https://padlet.com/tt209vn/xlttccgi17x1 Women's genital area en-us 2017-11-08 15:17:39 UTC 2017-11-11 16:19:22 UTC hello@padlet.com tt209vn https://padlet.com/tt209vn/xlttccgi17x1/wish/205386941 -Menarche age is 10-16 years old
-Normal duration of menstrual cycle is 23-35 days.
-The length of the cycle varies individually.
-Mentrual duration is abt 2-8 days.
- Blood, pieces of the endometrium, endometrium excretion and tissue fluid are discharged during menstruation. 
- Cycle days are calculated from the first day of menstruation.
-Ovulation occurs midway through the menstrual cycle, normally at day 14.
-Before ovulation, oestrogen level rises strongly --> LH surge. 
-Measuring LH level to predict ovulation.
-Dysmenorrhoea may happen when the menstrual cycle becomes regular.
 -Symptoms: lower abdomino pain, nausea, vertigo, headache.
-A corpus luteum replaces the ovarian follicle which has been released. 
-The corpus luteum produces progesterone that maintains the mucous membrane of the uterus. 
-If fertilization does not occur, the function of the corpus luteum fades during two weeks, and a new menstrual bleeding begins.]]> 2017-11-09 17:12:39 UTC https://padlet.com/tt209vn/xlttccgi17x1/wish/205386941 tt209vn https://padlet.com/tt209vn/xlttccgi17x1/wish/205390466 -The menopause is the period in which a woman’s oestrogen production begins to decrease, finally leading to the stopping of the menstrual cycle. 
-The most common age for menopause is between 45-55.
-Menopause happens before 45 is premature. Reasons can be congenital diseases or from radiation therapy, difficult chronic diseases or the removal of uterus. 
-Fertility begins to decrease years before menopause. 
-Symptoms:
         +immediately beginning:  hot flashes and/or night sweats, mood swings and weight gain, trouble sleeping, joint and muscle pains, rapid heartbeat, headaches, the deterioration of the memory, irregular flow and a decreased libido.
         +later developing: drying of the skin and mucous membranes, urinary incontinence, the weakening of bones and the deterioration of memory. Additionally, the incidence of certain diseases like cardiovascular diseases and Alzheimer’s disease increases.
-Treatments:
        +Hormone free therapy: loosing weights, stop smoking and cafein usage.
        +Hormone therapy: estrogen drugs]]> 2017-11-09 17:18:27 UTC https://padlet.com/tt209vn/xlttccgi17x1/wish/205390466 tt209vn https://padlet.com/tt209vn/xlttccgi17x1/wish/205426708 -Yeast infection: Candida albicans diploid fungus is the most common. Pregnancy and combined oral contraceptives predispose patients to yeast infections. Other causes are  anti-infective agents, diabetes and immunological deficiency syndromes. Symptoms:  itching, stinging sensation and swelling in the mucous membranes.
-Bacterial vaginosis: disturbance in the vagina´s ecosystem where the normal lactobacillus flora is replaced by anaerobic bacteria. Symptoms: foul-smelling leukorrhea that often is heavier than usual. It increases the risk of premature breaking wter during pregnacy and the risk of HIV infection.
-Trichomoniasis: STD caused by protozoan parasite. Symptoms: foul-smelling, greenish discharge. often asymptomatic in men.
-DIV: desquamative inflammatory vaginitis.  Symptoms: heavy, yellow vaginal discharge that smears.
-Atrophic vaginitis: caused by a thinning vaginal mucosa stemming from a lack of oestrogen --> mucosa is susecptible to inflammation.
-Chlamydia: caused by the bacterium chlamydia trachomatis. Symptoms are same as other infections and complications of Chlamydia infection are severe such as Pelvic inflammatory disease, Cervicitis, urethritis...
-Gonorrhea: caused by gram-negative diplococci bacteria called  Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Symptoms in men are a stinging sensation when urinating and discharge from the penis while in women it causes cervicitis and pelvic inflammatory disease.
-Syphilis is a disease caused by the spirochete bacterium Treponema pallidum. SYmptoms appear abt 1 month after the infection with hard edges skin lesion. When the skin lesion goes, skin manifestations and enlarged lymph nodes come. If left untreated, tertiary syphilis occurs in a third of patients within 4-40 years.
-HPV: Human papillomavirus. Over of 100 types are known in which 40 types cause infection. It may cause cauliflower-like genital warts (type 6 or 11) which is low-risk HPV. Most serious complication is cervical cancer (16 or 18).
-Pelvic inflammatory disease : the inflammation has spread to the uterine mucosa, the Fallopian tubes and the ovaries.

]]> 2017-11-09 18:21:24 UTC https://padlet.com/tt209vn/xlttccgi17x1/wish/205426708 tt209vn https://padlet.com/tt209vn/xlttccgi17x1/wish/205427095 -Early pregnancy is the first trimester, weeks 4-12.
-Bleeding is exhibited in 20-25% of early pregnancies and around half of these cases end up in miscarriage.
-Moderate or difficult bleeding in early pregnancy also corresponds with increased preterm birth, low birth weight, stillbirths and infant mortality. 
-The most common cause of the bleeding is a threatened or inevitable miscarriage or ectopic pregnancy. Other causes include implantation bleeding, gynaecological infections; sub-placental haematomas; irregularities in the uterus or cervix such as polyps or myomas; ectopia or malignities; blighted ovum.
-Miscarriages can be classified as threatened, inevitable, complete, incomplete, missed and septic miscarriages. 
-Bleeding in early pregnancy can usually be treated policlinically. Hospitalisation is required only if the bleeding is severe and in these cases only until the diagnosis is cleared. Operative treatment is needed if an ectopic pregnancy is diagnosed, the bleeding is heavy, or an evacuation is needed. All Rh-negative pregnant women should be given RhO immune globulin injected to a muscle within three days of noting the bleeding even if this would cause a miscarriage. ]]> 2017-11-09 18:22:03 UTC https://padlet.com/tt209vn/xlttccgi17x1/wish/205427095 tt209vn https://padlet.com/tt209vn/xlttccgi17x1/wish/205427225 -Family planning is the planning of how many children a family intends to have, and the planning of when the birth should occur.
-Contraception is the prevention of pregnancy by hindering fertilization or by preventing a fertilized egg cell from attaching itself to the uterus wall.
-Examination: Attention is paid to underlying diseases and existing pharmacotherapy. Gynecological anamnesis to be examined.
-Combined hormonal contraceptives contain oestrogen and progesterone. Oestrogen maintains the endometrium, progesterone slows down the secretion of hormones which stimulate the gonads of the pituitary gland. This hinders the development of ovarian follicles. Forms: pills, patches, vaginal rings
-progestin-only contraception affects the mucous membrane of the uterus so that spermatozoa are unable to penetrate. Taken daily without break.
-Copper intrauterine device: Plastic device is inserted inside the uterus and remains effective for 3-10 years.
-Condom: the most effective and safest contraception
-Emergency contraception: taken within 12 hours after intercourse and at the latest 72 hours after intercourse. Copper IUD is the most effective emergency  contraception which can be taken within 120hours after intercourse.
-Sterilization: permanent methods

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