During the renaissance era, the practice of autopsies became a common medical practice.

• contributed to medical research

• helped find the cause of death

• developed forensic sciences

•Florence Nightingale creating early PPE guidelines and being claimed as the mother of nursing.

•UK passing the Public Health Act of 1848 and creating the first General Board of Health for general sanitation and disease control.

1935- Social Security Act passed in the United States

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1952- Joseph Murray performs the first kidney transplant

• Helped patients with renal disease have the chance to live longer, and gave them the chance for improved quality of life.

Catherine, Melat, Eva, Guiyin

-AIDS/HIV Epidemic

-Crack Epidemic

-Start of opioid epidemic

-MRI Imagining

-First case of Ebola in 1976

-Parovirus B19

-1970s/1980s Tuberculosis resistance to drugs

-Healthy People Initiative (1979)

- Anti-Smoking Ad campaigns

-Adding fluoride to drinking water; Safe Drinking Water Act (1974)

We found a case of emergent recall of frozen shrimp sold between July 17th - August 8th due to radiation exposure in 21 States. Here is the FDA Recall announcement: https://www.fda.gov/food/alerts-advisories-safety-information/fda-advises-public-not-eat-sell-or-serve-certain-imported-frozen-shrimp-indonesian-firm

Measles: Change in Measles outbreaks between 2024-2025 increased from around 60 documented exposures for the whole year to over 1k as of August. There have been public sentiments by our Head of the DOH RFK Jr. about discouraging measles vaccination, and while they may not be necessarily linked, there is a significant shift in public perception of vaccination that he has not helped/soothed.

https://www.cdc.gov/measles/data-research/index.html

For finding information look at:

• Look at the textbook

• Resources like the WHO – Public health milestones through the years

• Web and AI (verify the sources)

In 1854, John Snow studied epedimics and discovered cholera was caused by street pumps. He convinced the authorities to shut down the water pumps in the affected areas and as a result ended the epidemic.

In 1862, a man named Louis Pasteur proposed gene theory. This basically explained how pathogens worked, and how the spread of disease worked. He also coined the phrase "pasteurization", which is the heating of liquids to kill germs. A good example of this would be pasteurized milk.

Affordable Care Act (ACA) 2010, was created the National Prevention Council which focus on the benefits of preventions for the health on all Americans while also closing the gap between uninsured and insured people.

COVID-19 was a global pandemic that affected the whole population. Deaths from communicable diseases surged in 2019-2021 back to the levels from 2005.