https://padlet.com/lydiacurtis/revisononcells227 revision en-us 2016-12-08 20:25:13 UTC 2016-12-12 00:31:21 UTC hello@padlet.com https://padlet-assets.s3.amazonaws.com/icons/Beartoy.png lydiacurtis https://padlet.com/lydiacurtis/revisononcells227/wish/142682808 DNA is the gentetic material that has all living cells in it and provides with coded information that decide how the animal will form its phenotype.]]> 2016-12-08 20:39:03 UTC https://padlet.com/lydiacurtis/revisononcells227/wish/142682808 lydiacurtis https://padlet.com/lydiacurtis/revisononcells227/wish/142686740 An animas phenotype decide what the animal looks like the eye colour, coat colour and even their temperaments.]]> 2016-12-08 21:01:42 UTC https://padlet.com/lydiacurtis/revisononcells227/wish/142686740 lydiacurtis https://padlet.com/lydiacurtis/revisononcells227/wish/142687447 DNA are fund on the chromosomes that live neatly within the nucleus of cells.]]> 2016-12-08 21:06:31 UTC https://padlet.com/lydiacurtis/revisononcells227/wish/142687447 lydiacurtis https://padlet.com/lydiacurtis/revisononcells227/wish/142688791 The structure of DNA is known as double helix(looks like a twisted ladder).  The rungs of the ladder (steps)come into two parts, a left side and  a rightside and consists of nitrogenous bases that join in the middle.]]> 2016-12-08 21:16:55 UTC https://padlet.com/lydiacurtis/revisononcells227/wish/142688791 lydiacurtis https://padlet.com/lydiacurtis/revisononcells227/wish/142787832 The sides of the ladder (backbone) consists of a repeating sequence of sugar-phosphate. the sugar present here is  deoxyribose and that gives DNA its name.]]> 2016-12-09 13:49:31 UTC https://padlet.com/lydiacurtis/revisononcells227/wish/142787832 lydiacurtis https://padlet.com/lydiacurtis/revisononcells227/wish/142787989  The rungs of the ladder (steps)come into two parts, a left side and  a rightside and consists of nitrogenous bases that join in the middle.]]> 2016-12-09 13:50:03 UTC https://padlet.com/lydiacurtis/revisononcells227/wish/142787989 lydiacurtis https://padlet.com/lydiacurtis/revisononcells227/wish/142789791 There are four nitrogenous bases:
-Thymine (T)
-Adenine (A)
-Guanine (G)
-Cytosine (C)
a base on one trad of helix will pair with a corresponding base on the other strand.

]]> 2016-12-09 13:55:56 UTC https://padlet.com/lydiacurtis/revisononcells227/wish/142789791 lydiacurtis https://padlet.com/lydiacurtis/revisononcells227/wish/142793459 A and T PAIR 
G and C PAIR ]]> 2016-12-09 14:07:38 UTC https://padlet.com/lydiacurtis/revisononcells227/wish/142793459 lydiacurtis https://padlet.com/lydiacurtis/revisononcells227/wish/142800830 The reason for specific paring is because the bases differ in their chemical structure and size.]]> 2016-12-09 14:28:24 UTC https://padlet.com/lydiacurtis/revisononcells227/wish/142800830 lydiacurtis https://padlet.com/lydiacurtis/revisononcells227/wish/142804982 Thymine and cytosine are known as pyrimidines. they are smaller molecules as they only consist of one carbon ring.]]> 2016-12-09 14:39:43 UTC https://padlet.com/lydiacurtis/revisononcells227/wish/142804982 lydiacurtis https://padlet.com/lydiacurtis/revisononcells227/wish/142954868 Adenine and guanine and purines are bigger in size as they consist of two carbon rings.]]> 2016-12-10 16:52:25 UTC https://padlet.com/lydiacurtis/revisononcells227/wish/142954868 lydiacurtis https://padlet.com/lydiacurtis/revisononcells227/wish/142955068 Specific paring is to ensure a uniform diameter throughout the structure of DNA.]]> 2016-12-10 16:56:20 UTC https://padlet.com/lydiacurtis/revisononcells227/wish/142955068 lydiacurtis https://padlet.com/lydiacurtis/revisononcells227/wish/142955421 A fraction (subunit) of DNA is known as a nucleotide.]]> 2016-12-10 17:04:16 UTC https://padlet.com/lydiacurtis/revisononcells227/wish/142955421 lydiacurtis https://padlet.com/lydiacurtis/revisononcells227/wish/142955513 Now add 3 more bases to your back bone to create a template strand of DNA]]> 2016-12-10 17:06:25 UTC https://padlet.com/lydiacurtis/revisononcells227/wish/142955513 lydiacurtis https://padlet.com/lydiacurtis/revisononcells227/wish/142955787 DNA carries a very specific genetic code that is known as the genotype. Each individual will have its very own distinct code that will determine their definable characteristics.]]> 2016-12-10 17:12:55 UTC https://padlet.com/lydiacurtis/revisononcells227/wish/142955787 lydiacurtis https://padlet.com/lydiacurtis/revisononcells227/wish/142956081 Organisms of the same species or those that are closely related will share a very similar genetic code and this can help us to group them. we share 96% of our DNA with apes ]]> 2016-12-10 17:19:26 UTC https://padlet.com/lydiacurtis/revisononcells227/wish/142956081 lydiacurtis https://padlet.com/lydiacurtis/revisononcells227/wish/142956341 The genetic information held in our DNA is an important set of instructions that code for specific proteins.]]> 2016-12-10 17:25:34 UTC https://padlet.com/lydiacurtis/revisononcells227/wish/142956341 lydiacurtis https://padlet.com/lydiacurtis/revisononcells227/wish/142956422 Protein synthesis are the building blocks of life and form important structural components.
Proteins are the link between an organisms genotype and its phenotype.]]> 2016-12-10 17:27:26 UTC https://padlet.com/lydiacurtis/revisononcells227/wish/142956422 lydiacurtis https://padlet.com/lydiacurtis/revisononcells227/wish/142956874 Proteins are produced from amino acids that are tied together like a string f beads. the production of protein is known as protein synthesis.]]> 2016-12-10 17:38:12 UTC https://padlet.com/lydiacurtis/revisononcells227/wish/142956874 lydiacurtis https://padlet.com/lydiacurtis/revisononcells227/wish/142956959 Protein synthesis occurs within the cells in two stages. (1)The first stage happens in the nucleus and it involves making a special copies of the genetic code to transport around the cell. (2) The second stage happens in the cytoplasm of the cell where the copied code is translated into a protein.]]> 2016-12-10 17:40:21 UTC https://padlet.com/lydiacurtis/revisononcells227/wish/142956959 lydiacurtis https://padlet.com/lydiacurtis/revisononcells227/wish/142957348 The ribosomes of the cell play a key role translating the code and producing the matching protein. This two stage expression of genes into protein is known as transcription and translation.]]> 2016-12-10 17:48:17 UTC https://padlet.com/lydiacurtis/revisononcells227/wish/142957348 lydiacurtis https://padlet.com/lydiacurtis/revisononcells227/wish/142957733  Just like your single strand of DNA provided a template for its complimentary strand, a single strand of DNA provides the template for transcription

]]> 2016-12-10 17:56:01 UTC https://padlet.com/lydiacurtis/revisononcells227/wish/142957733 lydiacurtis https://padlet.com/lydiacurtis/revisononcells227/wish/142957825 RNA differs to DNA mainly in its bases, it has Uracil (U) instead of Thymine (T), and also consist of only a single strand The same base pairing rules apply during transcription, however, where Thymine occurs on the DNA, Uracil will occur on mRNA.]]> 2016-12-10 17:57:26 UTC https://padlet.com/lydiacurtis/revisononcells227/wish/142957825 lydiacurtis https://padlet.com/lydiacurtis/revisononcells227/wish/142957827 During transcription DNA is copied to produce a special type of strand that can be transported around the cell. This special type of DNA has ribose instead of deoxyribose and is therefore known as RNA.]]> 2016-12-10 17:57:27 UTC https://padlet.com/lydiacurtis/revisononcells227/wish/142957827 lydiacurtis https://padlet.com/lydiacurtis/revisononcells227/wish/142965312 This type of RNA is called messenger-RNA or mRNA because it carries a genetic message to the protein synthesising machinery of the cell.]]> 2016-12-10 21:30:36 UTC https://padlet.com/lydiacurtis/revisononcells227/wish/142965312 lydiacurtis https://padlet.com/lydiacurtis/revisononcells227/wish/142965353 Once transcription is complete the mRNA makes it’s way out of the nucleus and heads towards the ribosomes . Ribosomes are the post office of cells and are responsible for reading codes and packing proteins off on their journey .]]> 2016-12-10 21:32:17 UTC https://padlet.com/lydiacurtis/revisononcells227/wish/142965353 lydiacurtis https://padlet.com/lydiacurtis/revisononcells227/wish/142965378 The ribosomes attach to the mRNA and translate the base sequence into an amino acid sequence ready to make protein.(Think of it like translating Spanish into French.)]]> 2016-12-10 21:33:13 UTC https://padlet.com/lydiacurtis/revisononcells227/wish/142965378 lydiacurtis https://padlet.com/lydiacurtis/revisononcells227/wish/142965433 There are 20 amino acids that form the basis of all proteins. Occurring in different combinations to produce different proteins .]]> 2016-12-10 21:35:11 UTC https://padlet.com/lydiacurtis/revisononcells227/wish/142965433 lydiacurtis https://padlet.com/lydiacurtis/revisononcells227/wish/142965542 As there are only 4 bases in DNA to work with, it was discovered that they must occur in a triplet sequence in order to code for a single amino acid. Therefore, every 3 bases on the mRNA strand will code for one amino acid and this is known as a Codon.]]> 2016-12-10 21:39:31 UTC https://padlet.com/lydiacurtis/revisononcells227/wish/142965542 lydiacurtis https://padlet.com/lydiacurtis/revisononcells227/wish/142965591 This sequence is used to produce an orderly link of amino acids known as a polypeptide or protein.]]> 2016-12-10 21:41:04 UTC https://padlet.com/lydiacurtis/revisononcells227/wish/142965591 lydiacurtis https://padlet.com/lydiacurtis/revisononcells227/wish/142965619 As the sequence is translated by the ribosomes, amino acids must be brought in to join the growing peptide chain It is transfer RNA or tRNA that is responsible for bringing in amino acids from the surrounding cytoplasm.]]> 2016-12-10 21:42:02 UTC https://padlet.com/lydiacurtis/revisononcells227/wish/142965619 lydiacurtis https://padlet.com/lydiacurtis/revisononcells227/wish/142965652 tRNA molecules are not identical and in fact are specific to a particular mRNA codon Anticode. Codon by codon, the genetic message of mRNA is translated as tRNA deposits amino acids in the order prescribed.]]> 2016-12-10 21:43:23 UTC https://padlet.com/lydiacurtis/revisononcells227/wish/142965652