Notes:

• Representation of life.

• It is not a stand-alone piece of art.

• It is the cave of the bulls.

• It was found by two children who were running after their dog.

• Like years and years of visitors that have often damaged the work.

• This was painted with different kinds of animal fat, considering the contrasts of color and styles used.

Notes:

• This was based on an emperor.

• This was seen more stiff, less fluid for times now, but then it was seen as a portrait.

• You could only get portraits such as these if you were considered someone of high status.

• This position was a bit squatty and almost uncomfortable looking.

• Statues were becoming more of a thing during this time.

Notes:

• Dimension wasn't used considering that the plaques were usually on display, and they understood you can only subtract from the art.

• Proportions while squatty were depicted accurately.

• Slabs. Didn't recognize that taking away would destroy the artifact as much until there was too much taken away from it.

• While faded through time, it still holds deep characteristics and carvings.

Notes:

• Statues made were often worshipped by those.

• This was a woman carved into a flying statue.

• This was seen as something to look up to rather than look down upon.

• Complex government systems.

Notes:

• Women were the primary nurtures, therefore, they were seen as things to protect.

• They were a huge essential to children alike.

• This was the queen and the princess (the princess sitting in her lap).

• The statue has a posture that provides the essence of strength and resilience.

Notes:

There are no human figures, and there is no such thing as a straight line. This sets the precedent for Roman Wall painting in Pompeii. Gives a sense of paradise.

Notes:

• Rituals were held here.

• They were seem as temples in a kind of way, considering how well they were taken care of.

• The amount of detail put into it so that it would stay sturdy throughout the weather was an important detail included during the time period.

Notes:

• Dark contrasts

• Olympics were becoming a big deal.

• There was a lot of war going on throughout this period.

• The pressure was important for men during this time as they were becoming depicted as warriors.

Notes!

• This was seen as the beauty standard during this period.

• Statues were becoming a main ordeal during this time.

• More natural, more fluid

• Drapery and flexibility were used often to depict the love and fertility in women's statues.

• This was seen as more of an angelic time period considering the greek gods were becoming more of a thing during this time period.

Notes:

• Four different kinds of painting styles

• Women were depicted differently in this era considering they were given more rights to vote and stuff like that.

Notes:

With his arm raised, it made him seem like a brave commander. A gesture of oration. His hair is combed that way because Julius Caesar combed his hair that way. He was trying to make a legitimate connection to his uncle to justify his reign. His chest plate is a symbol of barbarianism. He puts the story of his failure on his tomb which is displayed on his breastplate.

Figures such as:

-Kylus (sky god) above.

-Telus (earth goddess) below. Holds a cornucopia of fruits and things gathered from the earth.

-horses and the chariot (seen as Apollo taking hold of the day that is beginning to flee)

-The sphinx on his shoulder is a symbol of wisdom

-Cupid (down by his feet). Son of Venus (which makes him a "descendent" of Venus).

He spread the message that he restored dignity and divinity to the Roman Empire and made the earth plentiful in a way. Augustus built a palace on Casa Rome Uli, which is the hut of Romulus, which was built on the Palatine hill. Everyone could see his house at one point in history (only in Rome though)! Battled and defeated other Romans.

Notes

• Constatine is huge, VERY important in figure

• Law court, a business building of some sort

• Marketplace stood nearby it

• Used architecture to self-promote.

Notes on the period

• Constantine let them think whatever they wanted of them.

• Constantine didn't want blood sacrifices when it came to his temple being built.

• Priestess sprinkling incense at an alter.

• Shift to becoming a Christian Empire didn't happen overnight

• A bit of contrapposto in the glory days

Notes:

-They covered tufa with plaster. These were dedicated to catacombs (Good Shepherd and Jonah).

• Christ as the good shepherd

• Four figures with arms raised off called the orant position. The out-stretched position where Christians would pray.

• Jonah is the nude figure, the symbol of eternal rest in early Christian theology.

• Pictorial prayers. Heads that look Roman with crowns on their heads are personifications of the four seasons. The symbolism of time passing until it stops.

• The finest Christian sarcophagus (Junius basis). Squatty and heads are too big for their bodies.

• Styles are classicized.

  
  

Meeting Notes (SUMMARIZED):

• Emperor Theodosius made Nicene Christianity the official religion in 380 CE.

• Justinian, son of Theodosius, aimed to reconquer the western half of the empire and was depicted as a conqueror in art.

• Art and Architecture:

  • San Vitale in Ravenna was highlighted, showcasing mosaics of Justinian and Theodora, illustrating their roles and divine right to rule.

• Iconography and Theology:

  • Byzantine art focused on conveying Christian theology through iconography, particularly related to the Eucharist.

  • The significance of halos in representing holiness and divine authority.

• Iconoclasm Debate:

  • Discussion of the iconoclasts (opposed to icons) vs. iconophiles (supporters of icons).

  • Emperor Leo III's ban on icons in 726, leading to a century of iconoclasm.

• Cultural Influence:

  • The Virgin of Vladimir as a significant icon connecting Russian and Byzantine cultures.

  • The role of illuminated manuscripts in reviving classical styles and themes.

Notes:

• The Roman's downfall.

• Art pieces and jewelry were being depicted more often and used more as art pieces.

• Worn by the rich, made by the poor.

• Gold and bronze were depicted in jewelry to depict wealth at the time.

Notes:

• education was starting to become more of a practice.

• This was seen as a use for the marketplace.

• Roman and Byzantine art elements were used quite frequently in this time period.

Notes

• The piers hold the weight of the roof. They're stronger than that look.

• Make educated guesses before building the piers.

• San Etienne.

• Made to accommodate pilgrims

• The massive piers support tall towers.

• Buttresses are outside of the building.

• Towers are symmetrical (not always the case for architecture)

• It is covered with masonry with a few windows.

• The square shape of the facade has the same dimensions.

• Three horizontally, divided portals, divided vertically.

• IT'S HARMONIC! Because it represents the Holy Trinity.

• Interior is three parts! A clear story above the second one.

• Ribbed vaulting of stone

• You can see the bays along (this was its big debut).

• It is divided into six parts (with the vaulting)

• Anticipates the GOTHIC STYLE.

• The structure is visible (which is suitable for the style).

Notes:

• Focus on architectural experimentation during the Romanesque period, including vaulting methods and buttressing.

• Emphasis on Christian subject matter in sculpture, particularly "Christ in Majesty."

• Discussion on the limited presence of paintings during this time, with more focus on sculpture and mosaics.

• Typology in Art:

  • Explanation of typology as a method of interpreting Old Testament figures as prefigurations of Christ.

  • Examples included Abraham and Isaac, Moses and the brass serpent, Jonah, and Samson.

• Gothic Architecture Introduction:

  • Transition to Gothic architecture, starting with the Abbey Church of Saint-Denis as a significant example.

  • Discussion on the influence of Abbot Sujet in the development of Gothic style and architecture.

• Key Features of Gothic Architecture:

  • Introduction of pointed arches, ribbed vaulting, and increased use of stained glass windows.

  • Emphasis on light as a symbolic representation of the divine.

• Specific Cathedrals Discussed:

  • Cathedral of Leon: Noted for its Gothic architecture and historical significance.

  • Notre Dame: Discussion on its construction, significance, and the impact of the recent fire.

• High French Gothic Transition:

  • The shift to high Gothic architecture, emphasizing the use of quadrapartite vaulting and the importance of light in the design.

• Breakout Room Discussions:

  • Groups analyzed various artworks, comparing Gothic styles to previous Romanesque styles, noting changes in naturalism, proportions, and emotional expression.

• Regional Differences in Gothic Architecture:

  • Discussion on English Gothic (Salisbury Cathedral) emphasizing horizontal design and square apses.

  • German Gothic (Cologne Cathedral) noted for its conservative approach and heavy structures.

• Late French Gothic:

  • Explored the flamboyant style characterized by elaborate decoration and the use of light.

• Comparison of Romanesque and Gothic Styles:

  • Differences in focus and representation of figures, particularly Christ and the Virgin Mary.

  • Emphasis on the Virgin Mary in Gothic art, reflecting her growing importance in Catholic theology.

• Breakout Room Discussions:

  • Janessa discussed proportions and details in the Rotigan Pieta, emphasizing the emotional expression of grief.

  • Elizabeth noted the use of gold in altarpieces, indicating divinity and connection to illuminated manuscripts.

• Italian Gothic Architecture:

  • Introduction of the Proto-Renaissance period, focusing on Nicola Pisano's pulpit and its classical influences.

  • Discussion on Santa Croce in Florence and the conservative nature of Italian Gothic architecture compared to other regions.

• Key Figures in Italian Gothic:

  • Thomas Aquinas: Combined Aristotelian philosophy with Christian theology, leading to scholasticism.

  • Dante Alighieri: Wrote "The Divine Comedy" in the vernacular, challenging church authority and promoting individual interpretation.

• Artistic Evolution:

  • Transition from Byzantine to more naturalistic styles in Italian Gothic art, as seen in works by Giotto.

  • Discussion on the significance of color, emotion, and naturalism in art.

    
    

Notes:

• Some of these other decorations are from later periods.

• There's a lamb.

• Symbolic or iconographic of the Lamb of God.

Notes:

• The vases inside their homes held special value to them considering the stories that were told.

• Archaic time period, use of a little bit of both Hellenistic (late), and early Republican (Roman).

Notes:

• These kinds of vases would hold wine. It would preserve it.

• Vases held all special types of meanings in the hearts of the Japanese.

• This style of art would influence other time periods.