https://padlet.com/aalpan2/xpswwsr7bbuu5mco en-us 2023-10-09 20:07:19 UTC 2023-10-23 18:47:36 UTC hello@padlet.com aalpan2 https://padlet.com/aalpan2/xpswwsr7bbuu5mco/wish/2738730505 The seven years war was a war led by Britain and France, spanning over Europe, North and South America, Africa, and even Asia: Britain, Prussia, Hanover, France, Austria, Sweden, Saxony, Russia, and Spain. The war started when George Washington surprised attacked French defended Fort Duquesne. With the help of the Indians, Washington won and ignited a world war.

Causes: 
1. Struggle for supremacy/territory disputes over land between Britain and France for North American land
2. Economic factors: countries wished for access over trade routes and resources.
3. Native alliances: Some natives allied with the French hoping that they would be less aggressive in colonization, though tribes such as the Iroquois allied with Britain for military support. Some tribes attacked settlements and British ships.

Effects: 
1. Treaty of Paris: France ceded all North American territory to England and Spain, but British economy was damaged nonetheless. 
2. More troops sent to the colonies to protect from Indian and French attacks
3. Impressment during the war: bad food, harsh punishment, rampant disease, high mortality. Sometimes whole communities would be impressed. This caused violence from merchants and common folk against British. 
4. American politicians and employers began directing anger of colonists away from themselves and towards British Policies
     a. British quartered troops in colonial houses
     b. Anyone who objected was threatened with violence
5. Spanish ceded Florida to Britain to regain Cuban and Philippine colonies
6. Britain controlled India, East of Mississippi, Canada, and some Caribbean Islands.
7. Britain encouraged colonists to move West into old French land and into Indian occupied land, deceived Indian traders
     a. Worsened relationship with Indians

]]> 2023-10-09 20:08:19 UTC https://padlet.com/aalpan2/xpswwsr7bbuu5mco/wish/2738730505 aalpan2 https://padlet.com/aalpan2/xpswwsr7bbuu5mco/wish/2738730590 Proposal by Benjamin Franklin during the Albany Congress of 1754 to attempt to create a unified colonial government for American colonies to debate issues of frontier defense, trade, and territory expansion and to facilitate better relations between colonists and American Indians. This was never put in place: The British rejected the plan due to fear of undermining royal authority. The plan laid out the ground work that would eventually result in the creation of the United States and the federal government.

Causes: 
1. Increasing tensions with French and Indians. Need for colonial cooperation in defense against French threat.
2. Intercolonial relations were strained: each colony pursued its own interest. 
3. A need to establish unified defense against French and Native attacks. 

Effects:
1. Creation of the Albany Plan: Proposed a ground council composed of representatives from the 13 colonies. 
2. Recognition for the Need of Unity: planted the seed for future discussions about greater cooperation among the colonies
3. Precedent for Future Unification: Set a precedent for later efforts and the idea would later resurface and evolve

]]> 2023-10-09 20:08:25 UTC https://padlet.com/aalpan2/xpswwsr7bbuu5mco/wish/2738730590 aalpan2 https://padlet.com/aalpan2/xpswwsr7bbuu5mco/wish/2738730815 A conflict following the Seven Years War. Named after the Ottawa chief, he led a group of Native American tribes to resist British expansion into the territory. He convinced a council of more than 400 Ottawa, Potawatomi, and Huron leaders after realizing that France is ceding land. They laid siege to Detroit, Fort Pitt, and other British outposts and white settlements along Virginia and Pennsylvania. The rebellion ultimately failed.


Causes:
1. Peace of Paris ignored Indian Tribes claims to territories
2. Raising tensions between colonists and natives due to occupation and land disputes
3. Inspiration from French. Natives believed they could unite their efforts to push the British out of the region similar to the French.

Effects: 
1. British wanted to avoid more conflict: the British crown issued a proclamation to forbid colonial settlements west of the Proclamation Line which ran down the Appalachian mountains. 
2. Angered colonists because they wanted more land
3. Washington and other wealthy speculators purchased additional Western land

]]> 2023-10-09 20:08:39 UTC https://padlet.com/aalpan2/xpswwsr7bbuu5mco/wish/2738730815 aalpan2 https://padlet.com/aalpan2/xpswwsr7bbuu5mco/wish/2738730879 Line along the Appalachian mountains put in place by the British government to regulate westward expansion by colonists and to maintain peaceful relations with natives.

Causes
1. Seven Years War
2. Conflict with the Natives (Pontiacs Rebellion_

Effects
1. Colonial anger: Met with resistance and anger from American colonists who saw it as an infringement of their "natural rights" to land. Colonists viewed the western lands as a reward for their service during the war.
2. Colonists defied the line and continued to settle west, increasing tensions with Natives AND the English
3. Contributed to the Revolution]]> 2023-10-09 20:08:42 UTC https://padlet.com/aalpan2/xpswwsr7bbuu5mco/wish/2738730879 aalpan2 https://padlet.com/aalpan2/xpswwsr7bbuu5mco/wish/2738730914 British law which put taxes on American colonies that required printed materials to be produced on specially stamped paper which had to be purchased from the British. Directly taxed on daily business imposed by the British without the approval of colonial legislatures. British believed they were just in charging the tax because colonies were receiving support and protection by British troops in return.

Causes:
1. War Debt
2. Desire for revenue
3. End of salutary neglect: British were increasingly interested in asserting more control over colonial affairs and taxation

Effects:
1. Colonial elites agreed with anti-stamp movements but refused to support actions they saw as radical and formed the Stamp Act Congress
2. 27 Delegates of affluent protestors petitioned parliament to repeal: argued that taxation without representation was tyranny and urged colonists to boycott
3. Colonials protection: widespread opposition and protested through boycotts, petitions, and public demonstrations.
4. Colonists organized boycotts of British goods and engaged in non-importation agreements, refusing to buy British products. NONIMPORTATION/BOYCOTTS
5. Road to Revolution]]> 2023-10-09 20:08:44 UTC https://padlet.com/aalpan2/xpswwsr7bbuu5mco/wish/2738730914 aalpan2 https://padlet.com/aalpan2/xpswwsr7bbuu5mco/wish/2738731038 The Townshend Acts were multiple British taxes and regulations on colonists, named after Townshend, the chancellor of the Exchequer in Great Britain who proposed the measure. They included the Revenue Act, which taxed colonial imports such as paper, paint, glass, lead, and tea. Enacted taxes without taxpayer consent and representation.

Causes:
1. Great Britain asserting itself as an authority over the colonies
2. British government continuing efforts to aid national debt
3. Declaratory Act; British exercising rule and reestablishing unfair taxing
4. End to salutory neglect

Effects:
1. Non-importation and boycotts
2. Colonials angered and suspicious towards government]]> 2023-10-09 20:08:50 UTC https://padlet.com/aalpan2/xpswwsr7bbuu5mco/wish/2738731038 aalpan2 https://padlet.com/aalpan2/xpswwsr7bbuu5mco/wish/2738731117 Tea Act of 1773 was an enforcement on the taxation of teas, which allowed the tax less sale of tea to the East India Trade Company for the colonists. This was done to gain a monopoly over the importation of tea. The company faced financial difficulties and amassed a surplus of tea.

Causes:
1. Debt
2. Forced colonists into using British tea to save the failing company

Effects:
1. British were outraged at monopolization, going against the principles of free economy in America.
2. Believed it violated rights as Englishmen
3. Angered at taxation but no representation
4. Worsened relations with British due to growing desire for self-governance and freedom

]]> 2023-10-09 20:08:54 UTC https://padlet.com/aalpan2/xpswwsr7bbuu5mco/wish/2738731117 aalpan2 https://padlet.com/aalpan2/xpswwsr7bbuu5mco/wish/2738731145 Series of laws that punished Massachusetts and the rest of the colonies for challenging British authority. The Boston Port Act closed the post of Boston until the city paid for the destroyed tea, shutting down the city's economy and trade, and causing hardship for residents. The Massachusetts Government act altered the charter, reducing self-governance and the power of the colonial assembly: The British could appoint governors instead of elected colonists. The Administration of Justice Act allowed Britain to try accused in Britain rather than locally, seen as a way to shield British officials from colonial juries. Finally, the quartering act. Forced colonists to house and supply troops.

Causes: British Response to Boston Tea Party

Effects: 
1. British hoped for restoration of authority, discouraging other colonies from protests similar to the Boston Tea Party and to isolate Boston. In reality, colonists began working together rather than isolated.  
2. Colonial outrage
3. Solidarity among colonies
4. First Continental Congress; convened in Philedelphia, delegates from 12/13 colonies gathered to discuss a coordinated colonial response to British oppression.
5. Eventually erupted into armed conflict in 1775 with the Battles of Lexington and Concord, marking the beginning of the Revolutionary War.]]> 2023-10-09 20:08:57 UTC https://padlet.com/aalpan2/xpswwsr7bbuu5mco/wish/2738731145 aalpan2 https://padlet.com/aalpan2/xpswwsr7bbuu5mco/wish/2738731227 Forms of protest and economic resistance used by American colonists, aimed at opposing British Taxation and control over the colonies and promoting colonial self-sufficiency.

Causes: 
1. Taxes and british oppression

Effects: 
1. Economic pressure on britain
2. Colonial unity
3. Strengthened local economies
4. Esclataed tensions

]]> 2023-10-09 20:09:02 UTC https://padlet.com/aalpan2/xpswwsr7bbuu5mco/wish/2738731227 aalpan2 https://padlet.com/aalpan2/xpswwsr7bbuu5mco/wish/2738731254 Deadly confrontation between British Soldiers and American colonists which resulted in the death of a few colonists and further escalated tensions. Mob of colonists approached 8 Soldiers, mocking and threatening them. Soldiers opened fire and killed 5 colonists.

Causes: 
1. One thousand redcoats were placed in Boston to implement control of the crown and protect customs officials in Boston
2. Resentment against British taxation policies

Effects: 
1. Increased tensions
2. Signified acts of british violence against American freedom
3. British soliders were put on trial, even being defended by John Adams to illustrate proper American justice. The soldiers were acquitted, two being guilty of manslaughter and branded on the thumb
4. Used as propaganda
5. Helped to galvanized the colonial resistance movement, leading to the creation of the Boston Committee of Correspondence (communication network among colonies to coordinate resistance).]]> 2023-10-09 20:09:05 UTC https://padlet.com/aalpan2/xpswwsr7bbuu5mco/wish/2738731254 aalpan2 https://padlet.com/aalpan2/xpswwsr7bbuu5mco/wish/2738731293 Protest led by the Sons of Liberty against British Parliament. 50 colonists, some disguised as Mophawk Indians, dumped 45 tons of tea (millions to billions of modern day USD) into the Boston Harbor after boarding Merchant Ships.

Causes: Tea act of 1773 angered colonists, feeling that the tax imposed by the British was unfair.
1. Taxation without representation

Effects:
1. Passing of coercive/intolerable acts
2. Increased tensions
3. Solidarity among Colonies
4. Symbol of resistance

]]> 2023-10-09 20:09:08 UTC https://padlet.com/aalpan2/xpswwsr7bbuu5mco/wish/2738731293 aalpan2 https://padlet.com/aalpan2/xpswwsr7bbuu5mco/wish/2738731360 Delegates from 12/13 colonies gathered in Philadelphia to discuss problems and the future of the colonies with Great Britain following the Intolerable acts. Marked the first organized and collective response by the American colonies to address grievances and coordinate resistance to British policies. 

Causes:
1. Tensions with Britain
2. Intolerable Acts
3. Common grievances

Effects:
1. Coordinated action of resistance and peacefully address grievances with the crown
2. Appeals to the King
3. Preparation for future conflicts
4. Second continental congress
5. Boycott of British goods
6. Wrote articles of Association which detailed the need to boycott Britain and cut economic ties.
7. Further affirmed unification of the colonies against the second-class citizenship that British imposed.]]> 2023-10-09 20:09:11 UTC https://padlet.com/aalpan2/xpswwsr7bbuu5mco/wish/2738731360 aalpan2 https://padlet.com/aalpan2/xpswwsr7bbuu5mco/wish/2738731421 British troops, while approaching Concord to resupply weapons and gunpowder, were confronted by a militia in Lexingotn. After a shot was fired, British began firing upon the militia, leaving nine wounded and eight dead. Once the militia retreated, the British arrived at Concord. Four hours later 2000 minutement confronted the British and a battle broke out. British retreated all the way to the Naval base in Charleston Neck.

Causes:
1. Tensions between great Britain and the colonies --> British stantioned troops to enforce laws and taxes
2. Desire for independence
3. British attempted to confiscate stockpiles of arms and gunpowder, increasing tensions in Massachusetts.

Effects:
1. "Shot Heard Around the World," started Revolutionary War]]> 2023-10-09 20:09:15 UTC https://padlet.com/aalpan2/xpswwsr7bbuu5mco/wish/2738731421 aalpan2 https://padlet.com/aalpan2/xpswwsr7bbuu5mco/wish/2738731460 The Second Continental Congress was a gathering of delegates from all 13 colonies following the events of Lexington and Concord. Congress appointed George Washington as Commander-in-Chief of the army. The meeting marked the final attempt to reconcile with Britain by writing the Olive Branch Petition. However, King George refused the read the document therefore war began.

Causes:
1. Response to violence at Lexington and Concord and prospect of war
2. Need to create a plan of action and create a new way of governance

Effects:
1. Creation and adoption of declaration of independence
2. Congress established the continental army.
3. Establishment of national government
4. Inspiration for other countries (France) for revolution]]> 2023-10-09 20:09:17 UTC https://padlet.com/aalpan2/xpswwsr7bbuu5mco/wish/2738731460 aalpan2 https://padlet.com/aalpan2/xpswwsr7bbuu5mco/wish/2738731491 Common Sense was a piece of writing by Thomas Paine which questions monarchy. He pondered what differentiated a king and a subject, concluding that there is no just or tangible way to decide that. He claims that monarchies causes wars and pride obstructs what is right for the nation versus what is right for the ego. It had a profound impact on American public opinion and built support for American independence.

Causes
1. Enlightenment thinkers repeatedly made calls for more political liberty in the colony
2. Growing tensions with British
3. Desire for independence
4. Need for a unifying message

Effects
1. Emboldened people to support American cause for independence
2. Rallied communities
3. Convinced that revolution was necessary]]> 2023-10-09 20:09:19 UTC https://padlet.com/aalpan2/xpswwsr7bbuu5mco/wish/2738731491 aalpan2 https://padlet.com/aalpan2/xpswwsr7bbuu5mco/wish/2738731524 A document, adopted on July 4, 1776, which formally announced the American colonies' independence from British rule. The document described they seek independence to regain natural rights (all men are created equal, life liberty and property and pursuit of happiness). They claimed that a revolution is a proper course of action when the government destroys the chances of attaining unalienable rights. Many grievances of the American people were due to corruption in judicial system, taxation without representation, and oppression to natural rights. The Declaration of Independence did not automatically create the United States (though it did give power to a new government to delcare war, peace, make alliances, establish trade, etc.), but instead was used as a message and to explain the right to revolution.

Causes:
1. Tensions with British
2. Thomas Paine message to gain independence
3. Enlightenment Ideals
4. Continental Congress and need for unity

Effects:
1. Inspired other countries
2. Rallying cry for revolution
3. Used to garner international support: diplomats such as Ben Franklin and John Adams sought assistance from powers such as France
4. Formation of U.S.A]]> 2023-10-09 20:09:22 UTC https://padlet.com/aalpan2/xpswwsr7bbuu5mco/wish/2738731524 aalpan2 https://padlet.com/aalpan2/xpswwsr7bbuu5mco/wish/2738731617 The AOC were the first constitution of the U.S. which established a loose confederation for the 13 states. The confederation prioritized natural rights and state focused power rather than a centralized government.

Failings of the AOC:
1. Debt to war vets but no money
2. States were creating own trade regulations
3. 13/13 to amend and 9/13 to pass laws --> conflicts
4. No army --> massachussets began creating private militias

Causes:
1. Desire to avoid a strong central government (like that of England)
2. State sovereignty
3. Financial instability: articles aimed to address by providing a framework to finance the country

Effects:
1. Weak Central Government
2. No army --> Shays rebellion
3. Ineffective in managing finances
4. Imbalance of intertrade between states: example being Georgia's tax on South Carolina
5. Need for a stronger constitution
6. Trade disputes, territory disputes, and interstate conflicts
7. 13/13 Required to make amendments and 9/13 states to create laws meant that nothing got done due to self-interest.]]> 2023-10-09 20:09:28 UTC https://padlet.com/aalpan2/xpswwsr7bbuu5mco/wish/2738731617 aalpan2 https://padlet.com/aalpan2/xpswwsr7bbuu5mco/wish/2738731675 Marked the establishment of the United States as an independent nation. The treaty was an agreement which officially ended the American Revolutionary war between Spanish, French, British, and American representatives. . England recognized American Independence, established boundaries of the U.S, and American loyalists were SUPPOSED to be compensated.

Causes:
1. End of Revolutionary war

Effects:
1. Marked the formal recognition of the U.S. as a nation
2. Established borders
3. Provisions of the Treaty guaranteed both nations access to the Mississippi River and called for British surrender of all posts within U.S. territory, required payment of all debts contracted before the war, and an end to all retaliatory measures against loyalists and their property.

]]> 2023-10-09 20:09:32 UTC https://padlet.com/aalpan2/xpswwsr7bbuu5mco/wish/2738731675 aalpan2 https://padlet.com/aalpan2/xpswwsr7bbuu5mco/wish/2738731730 An armed uprising in Massachusetts led by Daniel Shays, a revolutionary war veteran. It was a response to economic hardship and grievances that many American farmers faced in the post-Revolutionary period. There were attacks on armories, prevention of courthouses from meting through intimidation or threat of violence, and a large battle coined the Battle of Sheffield. 

Causes:
1. Economic Hardships
2. Legal system favoring rich creditors who could seize property and assets from indebted farmers
3. Farmers felt under-represented in state governments

Effects:
1. Calls for reform
2. Mass. created private militia
3. Rebellion led to the convening of the Constitutional Convention
4. Reform and debt relief
5. Influenced drafting of the U.S. constitution by highlighting the importance of a federal government capable of maintaining peace and addressing economic issues]]> 2023-10-09 20:09:35 UTC https://padlet.com/aalpan2/xpswwsr7bbuu5mco/wish/2738731730 aalpan2 https://padlet.com/aalpan2/xpswwsr7bbuu5mco/wish/2738731777 Significant piece of legislation passed by the Continental Congress during the AOC period. The ordinance played a role in allowing westward expansion and established the framework for orderly settlement and government of Northwest Territory. Regions were organized as territory under the authority of the federal government appointed by POTUS and divided into plots of land. Once a region achieved 60,000 free inhabitants, it attained statehood. New states prohibited slavery. This was done for moral reasons and political compromise: som,e delegates from Southern states were willing to accept ban on slavery in North territoryu for other provisions (legal recognition of existing land claims.)

Causes:
1. Territorial expansion
2. Land management
3. Desire to create a process for admitting new states into union
4. Preventing conflicts
5. Prohibition of slavery

Effects:
1. Territorial governance
2. Path to statehood
3. Prohibition of slavery
4. Land survey system (grid system of land survey)
5. Education (ordinance emphasized the importance of public education by allocating land for the support of public schools in each township)
6. Westward expansion]]> 2023-10-09 20:09:38 UTC https://padlet.com/aalpan2/xpswwsr7bbuu5mco/wish/2738731777 aalpan2 https://padlet.com/aalpan2/xpswwsr7bbuu5mco/wish/2738731920 Otherwise known as the Philadelphia Convention, the event led to the drafting of the Constitution. It was convene to address the weaknesses of the AOC and to create a stronger central government and a more effective framework. 

Causes: 
1. Weak AOC
2. Economic and trade issues
3. Shays rebellion
4. Calls for reform

Effects:
1. Drafting of U.S. constitution
2. Creation of a federal system (checks and balances, division of power) ]]> 2023-10-09 20:09:49 UTC https://padlet.com/aalpan2/xpswwsr7bbuu5mco/wish/2738731920 aalpan2 https://padlet.com/aalpan2/xpswwsr7bbuu5mco/wish/2738731977 Series of 85 essays which promoted the ratification of the U.S., mostly to urban dwellers and elites (such as businessmen, lawyers, elites, etc.) The goal was to provide clear, persuasive, and detailed explanation of the constitution and its merits. The served to educate the public, counter anti-federalist arguments, promote unity and stability, and promote a system of checks and balances. 

Causes:
1. Need to garner support and explain the constitution to the people
2. Defend the constitution
3. Need to put the constitution in place
4. Effect of the constitutional convention

Effects:
1. Played a critical role in ratifying the constitution by influencing public opnion
2. Federalist papers became valuable in understanding intentions of the constitution
3. Educated the people
3. ]]> 2023-10-09 20:09:52 UTC https://padlet.com/aalpan2/xpswwsr7bbuu5mco/wish/2738731977 aalpan2 https://padlet.com/aalpan2/xpswwsr7bbuu5mco/wish/2738732054 Bill of Rights are the first ten amendments to the United States constitution due to anti-federalist demands for specific amendments to protect individual rights and limit power of the federal government. 

Causes:
1. Concerns from people who were skeptical about ratifying the constitution since it lacked protection of individual rights
2. Desire for clear protection of rights

Effects:
1. Individual rights were explicitly protected
2. Bill of Rights limits powers of the federal government (prohibiting state religions) and protects against unreasonable government intrusion. It also protects over unfair trials, a concern that was prominent during English rule. ]]> 2023-10-09 20:09:57 UTC https://padlet.com/aalpan2/xpswwsr7bbuu5mco/wish/2738732054 aalpan2 https://padlet.com/aalpan2/xpswwsr7bbuu5mco/wish/2738732139 A rebellion during the early history of the U.S. where citizens violently protested against the federal excise tax on whisky. George Washington led the army to end the revolt. However, this was criticized, saying that the army was too violent in suppressing the revolt. This event served to illustrate that the new constitution is working.

Causes: 
1. Taxes were not popular
2. Unpopular with Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, and Kentucky. The areas relied heavily on whiskey as a means of income and saw it as unfair and detrimental to their livelihoods. 
3. Farmers being especially harmed

Effects:
1. Demonstration of the federal government's willingness to enfore laws and maintain order
2. Debates on federal power began, such as if the federal government has too much power and they are too violent.
3. Repeal of tax in 1802. ]]> 2023-10-09 20:10:02 UTC https://padlet.com/aalpan2/xpswwsr7bbuu5mco/wish/2738732139 aalpan2 https://padlet.com/aalpan2/xpswwsr7bbuu5mco/wish/2738732195 Washington sent John Jay to England to resolve concerns over trade with British West Indies. The treaty in 1796 required British forces to withdraw from U.S. soil, required American repayment of debts to British firms, and limited U.S. trade with the British West Indies. Furthermore, it also granted American merchants trading rights in British territories (such as Canada) and promoted peaceful relations between the two countries (especially to reduce impressment incidents).

Causes:
1. U.S. and Britain had a tense and contentious relationship: British kept troops in the Northwest territory and disputes over trade and boundaries were unresolved
2. British ships would impress American sailors, claiming that they were British subjects who deserted, creating a lot of tension.
3. British imposed restrictions on American trade with other countries.

Effects:
1. Americans were concerned with the treaty because opponents believed it did not go far enough in addressing issues such as impressment and trade restrictions.
2. Jeffersonian Republicans were against the treaty because they saw it as favoring Britain. Protests and demonstrations were a result.
3. Treaty narrowly passed ratification: VP John Adams broke the tie, marking the first time the Senate used its constitutional authority to ratify a treaty
4. Discontent among the French

Key Trade Restriction:
1. Jay Treaty granted Britain "most-favored-nation" status to Britain, meaning that if United States provided trade privileges to another country, it would have to do the same to Britian. This restricted U.S. in flexibility of negotiating trade agreements.

]]> 2023-10-09 20:10:06 UTC https://padlet.com/aalpan2/xpswwsr7bbuu5mco/wish/2738732195 aalpan2 https://padlet.com/aalpan2/xpswwsr7bbuu5mco/wish/2738732254 Washington delivered his farewell address to the American people outlining his thoughts, advice, and warnings for the future of the United States. It is primarily important due to his concerns over separation of political parties. He emphasizes the importance of national unity and how sectionalism could alienate portions of the U.S. He describes political parties as exhibiting jealousy, anger, and causes of riots and insurrection, cause of foreign influence in the U.S., and corruption and weakness in government. He states that the U.S. should detach themselves from the rest of the world, such as not having any permanent allies. He also emphasized the importance of religion and morality in maintaining a prosperous community.

Causes:
1. Concerns about political division as the Federalist and Democratic-Republicans were emerging. He feared factionalism and undermining national unity.
2. U.S. was delaoing with foreign policy challenges and tension switch France and Britain.

Effects:
1. Guidance for future leaders, providing leaders with guidance on foreign policy, unity, and the dangers of political partisanship
2. Advocation for neutrality significantly influenced American foreign policy as is evident even up to WW2 and in fact to this day.
3. GW did not seek a third term, setting the precedent for 2 term limits

]]> 2023-10-09 20:10:10 UTC https://padlet.com/aalpan2/xpswwsr7bbuu5mco/wish/2738732254 aalpan2 https://padlet.com/aalpan2/xpswwsr7bbuu5mco/wish/2738732288 Otherwise known as the Republican party of Jeffersonian Republicans, the party was founded by TJ and James Madison. It was one of the first political parties in the U.S. and shaped the country's early political landscape. The party was unofficially founded when Madison and TJ were organizing political elites in opposition to the Federalist in the 1790s. 

Causes:
1. Formed as a response to the policies of Hamilton and the Federalist party, which advocated for a strong central government, a national bank, and closer ties with Britain. TJ and James Madison disagreed with the policies.

2. The DR's were critical of Federalist overreach in power (such as using the necessary and proper clause) and a tendency toward monarchy and aristocracy. DR's wanted to limit federal power and supported strict interpretation of the constitution.

3. Federalist party had more supporters in the north, especially in urban areas, whereas DR's had most supporters in the South and West, usually farmers.

Effects:
1. American political thought was influenced by DR's advocation for limiting federal government powers and promoting state and agrarian rights and interests
2. Competition between Feds and DR's contributed to the establishment of a two party system in the U.S.]]> 2023-10-09 20:10:13 UTC https://padlet.com/aalpan2/xpswwsr7bbuu5mco/wish/2738732288 aalpan2 https://padlet.com/aalpan2/xpswwsr7bbuu5mco/wish/2738732344 During John Adam's presidency, there was a large diplomatic incident with France that caused much contention. Adams sent a delegation to France in attempt to resolve issues but were met with French demands for bribes (agents were identified as X, Y, and Z). The French stated that the bribes were necessary to open negotiations with the French. When news of the XYZ affair reached U.S., people were outraged and anti-Frecnh sentiments grew.

Causes:
1. Tensions with France were high as French became more radical through their revolution
2. Such issues were the Jay Treaty, which the French resented, disputes over American neutrality, American trade restrictions on French privateers and ships in American ports, and French seizing of American merchant vessels trading with Britain.

Effects:
1: Quasi-War
2. Alien and Seiditon acts
3. Deterioration of relations
4. The convention of 1800 ended hostilities between U.S. and France]]> 2023-10-09 20:10:17 UTC https://padlet.com/aalpan2/xpswwsr7bbuu5mco/wish/2738732344 aalpan2 https://padlet.com/aalpan2/xpswwsr7bbuu5mco/wish/2738732388 A period of undeclared war where France and the U.S. engaged in naval conflicts and the capturing of opposing ships.

Causes:
1. XYZ Affair
2. Deteriorating relations with French
3. French resentment with U.S. alignment with British (Jay Treaty)
4. French disliked American neutrality during the ongoing war between France and other European powers (such as Great Britain)
5. Trade disputes such as American trade restrictions imposed by the Jay Treaty

Effects:
1. Naval conflict
2. Creation and growth of the U.S. navy
3. Alien and Seiditon acts
4. Rise in American nationalism
5. Strengthened Federalist party who advocated for more assertive foreign policy
6. Diplomatic relations were resolved after the convention of 1800]]> 2023-10-09 20:10:20 UTC https://padlet.com/aalpan2/xpswwsr7bbuu5mco/wish/2738732388 aalpan2 https://padlet.com/aalpan2/xpswwsr7bbuu5mco/wish/2738732452 The acts were a series of four laws passed by congress during John Adam's presidency. The laws were to address perceived threats to national security and suppressing political opposition such as criticism of the government and its policies.

1. Neutralization act required residency in the United States to 14 years to become a citizen, the goal being to make it more difficult for immigrants to become citizens and vote in federal elections. Federalist supported the law and believed it was necessary to prevent foreign influence on American policies, particularly from immigrants who were viewed as sympathetic to the DR

2. Alien Friends Act authorized the President to deport any non-citizen who were considered dangerous to the peace and safety of the U.S., allowing for the expulsion of immigrants without due process. The law was seen as a violation of fundamental principles of justice and due process and was used to target immigrants who were perceived as political threats.

3. Alein enemies act allowed the president to apprehend, restrain, and deport resident aliens who were citizens of a hostile nation during wartime. The law was used to target aliens from countries that the U.S. was not at war with and was seen as overly broad and subject to abuse.

4. Sedition act made it a criminal offense to public malicious writing, scandalous, or misinformation against the U.S. Governemtn, aimed to suppress criticism of the government and its policies. This act was especially controversial and was seen as a direct threat to the right of free speech and press, saying it violated the first amendment

Causes:
1. U.S. was in a controversial political climate at the time with divisions in politics.
2. Frecnh Americans relations were very bad
3. Federalists were concerned about growing number of immigrants who were associated with the opposing Democrat-Republicans
4. Federalists feared subversion and political radicalism after Frecnh revolution
5. Fredearlists wanted political control, thinking that by surprising opposition, they could control their grip over power (CORRUPTION!!)

Effects:
1. Suppression of political opposition, particularly Democratic-Republicans who were the political opponents of the Feds in power.
2. Violation of civil liberties
3. The laws politically damaged the Federalist and the acts eventually were disused or expired.
4. Created tension between national security and civil liberties
5. Extended reach (overreach) of the government during times of political tension and international conflict


]]> 2023-10-09 20:10:24 UTC https://padlet.com/aalpan2/xpswwsr7bbuu5mco/wish/2738732452 aalpan2 https://padlet.com/aalpan2/xpswwsr7bbuu5mco/wish/2738732485 Two sets of resolutions in response to the Alien and sedition acts, expressing strong political stance on the issues of states' rights and the federal government's authority. While the resolutions did not have the force of law, they did have lasting impact on American constitutional and political thought.

Causes:
1. Alien and Sedition acts were the immediate cause of the resolutions
2. Federal dominance maintained control and suppression over opposing political parties. 
3. Jefferson and Madison opposed the policies

Effects:
1. Kentucky and Virginia legislatures passed the resolutions which asserted the states' rights to nullify federal laws they deemed unconstitutional (nullification). The Kentucky resolution was written by TJ, and the VA resolution was written by James Madison
2. Brought rights to states and highlighted corruption and the balance of power between federal government and states.
3. Ideas of nullification and states' rights resurface in later decades.

]]> 2023-10-09 20:10:27 UTC https://padlet.com/aalpan2/xpswwsr7bbuu5mco/wish/2738732485 aalpan2 https://padlet.com/aalpan2/xpswwsr7bbuu5mco/wish/2738732556 Significant political and ideological shift which occurred after the election of 1800. Marked the first peaceful transfer of power. 

Causes:
1. Federalists were becoming corrupt and enacted many controversial laws which infringed on civil liberties.
2. DR had been the primary opposition to the federalists
3. Driven by ideological differences, with the Federalists b believing in strong central government, close ties with Britian, and restrictive policies, whereas the Democratic-Republicans wanted a more states' rights based society which gave more rights to farmers.

Effects:
1. Peaceful transfer of power
2. Repeal of alien and sedition acts
3. Jefferson made policy changes such as reducing size and scope of federal government, cutting taxes, and expanding Westward with the Louisiana Purchase
4. Federalist power influence greatly declined afterward and eventually dissolved

]]> 2023-10-09 20:10:31 UTC https://padlet.com/aalpan2/xpswwsr7bbuu5mco/wish/2738732556 aalpan2 https://padlet.com/aalpan2/xpswwsr7bbuu5mco/wish/2743678044 1. Review Content (Heimler videos) + Textbook summaries
2. Review Slides
3. Heimler Review Packet & MCQ
4. Khan Academy videos + Quizzes
5. Progress Check (AP Classroom)
6. Practice Period 3 SAQ's + Review SAQ guidelines (AGE, answer question, give evidence, and explain the evidence). Be specific. Make claims SUCH AS HOW EFFECTIVE SOMETHING WAS. Be very very specific. Dont be "wishy washy" or vague. 
Do 3 SAQs

Bad: The AOC was effective in this but not very effective in that
Better: The AOC failed completely etc.]]> 2023-10-12 13:50:35 UTC https://padlet.com/aalpan2/xpswwsr7bbuu5mco/wish/2743678044 aalpan2 https://padlet.com/aalpan2/xpswwsr7bbuu5mco/wish/2743686799 1. Articles of Confederation (how was it effective and not)
2. Barbary Pirates
3. Declaration of independence
4. Federalist and anti-fed papers
5. Constitution
6. Bill of Rights
7. Washington Farewell Address
8. Constitutional Convention]]> 2023-10-12 13:56:00 UTC https://padlet.com/aalpan2/xpswwsr7bbuu5mco/wish/2743686799