- Heighten salience of goals and objectives: Set a vision for the goal and why it matters.

- Vary demands and resources to optimize challenge: Rise to high expectations using flexible tools and supports.

- Foster collaboration and community: Cultivate a community of learners.

- Increase mastery-oriented feedback: Guide learning by emphasizing the role of effort and process.

- Facilitate personal coping skills and strategies: Develop and manage healthy emotional responses and interactions.

: Develop self-assessment and reflection: Increase awareness around progress toward goals and how to learn from mistakes.

- Offer alternatives for auditory information: Share information in more ways than sound and voice alone.

- Offer alternatives for visual information: Share information in more ways than images and text alone.

- Clarify vocabulary and symbols: Construct meaning from words, symbols, and numbers using different representations.

- Clarify syntax and structure: Make the patterns and properties of systems like grammar, musical notation, taxonomies, and equations explicit.

- Support decoding of text, mathematical notation, and symbols: Make sure text and symbols don't get in the way of the learning goal.

- Promote understanding across languages: Use translations, descriptions, movement, and images to support learning in unfamiliar or complex languages.

- Illustrate through multiple media: Make learning come alive with simulations, graphics, activities, and videos.

- Highlight patterns, critical features, big ideas, and relationships: Accentuate important information and how it relates to the learning goal.

- Guide information processing and visualization: Support the process of meaning-making through models, scaffolds, and feedback.

- Maximize transfer and generalization: Apply learning to new contexts.

- Vary the methods for response and navigation: Interact with tools and environments that make learning physically accessible to all.

- Optimize access to tools and assistive technologies: Open doors to learning with accessible tools and devices.

- Use multiple tools for construction and composition: Share thoughts and ideas using tools that complement the learning goal.

- Build fluencies with graduated levels of support for practice and performance: Apply and gradually release scaffolds to support independent learning.

- Guide appropriate goal-setting: Practice setting challenging and authentic goals.

- Support planning and strategy development: Formulate reasonable plans for reaching goals.

- Facilitate managing information and resources: Support organization and memory using flexible tools and processes.

- Enhance capacity for monitoring progress: Analyze growth over time and how to build from it.