • Carbon (backbone)
    • Functional Groups (polar properties)
    System Component of:
    • Organelles
    • Metabolic Pathways
    • Genetic Inheritance


    ]]>     2023-01-20 08:45:36 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450806650     Metabolic Pathways kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450807310
  • Provides energy for a cell to live
  • Works together with other systems to maintain cell life
  • Without this system to generate energy, a cell would die
    • ]]>     2023-01-20 08:46:31 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450807310     Cellular Respiration kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450807723 Emergent Property: The synthesis of ATP to generate useful energy for the cell.
    Level: Cellular
    System components:
    • Energy source (carbohydrates, fatty acids)
    • ADP + Pi, ATP
    • Electron Carriers (NAD+, NADH, FAD, FADH2)
    • Protein complexes + ATP synthase
    • Mitochondrial membrane
    • Oxygen
    System component of: 
    • Living Cell
    • Environment

    ]]>     2023-01-20 08:47:04 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450807723     Photosynthesis kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450807981 Emergent Property: The synthesis of glucose in plants through absorption of light. 
    Level: Cellular
    System Components:
    • Light
    • Inorganic molecules (CO2 + Water)
    • Chlorophyll
    • Photosystems + ATP synthase
    • ATP, ADP + Pi
    • NADPH, NADP+
    • Thylakoid membrane
    • RUBISCO
    System Component of: 
    • Living Cell (plants)
    • Environment
    ]]>     2023-01-20 08:47:23 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450807981     Organelles kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450809116 Emergent Property: A structure that performs a specialized function to sustain cell life.
    Level: Cellular
    System Components:
    • Macromolecules
    System Component of:
    • Living Cell
    • Metabolic Pathways
    • Genetic Inheritance
    ]]>     2023-01-20 08:48:41 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450809116     Genetic Inheritance kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450809481 Emergent Property: Giving diverse genetic traits to a living organism's offspring
    Level: Cellular
    System Components:
    • Chromosomes
    • Gametes
    • Centrioles
    • Microtubules
    • Centromeres
    System Component of: 
    • Living Cell
    • Organelles

    ]]>     2023-01-20 08:49:11 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450809481     DNA kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450811548
  • Biological code that is inscripted with a cell's genetic information
    • ]]>     2023-01-20 08:52:01 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450811548     RNA kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450812174
  • Copy of DNA that is used to transcribe proteins, and reach areas that DNA cannot reach
    • ]]>     2023-01-20 08:52:57 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450812174     Genetic Diseases kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450823348 Genetically inherited diseases can affect organelle systems
    Example: Tay-Sachs Disease -- Lysosomes
    • Mutation in genetic code for an enzyme found in the lysosomes of nerve cells
      • Recessive trait
    • Prevents lysosomes from breaking down GM2 Ganglioside
      • Can be fatal for neuron cells
    • Most commonly found in infants, most who die before the age of 4
    ]]>     2023-01-20 09:07:08 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450823348     Production of Macromolecules kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450831720 The Endoplasmic Reticulum synthesizes proteins and lipids
    • Rough ER -- uses ribosomes to synthesize proteins
    • Smooth ER -- synthesizes fatty acids and phospholipids

    The Golgi Apparatus modifies macromolecules produced by the ER
    • Glycosylation
      • Covalently bonding sugars (carbohydrates) with lipids and proteins
    ]]>     2023-01-20 09:17:19 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450831720     Organelle Shapes and Energy Production kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450838649 The specialized shape of organelles increases the total energy production in metabolic pathways

    Inner Mitochondrial Membrane
    • Highly convoluted and folded
    Thylakoid Membrane
    • Folded into piles of sac-like structures

    Surface area is increased
    • More area for ATP phosphorylation = more ATP produced
    ]]>     2023-01-20 09:25:42 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450838649     Checkpoints in the Cell Cycle kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450876899 There are multiple checkpoints during the cell cycle to ensure that the process is executed smoothly.
    • The enzyme, cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK), is responsible for these checkpoints
      • A complex with the protein cyclin and a kinase
        • Cyclin appears most frequently at mitosis
      • Changes the structure and function of a protein by adding a phosphate group
    • Checkpoints:
      • If spindle is attached to chromosomes in mitosis
      • If DNA is damaged before replication in S phase
      • If all DNA has been replicated before mitosis
    ]]>     2023-01-20 10:07:04 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450876899     Alleles and Proteins kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450888004 In some dominant + recessive allele relationships, the recessive allele affects the production of functioning proteins
    • Example: Coat Colour
      • Coat colour is determined by the concentration of melanin
        • A specific type of enzyme is responsible for changing the molecule to a pigment
      • The recessive allele for coat colour fails to produce a properly functioning enzyme that can convert melanin into a pigment
    ]]>     2023-01-20 10:18:51 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450888004     Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis Relationship kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450898065 The two systems in plants and animals balance together to form a sustainable ecosystem.
    • The equations for cellular respiration and photosynthesis are opposites
      • They are directly correlated and reliant on each other
    • Animals and plants depend on both systems for their survival
    ]]>     2023-01-20 10:30:03 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450898065     Mitosis kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450912609 Purpose: To ensure that both daughter cells have duplicate copies of the parent's DNA
    Interphase
    • DNA is replicated
    • Microtubules begin to form, centrioles move to poles
    Prophase
    • Chromosomes condense
    • Nuclear envelope disintegrates 
    Metaphase
    • Microtubules line up chromosomes in the middle of the cell
    Anaphase
    • Sister chromatids are pulled to poles
    Telophase + Cytokinesis
    • Chromosomes unravel
    • Nuclear envelope reforms
    • Cytoplasm divides
    ]]>     2023-01-20 10:45:53 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450912609     Light kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450921467 2023-01-20 10:57:13 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450921467 kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450922499 2023-01-20 10:58:25 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450922499 Photosystems kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450926285 A structure made of different protein complexes in the thylakoid membrane
    Functions:
    • Absorbs light energy (chlorophyll)
    • Site of the photosynthetic ETC
    ]]>     2023-01-20 11:02:52 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2450926285     Vesicles kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2452529730
  • Small sacs that transport substances throughout the cell
    • ]]>     2023-01-22 19:49:07 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2452529730     NADPH kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2452643323
  • Electron acceptor
  • Used in the synthesis of glucose
    • ]]>     2023-01-23 00:16:01 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2452643323     ATP kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2452650154 2023-01-23 00:33:32 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2452650154 Chromosomes kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2452657440 Structures of condensed thread-like DNA

    Function:
    • Ensures accurate DNA replication and separation
    • Holds an organism's genetic information
    ]]>     2023-01-23 00:53:10 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2452657440     Energy Sources kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2452673468 Macromolecules serve as energy sources in cellular respiration; they are the starting component of the system
    • Glucose, fatty acids
    ]]>     2023-01-23 01:37:56 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2452673468     Energy Units kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2452676635
  • The macromolecules ATP, NADH, and NADPH are broken down in metabolic pathways to provide energy for the process
  • The macromolecules ATP, NADH, FADH2, and NADPH are a product of metabolic pathways to be used as usable energy by the cell
    • ]]>     2023-01-23 01:45:40 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2452676635     Enzymes kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2452681420 Enzymes catabolize many reactions in metabolic pathways

    Example: ATP synthase
    • Synthesizes ADP + Pi into ATP

    Example: RUBISCO
    • Fixates CO2 onto the 5-carbon sugar RuBP
    ]]>     2023-01-23 01:58:20 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2452681420     kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2452683789 DNA of a new cell is inherited from parents ]]> 2023-01-23 02:04:24 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2452683789 Building Blocks of Organelles kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2452687181 All organelles are made of macromolecules
    • Membranes are made of phospholipids
    • Nucleolus is made of proteins and RNA (nucleic acid)
    • Cell wall is made of cellulose (carbohydrate)
    • Many more
    ]]>     2023-01-23 02:12:11 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2452687181     Enzymes kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2452688257 Many organelles need enzymes to carry out their function
    • Lysosomes need digestive enzymes to digest waste
    • Ribosomes need enzymes to synthesize proteins
    • Smooth ER needs enzymes to synthesize lipids
    • Many other enzymes
    ]]>     2023-01-23 02:14:37 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2452688257     ATP Energy kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2452690311 Many organelles need ATP for their functions
    • Carrier proteins need energy from ATP to transport molecules through active transport
      • Transportation against the concentration gradient
    • ATP is used by ribosomes for transcribing RNA sequences into proteins
    ]]>     2023-01-23 02:19:19 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2452690311     ATP Energy kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2452697386 ATP is used up during Anaphase
    • Microtubules must pull apart sister chromatids in a short amount of time
      • Microtubules contract and act as muscle fibers
    • Requires energy from ATP
    ATP is stored during the G2 phase in preparation for the high consumption of ATP in Anaphase
    ]]>     2023-01-23 02:35:00 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2452697386     Inherited Metabolic Disorders kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2452705578 Inherited traits can affect metabolic pathways
    Example: Mitochondrial Diseases
    • The mitochondria fails to produce enough energy to sustain normal bodily functions
    • Can be inherited from either a dominant or recessive gene
    • Symptoms include poor growth, muscle weakness/pain, learning difficulties
    ]]>     2023-01-23 02:52:33 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2452705578     Regulated by Organelles kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2452707736 Mitosis and Meiosis are regulated by cell organelles
    • Microtubules pull chromosomes to opposite sides of a cell to ensure an even number of chromosomes per cell
    • Centrioles guide microtubules
    • Centromeres provide a place for microtubules to attach to
    ]]>     2023-01-23 02:57:04 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2452707736     Gametes kateshen2006 https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2453871515 Reproductive cells that fuse with each other to carry out the process of fertilization
    • Haploid cells (23 chromosomes)
    • Males: Sperm cells
    • Females: Egg cells
    ]]>     2023-01-23 20:34:04 UTC https://padlet.com/kateshen2006/xtfisscgzslus30k/wish/2453871515