The 1913 Women's Suffrage Procession used no violence, and instead used peaceful protests to get their point across. They walked with floats, marching bands, and hundreds of women who were now demanding that they not only have the same voting as men, but to have all the same rights as men. On the first float, there was a banner that said “We demand an amendment to the Constitution of the United States enfranchising the women of this country.” The march was peaceful, but the crowds, who were all men, became violent with the women who were marching, storming into the middle of the parade, screaming vile insults, making sexual propositions, spat on the women, and manhandled them. The police did nothing to help the women, saying that if the women didn’t come out in the first place and stayed at home, none of this would be happening. The women, who were still peacefully trying to protest, had to wait an hour for the military to come and help them. After the streets were cleared of the violent men, the women continued to peacefully protest, showing their perseverance, self-control, and their seeking change for women (1913 Women's). These women's peaceful protests would be the foundation of which later peaceful protests were based, because they showed that violence would get them, and others nowhere (Suffragist History).

This march in 1913 exemplifies the characteristics of creative resistance by using self-control, seeking change, having perseverance, drawing attention to the fight for women’s rights, and more. The goal of the suffrage movement was to seek a constitutional amendment that gave women the right to vote, not revenge over their lack of rights in America (“1913 Women’s” 2). This movement as a whole required perseverance because the movement, which started before the civil war, took until 1920 to be realized in the constitution (“Women’s Suffrage” 1). This march fulfills the requirement of self-control because the women in the march, who were spat upon and manhandled by spectators, needed self-control and determination to lock arms and keep marching (“1913 Women’s” 4). Lastly, the march drew great attention to the movement, as there was a crowd of spectators of over 250,000 people (“1913 Women’s” 4). This procession followed down Pennsylvania Avenue, which was also the site of the presidential inauguration the following day, further drawing attention to the cause (“1913 Women’s” 2). The 1913 march for women’s suffrage demonstrated an act of creative resistance, as seen with the use of self-control, seeking change, having perseverance, drawing attention to the cause, and more.

Below is a picture of a woman who dressed up as the goddess "Columbia" who is known as a female personification of the United States of America.
Source:
Woman Dressed as Columbia at Women's Suffrage Procession 1913. 3 Mar. 1913.
"1913 Women's Suffrage Procession." National Park Service, www.nps.gov/articles/

woman-suffrage-procession1913.htm. Accessed 27 Oct. 2020.
"Suffragist History." Turning point, suffragistmemorial.org/suffrage-history/. 

Accessed 27 Oct. 2020.

     The Atlantic, 1 Mar. 2013, www.theatlantic.com/photo/2013/03/
     100-years-ago-the-1913-womens-suffrage-parade/100465/. Accessed 27 Oct.
     2020.
"Women's Suffrage." History.com, 29 Oct. 2009, www.history.com/topics/womens-history/

the-fight-for-womens-suffrage.  Accessed 27 Oct. 2020.

By Aurora, Juliana, and Mia

Number 5 is displayed in this form of creative resistance because the British government had to notice what the protesters were doing, because it was an illegal act and because there were so many participating in this act, so it brought attention to the British government and the world of the injustices the Indian people were facing. Number 2 is displayed in this form of creative resistance because this kind of protest was illegal and the many people who participated faced the risk of arrest; indeed, some important figures, like Gandhi, were arrested. Number 9 is demonstrated in this form of creative resistance because it empowers the people, putting them on the world stage and the forefront of their oppressors’ minds. They illegally made salt for which they did not have to pay a heavy tax for their oppressors, giving them the power they deserved and needed to feel to continue on this upward battle. Number 2 is reflected in this specific form because during the salt march all 60,000 people who joined had to be courageous and stand up for what they believe was right and not let the British take advantage of them. Number two represents this as they not only had to be courageous but also had to take the risk of being punished for their actions and standing up for justice. 

History.com Editors, editor. "Salt March." HISTORY, A&E Television Networks, 10 

     June 2010, www.history.com/topics/india/salt-march. Accessed 25 Oct. 2020. 

By
Maggie, Maria, Clare Mcgarry, and Mia Sinatra 

Malala’s work to promote change and advocate for universal educational entitlement, specifically female educational rights, fulfills the aspects of Creative Resistance, or Jesus’ Third Way. For example, part of Creative Resistance includes the lack of violence and revenge-seeking. Although she suffered trauma and violence due to the Taliban’s imposing regulations regarding female education, Malala did not seek revenge against the Taliban. Instead, she used her experience to transform the injustice she was a victim of. Secondly, her movement was empowering, considering that it raised awareness to the situation and pursued global change. In another example, Malala’s advocacy was thoughtful, planned, and organized. In order to document the stifling events that unfolded under the Taliban, she used “the pen name Gul Makai” (Yousafzai 229). Her writing was later used by BBC Urdu in order to further propel awareness about the injustice surrounding female inferiority. This demonstrates the consideration that went into her work, since the use of her actual name could have produced a contrasting result and may not have impacted a large spectrum of people the way it did. Lastly, Malala Yousafzai’s acts of Creative Resistance required self control. Although brutality was used against her, Malala took the difficult route towards peacemaking. She resisted the natural urge of violence and instead seeked education even for the “‘sons and daughters of the Taliban’” (Johnston 1). In addition, since these events took place at a young age, Malala dealt with transitions and global affairs early on, which in some cases proved to be difficult. In one demonstration, Malala had to leave her family in order to fight for female rights to education. She went from living in Pakistan to living in Birmingham, experiencing the common emotions that come with sudden change, “But now another family lives in that home, another girl sleeps in that bedroom–while I am thousands of miles away… the life I loved and the girl I was–before I left home that fateful day” (Yousafzai 2).

BY: Nathalie Robayo, Maya Munshi, and Kate Falla

7.Alexander, Kerri Lee. Malala Yousafzai. www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/malala-yousafzai. 

The fight for fair rights for farm workers' like many other social justice issues in the US uses Creative Resistance as a way to stand against the oppressor. An example of this is the Follow the Money March, which unfortunately was canceled due to COVID. It was started by the Fair Food Program who fights hard to end gender-based violence, forced labor, and other human rights violations against farm workers (Alliance for Fair Food, 2). This march was started by the news that Wendy’s, unlike other fast food chains, refused to join the Fair Food Program (Alliance for Fair Food, 2). With this news, many people began to boycott Wendy’s as a way to try and make join the Fair Food Program. The Follow the Money March movement seeked transformation and change instead of revenge because they didn’t mean to cause “pain” the way revenge would to the Wendy’s chains, rather they aimed to make an impact on their economic gains, in hope that this would consequently lead them to join the fair Food Program and support the workers. This was thoughtfully planned because it was communicated to people, including the Marymount community, in advance by handing out flyers, shown in the picture below, with the day, location, and start time so it would be a big group of people to attract the attention of the audience and gain awareness for the movement. It even includes contact information if you happen to have further questions and gives background information on the specific injustices that farmworkers face. This movement and its impact will be unexpected from the Wendy’s chains operators because all of a sudden, their customers will stop buying from them which can significantly affect their revenue. This is an empowering movement because it shows that you have a voice; the march spread awareness and the effect of it would be for people to make the choice of deciding whether or not to keep on buying from Wendy’s after knowing the unfair treatment of farmworkers that cultivate the tomatoes that they are eating for such a little pay.

By Dalyn Booker, Janely Cruz, and Milena Smolizza

"CNN Freedom Project - the Fair Food Program." Youtube, 1 June 2017,

www.youtube.com/watch?v=LpKMHIUkPQk&feature=youtu.be  Accessed 30 Oct.  2020 

Alliance for Fair Food. Follow the Money March. Alliance for Fair Food.org,

     March 2020. 

11 Dec. 1989, www.nytimes.com/1989/12/11/nyregion/111-held-in-st-patrick-s-aids-protest.html. Accessed 27 Oct. 2020. 

O'Loughlin, Michael J. "'Pose' Revisits Controversial AIDS Protest inside St. Patrick's 

Cathedral." America the Jesuit Review, American Magazine, 

www.americamagazine.org/arts-culture/2019/06/21/pose-revisits-controversial-aids-protest-inside-st-patricks-cathedral. Accessed 27 Oct. 2020. 

The Occupy Wallstreet movement fulfills several characteristics of Creative Resistance. One tactic used was seeking transformation and change instead of revenge. The protestors were 100% non-violent. They sought transformation and change by making a statement that they would change the growing wealth gap and cooperation influence on politics, which was based on money. (Taylor screen 1). In addition, the movement holds another characteristic of Creative Resistance, as it was both mentally and physically demanding. This is shown when protestors were arrested and pepper-sprayed in the face by cops, although they were not using violence (Morse screen 2). Another characteristic of the movement was being wise and insightful. For example, social media and other forms of technology were used to bring attention to the movement and "unite protesters around the perceived injustices of the US financial system" (Morse screen 2). Lastly, the movement used the characteristic of perseverance, as shown by the protestors. The marching lasted for several days, and people showed their determination to make a statement by sleeping on wall street (Taylor screen 3). 

By: Clare Duggan, Galena Tanjeloff, Emily Francesa 

Locker, Melissa. "5 Times Civil Disobedience Made a Difference since MLK's Death." Fast company.com, 4 Apr.2018,www.fastcompany.com/40554194/  5-times-civil-disobedience-made-a-difference-since-mlks-death. Accessed 30

     Oct. 2020. 

Morse, Jeremy. "Occupy Wall Street." Learningtogive.org, www.learningtogive.org/

 resources/occupy-wall-street. Accessed 30 Oct. 2020. 

Taylor, Alan. "Occupy Wall Street." Theatlantic.com, 30 Sept. 2011,

www.theatlantic.com/photo/2011/09/occupy-wall-street/100159/. Accessed 30 Oct. 2020. 

 

    The Salt March, led by Mohandas Gandhi in India in 1930, was a response to unjust British rule over India, specifically the Salt Act of 1882 that prevented Indians from producing or selling their own salt. This was an injustice because it prevented native Indians from taking advantage of and making a living from their own resources. In addition, salt was a necessary part of the Indian diet, and the Salt Act forced Indians to buy salt from British merchants at higher prices and with a steep tax, placing an economic burden on the poor. 

Mohandas Gandhi called for a “satyagraha,” or a mass civil disobedience. He began sending letters to Indian authorities and other officials who were part of laying this tax on the people. For example, Gandhi sent a warning letter to Lord Irwin to make him aware that the people would be breaking the Salt Law in ten days. Ten days later, Gandhi and his followers met at the town of Dandi, which lies along the Arabian Sea, and began producing salt from saltwater. This was in defiance of the British rules that had been imposed. The number of followers and protestors of this “satyagraha” increased day to day. For days, Gandhi and the people would go down to the sea and sift out the salt. When the police started to get involved, Gandhi was working with the salt on the beach and the British police crushed the salt into the ground to make the point that this is not allowed. Gandhi knew what he needed to do to gain back this right for the people, so nevertheless he continued by picking the salt up out of the ground and proceeding with his plans. This spread to individuals not only in the town of Dandi, but also in the towns of Bombay and Karachi, which goes to show how important it is to the people of India that they get their access to salt back because it is a staple in their diet. 

Mahatma Gandhi’s Salt March, which involved risk, drew attention to the injustice, was thoughtful and organized, and was physically and emotionally difficult to take part in, fulfills several specific characteristics of Creative Resistance. First, the march involved risk and required the participants to be brave and courageous. The British Salt Act of 1882 prevented Indians from producing or selling salt, so Indians were forced to get their salt from British rulers, who charged a heavy tax. It was illegal for Gandhi and his followers to collect their own salt, and a total of 60,000 people including Gandhi himself were arrested as a result. Second, the march drew worldwide attention and was eye-catching or unexpected, and caught the British rulers off-guard. Gandhi addressed large crowds during his march, and tens of thousands of people eventually joined him in his march. The attention led to an international outcry over British rule over India. The march called awareness to the unfair tax laws and the unjust British rule over India as a whole. Third, the march was thoughtful, planned, and organized. Gandhi spoke and led prayers, and had a clear path that his followers and him were going to take down to the coast. Gandhi sent a letter before the march to a government leader named Viceroy Lord Irwin about their plan to break the laws. Finally, Gandhi’s march was a physically and emotionally difficult endeavor, and required them to walk 240 miles in ten days. They walked from Sabarmati down to the coast near Dandi to make their own salt. They also knew many would get arrested, and over 60,000 did, but thousands of people continued to go against the unfair Salt Laws after his march. This resulted in there being too many people to arrest. The march lasted from March 2nd to March 12th in 1930. 

Although the Salt March was focused on the narrow issue of the salt tax, its purpose was to bring attention to the wider injustice of British rule over India.

            

By: Kyra Bettwy, Kate Grillo, and Rebecca Dapello.
                  Works Cited:

Graham, Scott. "Gandhi's Salt March to Dandi." Post Colonial Studies @Emory, 1998, scholarblogs.emory.edu/postcolonialstudies/2014/06/20/gandhis-salt-march-to-dandi/. Accessed 27 Oct. 2020.

History.com Editors. "Salt March." HISTORY, 10 June 2010, www.history.com/topics/india/salt-march. Accessed 27 Oct. 2020.

Pletcher, Kenneth. "Salt March." Encyclopedia Britannica, 26 June 2019, www.britannica.com/event/Salt-March. Accessed 27 Oct. 2020.        

The Salt march fulfilled the Creative Resistance characteristic of transformation in an un-revengeful way because it was not in any way harmful to the British. The march was a peaceful way to make the world take heed of the injustices that were occurring in India, where people could get arrested by the British simply for harvesting their own salt. It was courageous and brave because the march was illegal and put its participants at risk of being arrested. Gandhi also wasn’t sure if people would join him, which put him at a greater risk. The march was wise and insightful because it directly went against the law that forbade Indians to collect and sell their own salt. To oppose this, the Indians went to gather their own salt from the Arabian sea. The march was also greatly physically demanding of its participants because the peaceful protestors marched 240 miles to a coastal town Dandi near the Arabian sea. In conclusion, the Salt March is a prominent example of Creative Resistance because it peacefully opposed the British in a risky and clever way. 

Works Cited:

"Salt March." History, History.com, 16 Jan. 2020, www.history.com/topics/india/

     salt-march. Accessed 2 Nov. 2020.

"5 Ways the British Empire Ruthlessly Exploited India." Telesur,

     telesurenglish.net, 25 Apr. 2020, www.telesurenglish.net/news/

     5-Ways-the-British-Empire-Ruthlessly-Exploited-India-20170425-0033.html.

     Accessed 2 Nov. 2020. 

     Times, 16 Sept. 2019, www.nytimes.com/2019/09/16/nyregion/

     youth-climate-strike-nyc.html. Accessed 27 Oct. 2020. 

Sengupta, Somini. "Protesting Climate Change, Young People Take to Streets in a

     Global Strike." The New York Times, 20 Sept. 2019, www.nytimes.com/2019/09/

     20/climate/global-climate-strike.html. Accessed 27 Oct. 2020.

 

The 1956 Women’s March in Pretoria on August 9 fulfills almost all of the characteristics of Creative Resistance as the women used civil disobedience to successfully protest against the proposed amendments of the Urban Areas Act on the Union Buildings.  On August 9, 1956, women from all over Africa gathered outside of JG Strijdom's, the prime minister of South Africa, office.  These women were dressed in eye-catching clothing as many women wore traditional South African dress, outfits composed of the colors of Parliament, green, black, and gold, and white saris; this is a characteristic of Creative Resistance as these striking outfits were normally not worn on a daily basis and, therefore, drew the attention of many people.  The women then proceeded to gather around Parliament in a determined yet orderly manner; this made the public and oppressor see things in a new way because the women’s organization and ability to unite broke the stereotype of women being politically inept and immature and only tied to the home.  After gathering, the women signed petitions that were placed outside of the prime minister’s office; however, Parliament refused to look at the petitions.  Upon discovering this, instead of swarming and attacking the prime minister, the protesters stood silent for thirty minutes and then sang Nkosi sikeleli Afrika, which is the national anthem of South Africa and a Christian hymn that asks protection from God for all of Africa.  This is a perfect example of showing love, respect, and compassion to one’s oppressors, which is a characteristic of Creative Resistance, as they did not harm their oppressors even when ignored and is also a perfect example of another characteristic of Creative Resistance, empowering the oppressed, because, by showing their unification in times of difficulty, these women inspired themselves and others often dismissed.  Overall, these women showed an immense amount of strength with their peaceful yet productive protest as they were able to assert their power without risking their dignity or acting in a disorderly and violent manner.

By Sophia Chan, Elizabeth Doerr, and Bailey Hamilton

Works Cited

“The 1956 Women's March, Pretoria, 9 August.” South African History Online, 31 Mar. 2011,     www.sahistory.org.za/article/1956-womens-march-pretoria-9-august. Accessed 2 Nov. 2020.

Stewart, Philippa H. "Stories of South Africa's Powerful Women Doing

Extraordinary Things." Human Rights Watch, 2 Sept. 2020, www.hrw.org/news/

   2020/09/02/stories-south-africas-powerful-women-doing-extraordinary-things#.

This protest seeks transformation and change in regard to the murder of Breonna Taylor as opposed to revenge against the police officers that shot her. People could have turned to the destruction of property or violence, but they refused to do so in order to show that they were serious about holding the officers accountable for the killing of Breonna Taylor. The protesters had to have been courageous as they could have been arrested or even run over since they were blocking oncoming traffic. This protest draws attention to the injustice by bringing a large group of people together and blocking traffic on the Brooklyn Bridge, which thousands of people use every day. The protest was also broadcasted on the news which accesses a larger audience and draws more attention to the injustice. In order to ensure that this protest was peaceful, its participants had to channel a certain degree of self-control within themselves to prevent any violence. As mentioned in the article, the death of Breonna Taylor is just one of many injustices against black people, therefore, these protesters could have a lot of pent up frustration that could easily come off as hostility. Nonetheless, they marched and sat peacefully on the Brooklyn Bridge (Setty and Yan) (Monsoor) (CBS News).

By: Stella Chinappi, Annamarie Magana, Taya Coleman 

Work Cited:

CBS News. "Hundreds sit on Brooklyn Bridge in Breonna Taylor protest." CBS News, 

     CBS Interactive, 26 Sept. 2020, www.cbsnews.com/news/ 

     breonna-taylor-protest-brooklyn-bridge-new-york-city/. Accessed 3 Nov. 

     2020. 

Monsoor, Sanya. "93% of Black Lives Matter Protests Have Been Peaceful, New 

     Report Finds." Time, 5 Sept. 2020, time.com/5886348/ 

     report-peaceful-protests/. Accessed 3 Nov. 2020. 

Setty, Ganesh, and Holly Yan. "New York City protest demanding justice for 

     Breonna Taylor ends with 12 arrests." CNN, 27 Sept. 2020, www.cnn.com/2020/ 

     09/27/us/nyc-blm-protest/index.html. Accessed 3 Nov. 2020. 

Julia’s redwood tree sit-in fulfilled multiple characteristics of Creative Resistance. For example, the sit-in did not endorse violence or any form of revenge against the Pacific Lumber Company; Julia and the other protestors were simply occupying the trees. Another characteristic of Civil Disobedience that the sit-in fulfilled was being eye-catching. Julia’s sit-in lasted over two years, which brought awareness to the cause that she was supporting. It was unexpected and caught people off-guard, bringing more attention to the protest and encouraging others to join in. In addition, the sit-in required great perseverance, as Julia struggled through torments by helicopters, freezing winters and intense rainstorms, and even a siege from security guards that were sent by the Pacific Lumber Company. She had to prepare her meals on a small propane stove and slept every night in a sleeping bag which was the only way for her to stay warm during the winters. Her sit-in demanded great perseverance, which Julia displayed. Julia’s sit-in also required courage and bravery, another characteristic of Creative Resistance. Living 180 feet above the ground must have been terrifying at times, but Julia faced that danger as she believed that protesting and bringing awareness to the injustice was more important. Julia lived in the redwood for 738 days before she finally left Luna, making history. In 1999, a deal was made between the Pacific Lumber Company and the redwood conservation activists. The trees would be preserved in addition to the forest ground around the redwoods. The company agreed to this once they were paid 50,000 dollars which were raised by local supporters of the cause. Along with saving Luna and the trees around her, the media was constantly updating the public about this sit-in, inspiring others to learn more about the importance of environmental preservation. The sit-in also changed Julia's life as she began to travel the world as a motivational speaker and later wrote a book about her experience.

Lallanilla, Marc. "The Life of Tree-Sitter Julia Hill." The Spruce, 17 May 2019, www.thespruce. 

com/the-life-of-julia-hill-1708797. Accessed 31 Oct. 2020.

N/A. "Why Is Logging Bad For The Environment." Want to Know It, 20 Nov. 2011,

https://wanttoknowit.com/why-is-logging-bad-for-the-environment/. Accessed 31 Oct.

      2020.

Pumpkin, Ellia. "Julia Butterfly Hill: The Story of Luna, Leadership, and Legacy." Student 

Environmental Research Center, 19 Feb. 2018 https://serc.berkeley.edu/julia-butterfly 

-hill-the-story-of-luna-leadership-and-legacy/. 

Sheldon, Marriott. "She Lived in a Tree for 738 Days ~ The Amazing Story of Julia Butterfly 

Hill." Tree Sisters, n/d, https://treesisters.org/blog/the-amazing-story-of-julia-butterfly- 

hill.  Accessed 31 Oct. 2020.

Watson, Nessim. "Julia Butterfly Hill." Britannica, 22 Jan. 2014,

www.britannica.com/biography/Julia-Butterfly-Hill. Accessed 31 Oct. 2020.

Two of the most notable acts of Creative Resistance during the women’s fight for the equal right to vote was the 1913 Suffrage Procession and the arrest of 33 women in 1917 during a peaceful protest. In 1913, women gathered and marched the same route where Woodrow Wilson’s inauguration parade would take place the following day. Their choice to march on that avenue caught society’s eye and drew attention to the lack of a woman’s equal right to vote. To add on, the women who were participating in the Suffrage Parade created a detailed plan of where each group of women depending on their nationality and occupation would stand. One of the leading women was Inez Milholland, and she challenged the societal expectations of a woman through her clothing choice and her decision to ride on horseback. Parade floats followed her and drew attention once again. They shared the message of “The Great Demand”, a simple expression of the need for an amendment to enfranchise women (“1913 Woman Suffrage Procession”). The Suffrage Procession addresses the third and fifth characteristics of Creative Resistance because it was organized, thoughtful, extremely planned out, and drew the attention of the government, who was not expecting women to rise up against the discriminatory system biased against the female gender. On November 10, 1917, 33 suffragettes were arrested for picketing outside of the whitehouse (McArdle). They were taken to the North Virginia prison, and treated with extreme brutality. Lucy Burns, the party’s cofounder, was shackled to the bars of her cell and left to stand there all night (McArdle). Then, when she went on a hunger strike they decided to shove a tube through her mouth to her stomach and force fed her raw eggs. This was a form of punishment because they could not let a suffragist die in prison. Dorothy Day had her arm twisted behind her back and slammed into an iron bench, while Dora Lewis was thrown into her cell and smashed her head against her iron bed, knocking her out. The conditions at the prison were also disgusting and dehumanizing (McArdle). The story of their “Night of Terror” helped rally public support for the suffrage movement. This event displayed the eighth and eleventh characteristic of Creative Resistance, because it was extremely physically and emotionally gruelling on the women, as well as required perseverance. They were very courageous and determined in this situation, despite the horrors that  they faced. In summary, the Suffrage Procession and the nonviolent response of the women after being arrested and beaten are two examples of Creative Resistance that are directly connected to the 19th Amendment, addressing women’s need for the equal right to vote. 

By: Sophia Duke, Gillian Atienza, and Evelyn Donnelly 

Works Cited

"19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Women's Right to Vote (1920 )." Our

     Documents, 1919, www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=false&doc=63.

     Accessed 3 Nov. 2020.  

History.com Editors. "19th Amendment." HISTORY, A & E Television Networks, 15 Aug. 2020, www.history.com/topics/womens-history/19th-amendment-1. Accessed 3 Nov. 2020.

Levy, Michael, and Brian P. Smentkowski. "Nineteenth Amendment." Encyclopædia Britannica, 28 Aug. 2020, www.britannica.com/topic/Nineteenth-Amendment. Accessed 3 Nov. 2020.

McArdle, Terence. "'Night of terror': The suffragists who were beaten and tortured for seeking the vote." The Washington Post, 10 Nov. 2017, www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2017/11/10/night-of-terror-the-suffragists-who-were-beaten-and-tortured-for-seeking-the-vote/. Accessed 3 Nov. 2020.

"1913 Woman Suffrage Procession." National Park Service, U.S. National Park Service, 1 Sept. 2020, www.nps.gov/articles/woman-suffrage-procession1913.htm#:~:text=On%20March%203%2C%201913%2C%20the,Woman%20Suffrage%20Association%20(NAWSA). Accessed 3 Nov. 2020.