Artificial Intelligence by RAJAT MISHRA

A review on Artificial Intelligence (Rajat Mishra)

f2015490 — 2015-09-24 18:31:48 UTC

f2015490 — 2015-09-24 18:32:07 UTC

History of artificial intelligence ? (MD.Naseer)

f2015356 — 2015-10-04 05:58:43 UTC

What are the disadvantages of artificial intelligence ? (MD.Naseer)

f2015356 — 2015-10-04 05:58:43 UTC

Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence:If robots start replacing human beings in every field, we will have to deal with serious issues like unemployment in turn leading to mental depression, poverty and crime in the society. Human beings deprived of their work life may not find any means to utilize their energies and harness their expertise. Human beings will be left with empty time and unemployment.Intelligent machines will surely not be able to substitute for the caring behavior of hospital nurses or the promising voice of a doctors.One of the major disadvantage is that they cannot be human.We might be able to make them think. But will we be able to make them feel? Intelligent machines will definitely be able to work for long hours. But will they do it with dedication? Will they work with devotion? How will intelligent machines work wholeheartedly when they don't have a heart? Some thinkers consider it ethically wrong to create artificial intelligent machines. According to them, intelligence is God's gift to mankind. It is not correct to even try to recreate intelligence. It is against ethics to create replicas of human beings. Don't you also think so?

f2015356 — 2015-10-04 06:15:00 UTC

(MD.Naseer)

The seeds of modern AI were given by classical philosophers who attempted to describe the process of human thinking as mechanical manipulation of symbols.This work helped in the invention of programmable digital computer in 1940,a machine based on abstract essence of mathematical reasoning. In 1950 Alan Turing introduces the Turning test in his paper "Computing Machinery and Intelligence."The field of AI research was founded at a conference on the campus of Darthmouth College in 1956.In 1986,Honda engineers set out to create a walking robot.Early models(E1 ,E2, E3) were focused on developing the legs that could make the robot walk. The next series of models(E4,E5,E6) were focused on walk stabilization and stair climbing.Next advancement was the head,body and arms. Honds's first humanoid robot,P1 was rather rugged at6’ 2” tall, and 386 lbs. P2 improved with a more friendly design, improved walking, stair climbing/descending, and wireless automatic movements. The P3 model was even more compact, standing 5’ 2” tall and weighing 287 lbs.The present Asimo is considered as the most Advanced Humanoid robot in the world. It can walk, talk, run, dance and so on, just like an human being.(MD.Naseer)

f2015356 — 2015-10-04 06:23:20 UTC

THE ADVANCEMENT OF ASIMO (MD.Naseer)

f2015356 — 2015-10-04 06:58:31 UTC

f2015356 — 2015-10-04 07:02:14 UTC

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f2015356 — 2015-10-04 07:05:06 UTC

WHAT IS TURING TEST ? (MD.Naseer)

f2015356 — 2015-10-04 07:10:43 UTC

The turing test is a test of machine's ability to exibit intelligent behavior equivalent to, or indistinguishable form, that of a human. Alan turing proposed that a human evaluator would judge natural language conversations going on between human and machine that is designed to generate human like responses. The evaluator would be aware that one of the two partners in the conversation is a machine. The conversation would be a text only channel such as a computer keyboard and screen so that the result would not be dependent on the machine's ability to render words as a speech. If the evaluator is not able to differentiate between human and machine, then the machine is said to have passed the test. Turing originally suggested that the machine would convince a human 70% of the time after the five minutes of conversation. The test does not check the ability to give the correct and to the questions, only how closely answers resemble those a human would give.

f2015356 — 2015-10-04 07:11:19 UTC

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SUMMARY (MD.Naseer)

f2015356 — 2015-10-04 09:37:51 UTC

Artificial intelligence is the field that studies the synthesis and analysis of computational agents that act intelligently. It is the name of the academic field of study which studies how to create computers and computer software that are capable of intelligent behavior that are capable of intelligent behavior. Artificial intelligence is defined as the study and design of intelligent agents in which an intelligent agent is a system that perceives its environment and takes actions that maximize its chances of success. John McCarthy, who coined the term in 1955, defines it as the science and engineering of making intelligent machines Artificial intelligence has been used in a wide range of fields including medical diagnosis, robot control, law, remote sensing, scientific discovery and toys. Many thousands of AI applications are deeply embedded in the infrastructure of every industry. In the late 90s and early 21st century, AI technology became widely used as elements of larger systems, but the field is rarely credited for these successes.

Development of Artificial Intelligence (MD.Naseer)

f2015356 — 2015-10-04 13:31:56 UTC

Once the real computers were built, some of the application of computers were the AI programs. Samuel in built a checkers program in 1952 and implemented a program that learns to play checkers in late 1950s. Newell and Simon built a program, Logic Theorist, that discovers proofs in propositional logic, there was also much work on low level learning inspired by how neurons work. McCulloh and Pitts showed how a simple thresolding "formal neuron"could be a basics for Turing complete machine. Minsky described the first learning for these neural networks.

ADVANTAGES OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (MD.Naseer)

f2015356 — 2015-10-04 13:45:44 UTC

Artifiacial intelligent robots or machines can do any work with more accuracy than a human being with fewer number of errors, depending on the level and type of the intelligence these machines receive in the future, it will obviously have an effect on the type of work they can perform and how well they can do it. As the level of AI increases so will their competency to deal with difficulties, complex even dangerous tasks that are currently done by humans, a form of applied artificial intelligence. Ai will help us to advance into new and more advance technologiical breakthroughs. For example, due to their ability to produce millions and millios of computer modelling programs also with high degree of accuracy, machines could essentially help us to find and understand new chemical elements and compounds etc. Artificial Intelligent robots they dont need any rest or sleep etc which may save much time, all the work is done providing some ammount of energy. These robots can even be sent into dangerous explorations such as space travel etc. There are many AI robots that can replace human in many aspects. As mentioned in the turing test AI can even replace human being in terms of communication.

f2015356 — 2015-10-04 13:45:46 UTC

f2015356 — 2015-10-04 14:23:46 UTC

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PRESENT DAYS FUNCTIONING OF ROBOTS (MD.Naseer)

f2015356 — 2015-10-04 14:30:34 UTC

♦ Play a decent game of table tennis ♦ Drive safely along a curving mountain road ♦ Buy a week’s worth of groceries on the web ♦ Play a decent game of bridge ♦ Discover and prove a new mathematical theorem ♦ Design and execute a research program in molecular biology ♦ Write an intentionally funny story ♦ Give competent legal advice in a specialized area of law ♦ Translation of languages ♦Have Conversation successfully with another person for an hour ♦ Perform a complex surgical operation ♦ Unload any dishwasher and put everything away

f2015356 — 2015-10-04 14:36:09 UTC

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DEEP BLUE (CHESS COMPUTER) (MD.Naseer)

f2015356 — 2015-10-04 14:40:32 UTC

Deep Blue was a chess playing computer developed by IBM. It is known for being the first piece of artificial intelligence to win both a chess game and a chess match against a reigning world champion under regular time control.Deep Blue won its first game against a world champion on February 10, 1996, when it defeated Garry Kasparov in game one of a six-game match. However, Kasporav won three and drew two of the following five games, defeating Deep Blue by a score of 4–2. Deep Blue was then heavily upgraded, and played Kasparov again in May 1997. Deep Blue won game six, therefore winning the six-game rematch 3½–2½ and becoming the first computer system to defeat a reigning world champion in a match under standard chess tournament time controls.Kasparov accused IBM of cheating and demanded a rematch. IBM refused and retired Deep Blue.Development for Deep Blue began in 1985 with the chip test project at Carnegie Mellon University. This project eventually evolved into Deep thought, at which point the development team was hired by IBM. The project evolved once more with the new name Deep Blue in 1989. GrandmasterJoel Benjamin was also signed on to the development team by IBM.

DEEP BLUE(MD.Naseer)

f2015356 — 2015-10-04 14:50:28 UTC

EQP(MD.Naseer)

f2015356 — 2015-10-04 16:45:53 UTC

EQP, an abbreviation for equational prover, is an automated theorm proving program for equational logic, developed by the Mathematics and Computer Science Division of the Argonne National Laboratory. It was one of the provers used for solving a longstanding problem posed by Herbert Robbins, namely, whether all Robbins algebra are Boolean algebras.

ALVINN (MD.Naseer)

f2015356 — 2015-10-04 16:53:24 UTC

f2015356 — 2015-10-04 17:01:26 UTC

Most of the data was gathered from the journal mentioned above. Some of the statistics gave lot of information about the advancement and history of the artificial intelligece. Some videos were taken from youtube which would help to gain some visual knowledge. Some of the topics were taken from the following link (http://www.hutter1.net/ai/sintro2ai.pdf). some of the sites also has given some valuable information about the artificial intelligence. The pictuires were taken from google, Videos from youtube etc. (MD.Naseer)

f2015356 — 2015-10-04 17:01:36 UTC

f2015356 — 2015-10-04 17:10:36 UTC

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SOURCES (Naseer)

f2015356 — 2015-10-04 17:21:12 UTC

http://www.hutter1.net/ai/sintro2ai.pdf

http://artint.info/html/ArtInt_2.html (Bruce Buchanan)2005

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xkJVV1_4l8E

http://world.honda.com/ASIMO/

http://www.infobarrel.com/Advantages_and_Disadvantages_for_Artificial_Intelligence_The_Pros_and_Cons_of_AI

https://www.google.co.in/search ?q=ASIMO&biw=1745&bih=883&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0CAcQ_AUoAmoVChMIrrr40KypyAIVknKOCh2qZApd&dpr=1.1

https://www.google.co.in/search?q=ASIMO&biw=1745&bih=883&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0CAcQ_AUoAmoVChMIrrr40KypyAIVknKOCh2qZApd&dpr=1.1#tbm=isch&q=deep+blue+chess+computer

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nNbj2G3GmAo

https://www.aldebaran.com/en/humanoid-robot/nao-robot

NAO ROBOT (MD.Naseer)

f2015356 — 2015-10-04 17:37:24 UTC

NAO is a 58-cm tall humanoid robot. He is small, cute and round. You can't help but love him! NAO is intended to be a friendly companion around the house. He moves, recognises you, hears you and even talks to you!Since his birth in 2006, he has been constantly evolving to please, amuse, understand and love you. In short, to one day become your friend.Aldebaran created NAO to be a true daily companion. He is the little creature who helps you be your best. His humanoid form and extreme interactivity make him really endearing and loveable.

HISTORY

While waiting to be ready for home use, NAO became a star in the world of education. In more than 70 countries, he was used in computer and science classes, from primary school through to university. Thanks to NAO, students can learn programming in a fun and practical way. They can program him to walk, catch small objects and even dance! He then conquered communities of developers, who recognised him as a powerful and incredibly expressive medium for creating applications. Imagine all the things you can do with NAO! A new world of applications has been opened.

NAO, COMING SOON TO YOUR HOME!

Speak, and he answers!
Ask him to do something and he does! For example, ask NAO to teach multiplication tables to your children, wake you up in the morning, monitor your home during the day or teach you new things whenever you want. You no longer need a keyboard, computer or mouse to communicate with technology. All you have to do is talk to it, and it responds! A new member of the family. Now, imagine that he can learn to read your moods, so that he always knows the right thing to say; that he can recognize your family members and call them by their first names; that you can teach him your musical, food and film preferences. This is the goal of Aldebaran: create an engaging, interactive companion and partner. His humanoid form transports you into a world of emotions and caring, his sign language gives him life and makes him endearing, and his capacity to interact makes him a new member of the family.

NAO (MD.Naseer)

f2015356 — 2015-10-04 17:44:11 UTC

f2015356 — 2015-10-04 17:46:25 UTC

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f2015356 — 2015-10-04 17:51:57 UTC

IMPORTANT WORDS (MD.Naseer)

f2015356 — 2015-10-04 17:52:07 UTC

HUMANOID: It has a appearence and performes activities that resembles the human being.

ASIMO: Advanced Step in Innovative Mobility.

NAO: Humanooid robot.

DEEP BLUE: hess playing computer.

ALVINN: AUTONOMOUS LAND VEHICLE IN NEURAL NETWORK.

NEURAL NETWORKS: In machine learning and cognitive science, artificial neural networks (ANNs) are a family of statistical learning models inspired by biological neural networks.

Autonomous:Having the freedom to act independently.

Tutoring: Act as a tutor

Questionnaire (MD.Naseer)

f2015356 — 2015-10-04 18:21:56 UTC

1) What are the common languages used in Artificial Intelligence?

2) Who created ASIMO ?

3) How fast can the new ASIMO run ?

4) What is the size and weight of ASIMO?

ACHIEVEMENTS OF AI (MD.Naseer)

f2015356 — 2015-10-06 05:18:12 UTC

♦ Deep Blue defeated the reigning world chess champion Garry Kasparov in 1997 ♦ In 1997, EQP proved a mathematical (Robbins) conjecture unsolved for decades ♦ Alvinn in Navlab drives autonomously 98% of the time from Pittsburgh to San Diego) ♦ During the 1991 Gulf War, US forces deployed an AI logistics planning and scheduling program that involved up to 50’000 vehicles, cargo, and people ♦ NASA’s on-board autonomous planning program controlled the scheduling of operations for a spacecraft ♦ Proverb solves crossword puzzles better than most humans in 1991

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MIT CHEETAH (MD.Naseer)

f2015356 — 2015-10-06 07:16:36 UTC

In a leap for robot development, the MIT researchers who built a robotic cheetah have now trained it to see and jump over hurdles as it runs — making this the first four-legged robot to run and jump over obstacles autonomously.

To get a running jump, the robot plans out its path, much like a human runner: As it detects an approaching obstacle, it estimates that object’s height and distance. The robot gauges the best position from which to jump, and adjusts its stride to land just short of the obstacle, before exerting enough force to push up and over. Based on the obstacle’s height, the robot then applies a certain amount of force to land safely, before resuming its initial pace.

In experiments on a treadmill and an indoor track, the cheetah robot successfully cleared obstacles up to 18 inches tall — more than half of the robot’s own height — while maintaining an average running speed of 5 miles per hour.

MIT CHEETAH (MD.Naseer)

f2015356 — 2015-10-06 07:17:50 UTC

PEPPER (MD.Naseer)

f2015356 — 2015-10-06 13:26:11 UTC

APPLICATION OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN DAILY LIFE. (MD.Naseer)

f2015356 — 2015-10-06 13:41:12 UTC

Banks and Financial System: Banks use artificial intelligence systems to attain assistance for numerous activities based on observed patterns. Some of which include organizing financial operations, investing in stocks, and managing properties. Robots have even beaten human beings in trading challenges.

Hospitals and Medicine: Artificial neural networks, which are considered to be highly reliable for environment perception, are used to assist lifesaving equipment, which has proven to be a crucial breakthrough in case of medical negligence. Also, Clinical support systems for medical diagnosis are based essentially on observing and interpreting patterns based on AI. Detection of tumor, which involves Computer Aided Interpretation of data, is one of the most common applications.

Heavy Industry: The use of autonomous vehicles for transporting goods is not a very old concept. Marine transportation has ensured the usage of standard sized shipping containers on a large scale. Automatic navigation of shipping containers on docks using rails is not uncommon. Automobile industries have adapted conveyor belts also known as 'Assembly Line Production’, these are switching to autonomous ones too.

Air Transport: The air transport could barely survive in the absence of Artificial Intelligence. The controllers in the planes which calculate and apply control forces simultaneously have almost eliminated the need for pilots in modern day aircraft. PS aided navigation allows pilots to leave their seats as the 'autopilot' takes care of everything. In commercial aviation, the ATCs continuously monitor the position of each plane and how the course of each plane is to be altered. Some of the busiest airports of the world have to cater to nearly 2500 flights per day. This makes it an almost impossible task to monitor by the humans. A huge network of neural network along coupled with voice recognition is used to accomplish this mammoth task. In 2003, NASA's Dryden Flight Research Center, and many other companies, created software that could enable a damaged aircraft to continue flight until a safe landing zone can be reached. The software compensates for all the damaged components by relying on the undamaged components. The neural network used in the software proved to be effective and marked a triumph for artificial intelligence.

CONCLUSION (MD.Naseer)

f2015356 — 2015-10-06 14:42:08 UTC

Artificial Intelligence and the technology are one side of the life that always interest and surprise us with the new ideas, topics, innovations, products …etc. AI is still not implemented as the films representing it, however there are many important tries to reach the level and to compete in market, like sometimes the robots that they show in TV. Nevertheless, the hidden projects and the development in industrial companies. These are always useful to human beings. At the end, we’ve been in this research through the AI definitions, brief history, applications of AI in public. This is not the end of AI, there is more to come from it, who knows what the AI can do for us in the future, maybe it will be a whole society of robots.

Who is PEPPER ? (Rajat Mishra)

f2015490 — 2015-10-07 17:07:11 UTC

The latest creation from Aldebaran,Pepper is the first humanoid robot designed to live with humans. At the risk of disappointing you, he doesn't clean, doesn't cook and doesn't have super powers... Pepper is a social robot able to converse with you, recognize and react to your emotions, move and live autonomously.Engaging and friendly, Pepper is much more than a robot, he’s a companion able to communicate with you through the most intuitive interface we know: voice, touch and emotions.Created for SoftBank Mobile—one of the largest mobile phone operators in Japan- Pepper is already greeting and interacting with customers in stores.

PEPPER (Rajat Mishra)

f2015490 — 2015-10-07 17:11:27 UTC

Who is SIRI ? (Rajat Mishra)

f2015490 — 2015-10-07 17:13:17 UTC

Siri lets you use your voice to send messages, schedule meetings, make phone calls and more. Ask Siri to do things just by talking the way you talk. Siri understands what you say, knows what you mean and even talks back. Siri is so easy to use and does so much, you’ll keep finding more and more ways to use it.

"YOUR WISH IS ITS COMMAND" (Rajat Mishra)

f2015490 — 2015-10-07 17:14:43 UTC

Summary (Rajat Mishra)

f2015490 — 2015-10-07 17:26:41 UTC

Artificial intelligence is the study of computational agents that act intelligently.An agent acts in an environment and only has access to its prior knowledge, its history of observations, and its goals and preferences.An intelligent agent is a physical symbol system that manipulates symbols to determine what to do.A designer of an intelligent agent should be concerned about modularity, how to describe the world, how far ahead to plan, uncertainty in both perception and the effects of actions, the structure of goals or preferences, other agents, how to learn from experience, and the fact that all real agents have limited computational resources.To solve a problem by computer, the computer must have an effective representation with which to reason.

To know when you have solved a problem, an agent must have a definition of what constitutes an adequate solution, such as whether it has to be optimal, approximately optimal, or almost always optimal, or whether a satisfying solution is adequate.

In choosing a representation, you should find a representation that is as close as possible to the problem, so that it is easy to determine what it is representing and so it can be checked for correctness and be able to be maintained. Often, users want an explanation of why they should believe the answer.

Keeping all these facts in mind one can not doubt that in the modern day scenario and the future ahead we are and will be highly indebted to these machines around us.

Pepper (Rajat Mishra)

f2015490 — 2015-10-07 17:34:07 UTC

(Rajat Mishra)

f2015490 — 2015-10-07 17:35:38 UTC

the HPR4 (Rajat Mishra)

f2015490 — 2015-10-07 17:37:27 UTC

HPR 4 (Rajat Mishra)

f2015490 — 2015-10-07 17:48:41 UTC

HRP-4 is a life-size "platform for research and development of working humanoid robots" we have developed in collaboration with the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), an independent administrative legal entity.
Incorporating to the external design the "slim athlete" concept pursuing affinity with humans, HRP-4 has achieved the new, light-weighted and slim body while succeeding the concept of the conventional models HRP-2 or HRP-3 where the robots coexist with humans and assist or replace human operations or behavior.
Further, promotion of optimized specifications or component sharing/simplification has reduced the price for the robot, a great step forward the next-generation working humanoid robot.
For its control, HRP-4 employs OpenRTM-aist to make available national and international software assets, improving efficiency in research.

We will continue to advance our research and development on robots making use of the past robotics research and the development know-how obtained from HRP-4, and to create a robot that works in our living spaces and improves our quality of life.

HRP-4, a humanoid robot that can coexist with humans

Applications of AI (Rajat Mishra)

f2015490 — 2015-10-07 17:51:00 UTC

Speech and Face Recognition:

With the advanced uses of image editing software and voice recognition software like Siri, we've been able to interact with these devices as well. Such progress has opened various new aspects of research and input methodology. Analogous to these are face and hand writing recognition software included in laptops.

Online and Telephone Customer Service
Artificial intelligence is implemented in automated online assistants that can be seen as avatars on web pages. It can avail for enterprises to reduce their operation and training cost. A major underlying technology to such systems is natural language processing.
Similar techniques have been used in answering machines of call centres, such as speech recognition software to allow computers to handle first level of customer support, text mining and natural language processing to allow better customer handling, agent training by automatic mining of best practices from past interactions, support automation and many other technologies to improve agent productivity and customer satisfaction.

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f2015356 — 2015-10-07 18:00:47 UTC

CORTANA (Rajat Mishra)

f2015490 — 2015-10-07 18:07:09 UTC

Cortana is Windows OS's clever new personal assistant.

Cortana will help you find things on your PC, manage your calendar, track packages, find files, chat with you, and tell jokes. The more you use Cortana, the more personalized your experience will be.

Here are some things you can say to Cortana: