18 Tahun

No.153 , Felda Chemomoi , 28310 , Triang , Pahang .

SMAP BENTONG ( SUPERB )

Biology SPM : A+

My opinion : Biology is hard but it's fun !

School: SMK Tawau

My perception for biology: I have been always have that deep passion in biology. I love studying anatomy, systems in human and just how human body work. Ever since high school, biology has been my ultimate perpetual favourite subject in school, although its quite difficult to score, yet i enjoyed studying this subject during high school.

My grade for biology in SPM was A solid tho ;(

-18TAHUN

-TINGGAL DI KAMPUNG SETEK, KOK LANAS, KELANTAN

-BERSEKOLAH DI SMKA TOK BACHOK

-MARKAH BIO SPM- (A-)

-LITTLE BIT HARD FOR ME BECAUSE I LEARNED BIOLOGY IN MALAY LANGUAGE BEFORE

Nickname : Iskandar

Age : 18

Hometown : Bachok , Kelantan

Previous School : Smk Agama Tok Bachok

Spm Results : 11A 1B

Biology Spm Results : A

Opinion about Biology : Studying biology feels like looking at a giant puzzle where each piece you learn helps you see the bigger picture of life 😆

Hometown:KUALA KRAI,KELANTAN

School:SM SAINS MACHANG

My perception for biology is a study of life that helps me understand living things and sorrounding.

Grade Biology in SPM:A-

NICKNAME : MAS

HOMETOWN : KOTA KINABALU, SABAH

HIGH SCHOOL : SM SAINS SABAH

SPM BIO : B+

OPINION ABOUT BIOLOGY : Biology is an interesting and fun subject but it is quite hard since there are many facts and processes to remember.

SBP INTEGRASI JEMPOL

From Kelantan but stay in Gemas, Negeri SEMBILAN

Biology SPM : A

Biology is a fun subject and it is full of fantastic information 😁

AGE: 18 YEARS OLD

HOMETOWN:KUALA TERENGGANU

SCHOOL:SMA(ATAS)SULTAN ZAINAL ABIDIN

BIOLOGI SPM: A

I LIKE EXPLORE THIS SUBJECT :)

AGE:18 YEARS OLD

HOMETOWN:SELISING,PASIR PUTEH,KELANTAN

SCHOOL:SMK SELISING

BIOLOGY’S RESULT:A

MY OPINION:BIOLOGY IS VERY AMAZING.I REALLY ENJOY IT.

Fatihah

18 tahun

SM IMTIAZ YT KUALA TERENGGANU

Hometown: Kuala Nerus, Terengganu

My opinion: Bio is fun dawg😀

Biology SPM: A

HOMETOWN: TUMPAT,KELANTAN

SCHOOL:SMK DATO' BIJI WANGSA

MY OPINION ABOUT BIOLOGY IS B+, IT'S FUN WHEN YOU UNDERSTAND SOME TOPICS BUT YOU HAVE TO HARD WORK TO UNDERSTAND THE TOPICS.💪🏻🤗

18 Tahun

Kangar,Perlis

Smk Agama Arau

Biology SPM:A-

My Opinion:There’s a lot to memorize but it’s fun

hometown :Kuantan , Pahang

School : Sbp Integrasi Tun Abdul Razak

gred : B+

opinion : biology is fun but quite difficult because you have to remember a lot of things

address: 26, Persiaran Bercham Selatan 17, Taman Bercham Jaya 31400, Ipoh Perak

old school: SMK Jalan Tasek

Beloved pass time: naps

Spm bio gred: A

----------------------------------

Opinion: "A somewhat interesting subject studying on how the body and emotions are mostly chemical reactions... "

HOME: PASIR MAS, KELANTAN

OPINION: I THINK BIOLOGY IS OK👍

LAST SCHOOL: SMS TENGKU MUHAMMAD FARIS PETRA

SPM GRADE: A-

Old school: SMKA MAAHAD MUAR

NO TEL. :01158824047

bio: A+

My opinion: Biology is a bit hard because there are so many things to memorise, but once i understand the topic, I found it very interesting and enjoy to learn more about it

HOMETOWN:PEKAN PAHANG

UMUR:18 TAHUN

SCHOOL:SBP INTEGRASI TUN ABDUL RAZAK

BIOLOGI A

biology is so fun and exiting

HOME :PALEKBANG,TUMPAT,KELANTAN

SCHOOL:SMS TENGKU MUHAMMAD FARIS PETRA

BIOLOGY:A

OPININON:I THINK THAT LEARNING BIOLOGY IS SOME OF INTERESTING MOMENTS IN OUR LIFE BECAUSE WE CAN DISCOVER MORE ABOUT NATURE AND CREATURES CREATED BY GOD.PLUS,WE CAN ALSO LEARN HOW TO BE A GRATEFUL SERVANT,HUMBLE AND AWE OF HIS CREATION FOR EXAMPLE IF WE LEARN ABOUT OUR PARTS OF BODY SO WE CAN REALIZE THAT NOTHING IS RANDOM BECAUSE EVERY DETAIL IS A GIFT FROM GOD

hometown : Sepang , Selangor

School : SMKA SHAMS , Seremban

Biology SPM : A

My opinion : I 💗💝💘💖❣️❤️‍🩹❤️‍🔥🤎🤍🩶💜💙🩵💚🩷❤️🧡💛 biology and i would like to learn deeper about human and plants

Hometown: Kluang, Johor

School: MRSM ATM BERA

Biology: A+

I love biology rizz

1. Cohesion

Question:

Water forms droplets on a leaf after rain instead of spreading evenly. Using the concept of cohesion, explain why this happens.

Answer:

Cohesion causes water molecules to stick to each other due to hydrogen bonding, forming droplets rather than spreading out.

2. Adhesion

Question:

When you place a thin glass tube in water, the water level inside the tube rises slightly above the surrounding water level. Using the concept of adhesion, explain this observation.

Answer:

Adhesion causes water molecules to stick to the glass surface, pulling the water upward and creating a concave meniscus.

3. High Specific Heat

Question:

On a hot day, a lake’s water temperature increases only slightly compared to the surrounding air. Using the concept of high specific heat, explain why this occurs.

Answer:

Water absorbs a large amount of heat with only a small rise in temperature because it has a high specific heat capacity.

4. High Heat of Vaporization

Question:

Sweating helps cool down the human body. Using the concept of high heat of vaporization, explain why sweating is effective.

Answer:

A large amount of heat is absorbed from the body when water (sweat) evaporates, providing an efficient cooling effect.

5. Less Dense as a Solid

Question:

Ice floats on water, allowing aquatic organisms to survive in winter. Using the concept of density, explain why ice stays on the surface instead of sinking.

Answer:

When water freezes, its molecules form a crystal lattice that is less dense than liquid water, causing ice to float.

When you fill a glass slightly above its rim with water, it does not spill immediately. Which property of water is responsible for this, and how does it work?

Answer:

The property is cohesion. Water molecules stick to each other through hydrogen bonding, creating surface tension that allows the water to bulge above the rim without spilling.

👉 Explain how cohesion is involved in this phenomenon.

Answer:

Cohesion causes water molecules to be strongly attracted to each other through hydrogen bonding. This creates surface tension, which holds the water molecules together and allows the water surface to bulge without spilling right away.

1. Cohesion

Q: During photosynthesis, water must travel from the roots to the leaves of a tall tree. How does cohesion help in this process?

A: Cohesion allows water molecules to stick to each other through hydrogen bonding, creating a continuous column of water. This enables water to move upward through the xylem without breaking, supporting water transport in tall trees.

2. Adhesion

Q: A student dips a glass capillary tube into water and observes that the water rises inside the tube. Which property of water explains this and how?

A: Adhesion explains this phenomenon. Water molecules are attracted to the glass surface, and combined with cohesion, this pulls the water upward, creating capillary action.

3. High Specific Heat

Q: Coastal areas experience smaller temperature fluctuations compared to inland areas. Apply the property of water to explain why.

A: Water has a high specific heat, meaning it absorbs or releases large amounts of heat with only small temperature changes. The ocean absorbs heat during the day and releases it slowly at night, moderating the coastal climate.

4. High Heat of Vaporization

Q: When athletes sweat during exercise, their body temperature decreases. Which property of water explains this and how?

A: High heat of vaporization explains this. Sweating requires water molecules to absorb a large amount of heat energy to evaporate from the skin, which cools down the body.

5. Less Dense as a Solid

Q: During winter, lakes freeze from the surface downward, but aquatic organisms can still survive beneath the ice. Apply the property of water that allows this.

A: Ice is less dense than liquid water because hydrogen bonds keep water molecules farther apart in solid form. Ice floats, forming an insulating layer on the surface of the lake, allowing liquid water below to remain habitable for aquatic life.

Structured Question – Properties of Water (C3 Apply Level)

Question 1: Cohesion

(a) Explain how cohesion between water molecules occurs.

(b) Apply this property to explain how water is transported from roots to leaves in tall trees.

Answer:

(a) Cohesion occurs because hydrogen bonds form between water molecules, making them stick together.

(b) In tall trees, cohesion allows water molecules to form a continuous column in xylem vessels. When water evaporates at the leaves, the cohesive force pulls more water upward, enabling transport against gravity.

Question 2: Adhesion

(a) Define adhesion in water molecules.

(b) Apply this concept to explain why water can move up the thin walls of plant xylem vessels.

Answer:

(a) Adhesion is the attraction between water molecules and other polar surfaces.

(b) Water molecules adhere to the hydrophilic walls of xylem vessels. This adhesion, together with cohesion, supports capillary action, enabling water to climb up narrow tubes and reach plant tissues.

Question 3: High Specific Heat

(a) State what is meant by high specific heat of water.

(b) Apply this property to explain why marine organisms can survive despite fluctuations in atmospheric temperature.

Answer:

(a) High specific heat means water can absorb or release a large amount of heat with only a small change in temperature.

(b) The ocean resists rapid temperature change, providing a stable thermal environment. This prevents sudden temperature fluctuations, allowing marine organisms to survive.

Question 4: High Heat of Vaporization

(a) Define high heat of vaporization.

(b) Apply this property to explain how sweating helps regulate human body temperature.

Answer:

(a) High heat of vaporization means water requires a large amount of energy to change from liquid to gas.

(b) When sweat evaporates, it absorbs large amounts of heat from the skin surface. This removes excess body heat, cooling the body and maintaining homeostasis.

Question 5: Less Dense as a Solid

(a) State what happens to the density of water when it freezes.

(b) Apply this property to explain how aquatic organisms survive in frozen lakes during winter.

Answer:

(a) When water freezes, hydrogen bonds form a crystalline structure that keeps molecules further apart, making ice less dense than liquid water.

(b) Ice floats and forms an insulating layer on the surface of lakes. This prevents the entire water body from freezing, allowing aquatic organisms to live in the liquid water beneath the ice.

(a) Explain why ice floats on water.

(b) How does this property of water benefit aquatic life during cold seasons?

(c) Give one real-life human activity that takes advantage of this property.

-----------------------------------------

Answer:

(a) Ice floats on water because when water freezes, its molecules form an open hexagonal structure due to hydrogen bonding. This makes the solid form less dense than the liquid, so it stays on the surface.

(b) This benefits aquatic life because the floating ice insulates the liquid water beneath, preventing the entire body of water from freezing solid. This allows fish and other organisms to survive during winter.

(c) Human activity: Ice is used in cooling drinks or preserving food because it floats and helps keep items cold without sinking. Similarly, in transportation of frozen goods, ice on the surface helps maintain temperature.

Water shows the property of cohesion and adhesion. Explain how these properties are applied in the movement of water from the roots to the leaves of plants.

Answer:

• Cohesion makes water molecules stick to each other

• Adhesion makes water molecules stick to xylem walls

• These allow water to move upward from roots to leaves by capillary action

Q: How does water move up through the roots and stems of plants?

A: Through a process called capillary action, caused by cohesion and adhesion.

---

✅ Surface Tension

Q: What allows small insects like water striders to walk on water?

A: Surface tension caused by the cohesive forces between water molecules.

---

✅ Solubility in Water

Q: Give one example of a substance that dissolves in water.

A: Salt or sugar dissolves in water.

Answer:

Sweat absorbs a large amount of body heat before it evaporates because water requires high energy to change from liquid to gas. As the sweat evaporates from the skin, it carries away heat, cooling the body effectively.

1.

Cohesion

Question:

During transpiration, water moves upward in a plant’s xylem without breaking into separate droplets. Which property of water enables this, and how?

Answer:

Cohesion allows water molecules to stick together through hydrogen bonding, maintaining a continuous water column in the xylem.

2.

Adhesion

Question:

When water is placed in a thin glass tube, the water level forms a meniscus. Which property of water explains this, and why does it happen?

Answer:

Adhesion, because water molecules are attracted to the glass surface, pulling water upward along the tube walls.

3.

High Specific Heat

Question:

A coastal town experiences a smaller temperature difference between day and night compared to an inland town. Which property of water explains this?

Answer:

High specific heat—water absorbs and releases large amounts of heat with only slight temperature changes, moderating the climate.

4.

High Heat of Vaporization

Question:

When a person sweats, their body cools down. Which property of water explains this cooling effect?

Answer:

High heat of vaporization—water requires a large amount of heat energy to evaporate, removing excess body heat during sweating.

5.

Less Dense as a Solid

Question:

In cold climates, fish survive under frozen lakes. Which property of water allows this?

Answer:

Less dense as a solid—ice floats on water, forming an insulating layer that prevents the entire lake from freezing solid.

6.

Combination Question (Cohesion + Adhesion)

Question:

Explain how both cohesion and adhesion work together to move water from the roots to the leaves in tall plants.

Answer:

Cohesion keeps water molecules bound together in a continuous column, while adhesion helps water stick to the walls of xylem vessels, preventing the water column from collapsing.

a : Water has a high specific heat capacity. It absorbs large amounts of heat without a large increase in temperature, keeping the pond water temperature stable. This prevents drastic temperature changes, allowing aquatic organisms to survive

Explain how the surface tension of water allows small insects to walk on the surface of water.

Answer:

Surface tension exists because of the strong cohesive attraction between water molecules at the surface. The molecules at the surface are pulled inward by the molecules below them, forming a layer that is like a “thin film”. This layer is strong enough to support the weight of a small insect, such as a water dragonfly, and allows it to walk on the surface of the water without sinking

1. Cohesion

Question: How does cohesion in water help insects like water striders live on the surface of ponds?

Answer: Cohesion creates surface tension that allows insects such as water striders to walk on water without sinking.

2. Adhesion

Question: How does adhesion of water help in the movement of water in plant stems?

Answer: Adhesion allows water molecules to stick to the walls of xylem vessels, helping water climb upward against gravity during capillary action.

3. High Specific Heat

Question: How does water’s high specific heat help regulate temperature in coastal areas?

Answer: Water absorbs and releases heat slowly, so it prevents rapid temperature changes. This keeps coastal climates more stable and suitable for life.

4. High Heat of Vaporization

Question: How does water’s high heat of vaporization help humans cool down during exercise?

Answer: When sweat evaporates from the skin, it absorbs a large amount of heat from the body, lowering body temperature and preventing overheating.

5. Less Dense as a Solid

Question: How does water being less dense as a solid benefit aquatic life in winter?

Answer: Ice floats on top of liquid water, forming an insulating layer. This keeps the water below from freezing completely, allowing fish and other aquatic organisms to survive in cold seasons.

Explain how the adhesive property of water assists in capillary action within plant xylem vessels.

Model Answer:

The adhesive property of water refers to its ability to stick to other surfaces, such as the walls of plant xylem vessels. During water transport in plants, adhesion helps water molecules cling to the cellulose walls of the xylem. This interaction supports capillary action, allowing water to move upward against gravity. Adhesion works together with cohesion (water molecules sticking to each other) to enable the continuous flow of water from the roots to the leaves.

Steam burns worse than boiling water

Both are at ~100 °C, but when steam condenses on skin it releases the latent heat of condensation (~2.26 MJ kg⁻¹) in addition to sensible heat transfer. That extra energy dumped into tissue causes more severe burns than liquid water at the same temperature.

a) State the property of water involved.

b) Explain how this property helps to regulate body temperature.

c) Give one other daily life situation where this property of water is applied.

---

Answer:

a) High latent heat of vaporization.

b) When water evaporates from the skin surface, it absorbs a large amount of heat from the body, cooling it down and preventing overheating.

c) Water is used in cooling systems of car radiators, where evaporation helps to remove excess heat from the engine.

A:In ice, hydrogen bonds form a rigid, open hexagonal lattice. This arrangement spaces molecules further apart than in liquid water, making ice less dense. In liquid water, hydrogen bonds are constantly breaking and reforming, allowing molecules to pack closer together.

Q: Despite hot daytime temperatures, the temperature of a large lake changes only slightly between day and night.

(a) Which property of water is responsible for this?

(b) Explain how this property benefits aquatic life.

A:

(a) High specific heat capacity.

(b) Water absorbs and releases heat slowly, preventing sudden temperature changes, thus providing a stable environment for aquatic organi

sms.

Using your knowledge of water’s properties, explain why the coastal city has more moderate temperatures.

Answer Guide:

The coastal city is near a large body of water (the ocean), which has a high specific heat capacity. This means water can absorb and store large amounts of heat without a significant rise in temperature. During the day, the ocean absorbs heat and keeps the air cooler. At night or in winter, it releases the stored heat slowly, warming the air. This moderates the climate, preventing extreme temperature changes.

PROTEIN QUESTION

1. - Protein will be break down to polypeptide by pepsin inside the stomach.

   - Then, inside the duodenum, the hydrolisis of the polypeptide will happen where it forms peptide.

   - Finally, inside the small intestines, peptide will become into amino acid after hydrolisis process completed, done by erepsin enzyme.

2. - A high diet in protein helps to repair damaged tissues

   - This also helps to form new cells.

1. -Carbohydrates are broken down into glucose.

   -Glucose is absorbed into the blood.

   -Glucose is used by cells to produce energy.

   
   

2. Rice has starch and fruits have simple sugars. Both are digested into glucose, which provides energy for the body, while extra glucose is stored as glycogen or fat.

3. When carbohydrates break down into glucose, a diabetic patient cannot regulate blood sugar well due to insufficient or ineffective insulin. This causes high blood glucose levels, which can lead to health complications.

4. -in the stomach, pepsin breaks proteins into smaller pieces.

   -In the small intestine, enzymes from the pancreas breaks them into amino acids

   -then amino acid is absorbed into the blood.

5. •protein is break down into small molecule which is amino acid

   •protein synthesis occur in liver to form new protein and transport by the bloodstream to the body tissues to repair the damaged tissue

   •amino acid is important for the building of clotting and repairing enzyme and also form as collagen which is main protein in connective tissue

2)Rice contains starch, a polysaccharide, which is first hydrolyzed by salivary amylase in the mouth into maltose. In the small intestine, pancreatic amylase continues this process, and maltase then breaks maltose into two molecules of glucose. The glucose is absorbed into the bloodstream and used in cellular respiration to generate energy (ATP).

Fruits contain natural sugars such as sucrose, glucose, and fructose. In the small intestine, sucrase hydrolyzes sucrose into glucose and fructose. Glucose is absorbed directly, while fructose is converted into glucose in the liver. Finally, glucose is used in cellular respiration to produce energy (ATP).

3)Dietary carbohydrates are hydrolysed into monosaccharides, mainly glucose, which are absorbed into the bloodstream. In diabetic patients, insulin production is insufficient or body cells are resistant to insulin. As a result, glucose uptake by cells is impaired and blood glucose concentration increases significantly after carbohydrate intake. This leads to hyperglycemia, which if prolonged, may cause dehydration, fatigue, and long-term damage to blood vessels, nerves, and organs.

4) Protein digestion begins in the stomach where pepsin enzyme breaks down proteins into smaller polypeptides in the acidic environment created by hydrochloric acid.

Small Intestine:

chyme moves into intestine, the pancreas releases pancreatic proteases like trypsin and chymotrypsin. These enzymes further break down the polypeptides into smaller peptides.

The small intestine lining also produces peptidases, such as aminopeptidase and dipeptidase, which break down the smaller peptides into individual amino acids.

5)

High protein is recommended because its help in repairing damaged tissue after surgery and replaces the new cells in living organism.

Protein also helps synthesis antibodies that help to prevent infection occur after surgery

• special protective layer

• cell membrane holds the components of the cell inside

• acts as a protective barrier from the outside

• letting certain things enter and exit the cell

• cell membrane exist in a fluid way

  
  

  CELL MEMBRANES MADE UP OF 3 MAIN COMPONENT :

• 1. Phospholipids

• 2. Cholesteroles

• 3. Proteins

1. Phospolipids

   -consist of 2 layers : heads & tails

   -heads : hidrophilic ( loves water )

   -tails : hidrophobic ( hates water )

2. Cholesteroles

   -cause the phospholipids close together

3. Protein

   - devide into 3 different types :

   1. Integral Proteins

      -transport large molecules across the cell

   2. Peripheral Protein

      -involve in communication and some transport

   3. Glycoproteins

      -recognised cell by the immune system

   What makes cell membrane special ?

   • its fluidity's make a perfect balance

   • so the cell can move easily

   • not too fluid

   • keep our trillions cells together

1. Cell membrane acts as a protective barrier , keeping the cell’s internal contents safe from external environment .

2. It’s described as the fluid mosaic model : a dynamic and moving structure .

3. The phospholipid bilayer forms the basic structure , with hydrophilic heads facing outward and hydrophobic tails inward .

4. Phospholipids orient themselves based on their affinity to water . As example , heads toward water , tails away .

5. Cholesterol interspersed within the membrane helps regulate its fluidity and permeability .

6. Integral proteins span the membrane and facilitate the transport of larger molecules across it .

7. Peripheral proteins assist in cell communication and some transport functions .

8. Glycoproteins play a role in cell recognition and interactions .

9. Membrane fluidity is essential for movement and substance transport while preserving cell integrity .

10. The fluid mosaic structure which are phospholipids, cholesterol , and protein is a fundamental feature of both animal and plant cell membranes .

2. Moving around in a fluid way.

3. Made up by phospholipids, cholesterol and proteins.

4. Phospholipids has two layers, the heads is phosphate molecule (hydrophilic) and tails are made up of fatty acids (hydrophobic).

5. Cholesterol regulates the fluidity and permeability.

6. Proteins has 3 types

• integral proteins

• peripheral proteins

• glycoproteins

7. Integral proteins help transport large molecules across the cell membrane.

8. Glycoproteins play an important role in cell recognition by the immune system.

9. Its fluidity has perfect balance so that the cell can move and substance can easily move across the membrane and the membrane isn't to fluid.

10. The membrane has a selectively permeable property due to its building structure.

1. Each cell in our body containing DNA, special cell machinery and nutrients to keep us alive.

   
   

2. Protective layer outside cell called cell membrane

   •hold components inside the cell and act as protective barrier from outside.

   
   

3. Made up of three main thing;

   •phospholipid,

   •cholesterol and

   •protein.

   
   

4. Phospholipid is arrange themselves into two layer with;

   •head pointing outward and

   •tail pointing inward.

   
   

5. The head are made by phosphate while the tail are made by fatty acid

   
   

6. The head of phospholipid is attract to the water; hydrophilic,,

   while the tail is repelling the water; hydrophobic

   
   

7. Cholesterol; regulate the fluidity and

   permeability of the cell ; cause phospholipid to stay together

   
   

8. Protein come in different type;

   •integral protein; help to transport large molecule across cell membrane ,

   •peripheral protein; involve in communication and some transport ,

   •glycoprotein ; recognition by the immune system

   
   

9. The fluidity of cell membrane is perfect so; the cell can move substances easily across membrane

   
   

10. Cell membrane keep trillions of cell together
    

-contains outside of the cell and inside of the cell membrane

-each cells contains DNA,special cells machenery and protein

-3 main component,phospholipid,cholesterols and protein

-phospholipid have 2 layers

i)phosphate (hyrophilic).lover

ii)fatty acid (hydrophobic).hater

-cholesterol maintain the regular fluidility and permiability of cell membrane

-3 component of proteins

i)integral protein transfer large molecules across cell membrane

ii)peripheral protein for communication and transport of cell membrane

iii)glicoprotein help antibodies and immune cell identify pathogens

2) cell membrane are made up of three main things which is phospholipid, cholesterol and protein

3) the phospholipid bilayer is made of individuals phospholipid

4) the head of the phospholipid is a phosphate molecule and it's pointing outward which showing that it is a hydrophilic.

5) the two tails of the phospholipid is made of fatty acid. it's pointing inwards which showing that it is a hydrophobic.

6) the head of the phospholipid has a slight charge, so it's a polar, while the tails of the phospholipid has no charges which is a non-polar

7)cholesterol is made in the liver. it helps to regulates the fluidity and permeability of the cell membrane. it causes the phospholipids to stay close together.

8) the integral protein helps to transport the large molecules across the cell membrane.

9) the peripheral protein involved in communication and some transport

10) glycoproteins helps to recognize cells by the immune system

• the arrangement and behavior of membrane components are commonly referred to as the fluid mosaic mode

• consist of phospholipids bilayer

functions:

• act as a protective barrier

• holds the component of the cell inside

• control the movement of particle in and out of the cell

made of 3 main components:

• Phospholipids

• Cholesterol

• Proteins

Phospholipids:

• consist of a head made of a phosphate molecule, has a slight charge,so its polar and attracted to water(hydrophilic)

• consist of a tail made of fatty acid, doesnt have a charge, so its non polar and not attracted to water(hydrophobic)

Cholesterol:

• made in the liver

• maintains and regulates the fluidity and permeability of the membrane

• causes the phospholipids to stay together

Proteins:

• consist of three types, integral proteins, peripheral proteins and glycoproteins

• integral proteins transport large molecule

• peripheral proteins communications and some transportation

• glycoprotein act as a recognition tools for the immune systems

why is it special:

• it has a perfect balance of fluidity, allowing the cell and substances to move easily across the membrane while maintaining its structural integrity

-hold inside component

-protective barier outside

-let certain thing in & out under controL

Made up of 3 thing

• phospholipid

  -have two layers

  1.phosphate(head)-hydrophilic

  2.fatty acid(tail)-hydrophobic

• cholesterol(made in liver)

• protein(have different types)

  1.integral protein

  -help transport large molecule in & out across cell membrane

  2.peripheral protein

3.glycoprotein

-important for cell recognition by the immune system

Special because of its fluidity

-perfect balance

-substance can across the membrane in & out but structure still properly held together

-Phospholipids

-Cholesterol

-Proteins

Part of phospholipid:

1.Phosphate(hydrophilic head)

2.Fatty acid(hydrophobic)tail

•the water attract to the head and the tail repelled it

Function of cholesterol:

-Regulates fluidity and permeability of the cell

Type of protein:

1.Integral proteins

(transport large molecules)

(passively down their concentration gradient through protein channel)

2.Peripheral proteins

(Involved in communication)

3.Glycoproteins

(Play important role in cell recognition by the immune system)

•

1.we have 30-40 bilion cells that contain our dna,special cell machinery and nutrien

2.The cells membrane holds the components of the cells and act like a protective barrier

3.The cells membrane is made up of three main things, phospholipids, cholesterol and protein.

4.The head of the phospholipids is a phosphate molecule that has a slight charge,polar and attracted to water; hydrophilic

5.The two tails is made up of fatty acids that do not have a charge,non-polar and repel water; hydrophobic

6.The cholesterol that's made in the liver regulates the fluidity and permeability of the cells membrane.It also causes the phospholipid to stay close together.

7.The protein come in different types which is the integral protein that help transport a large molecules across the cells membrane in either direction passively down their concentration gradient.

8.The peripheral protein are involved in communication and some transport.The glycoprotein play an importance role in cells recognition by the immune system

9.The cells membrane is so special because it fluidity that perfectly balance that cells can move and substances can easily move across the membrane.

The membrane isn't too fluid otherwise there would be no control over what substance enter and leave the cell or cells wouldn't be properly held together.

10.This wonderful fluid mosaic of phospholipids,cholesterol and different kinds of proteins is what leeps our trillions of cells together

2. Each cell containing DNA

3.Cell membrane holds the components of the cell inside and acts as a protective barrier from the outside

4.Cell membrane are made up of three main things: phospholipids,cholesterol and proteins

5.Phospholipid arrange themselves into two layers:heads pointing outwards and tails pointing inwards

6.Phospholipid (head)-phosphate molecule(polar)

7.The two tails made up of fatty acids(do not have charge) non polar

8.hydrophilic head - water lovers

hydrophobic - water haters

9.Cholesterol

-made in the liver

-regulates the fluidity and permeability

-causes the phospholipids to stay closer

together

10.Proteins

-integral proteins ( helps transport large

molecules)

-peripheral proteins ( involved in

communication)

-glycoprotein ( cell recognition by the immune

system)

FLUID MOSAIC MODEL

1)cell membrane is the special protective layer around the outside

2)cell membrane holds the components of the cells inside

3)it acts as a protective barrier from the outside by carefully letting certain things enter and exit the cells in a controlled manner

4)cell membrane made up of three main things:

• phospholipids

• cholesterol

• proteins

  
  

5)Phospholipids are arranged themselves into two layer:

• heads-pointing outwards

  -has a slight charge

  -polar

  -attracted to water

  -hydrophilic

• tails-pointing inwards

  -do not have charge

  -non-polar

  -repel water

  -hydrophobic

6)Proteins come in three differ types:

• integral proteins-helps transport large molecules across the cell membrane

• peripheral proteins-involved in communication and some transport

• glycoprotein-play an important role in cell recognition by the immune system

7)Membrane is flexible

8)proteins and phospholipids can move sideways

9)Fluidity depends on phospholipids type and cholesterol content

10)This fluidity important for cell transport,signaling and flexibility

• The cell membrane serves as a vital protective layer , enclosing cellular components like DNA and organelles, maintaining integrity and shielding the interval environment from external influences.

2.The Fluid Mosaic Model Defined

• The cell membrane is often described as a fluid mosaic, highlighting its dynamic nature and diverse composition.

• It consists of a fluid phospholipid bilayer with proteins and other molecules scattered throughout, forming a mosaic-like pattern

3.Phospholipid Bilayer

• Comprised of amphipathic phospholipids with hydrophilic (water-attracting) heads facing outwards and hydrophobic (water-repelling) tails tucked inward.

• This arrangement creates a flexible and semi-permeable barrier.

4.Cholesterol’s Role
Embedded between phospholipids, cholesterol modulates membrane fluidity and permeability, acting as a buffer that prevents excessive fluidity at high temperatures and rigidity at low ones

5.Membrance Protiens & Their Functions

• Integral protiens span across the bilayer , serving as channels or pumps for molecule transport.

• Peripheral proteins are loosely associated and tend to assist in communication or enzymatic roles.

• Glycoproteins and glycolipids, with carbohydrate attachments, are essential for cell recognition and immune response

6.Improtance of Membrane Fluidity

• Enables lateral movement of molecules , essential for cell flexibility, self-repair , movement, and effective transport of subtances.

• Facilities dynamic processes like signaling, vesicle formation, and fusion.

-human have between 30 to 40 trillion cells in their body.

-each cells containing DNA,special cells machinery and nutrients to keep ourselves alive

-special protective layer around the outside known as cell membrane.

-the functions of cell membrane is to hold the components of the cell inside and act as protective layer from the outside by letting certain things only that can enter and exit the cells in a controlled manner.

-cell membrane is made up of three things which are phospholipid,cholestrol and protein.

-phospholipid bilayer is made up by individual phospholipid and they arrange themselves into two layer.

-their heads pointing outwards which are made by phosphate and hydrophilic(love water)

-their tails pointing inwards which are made by fatty acid and hydrophobic(hate water)

-cholestrol is made in the liver and use in cell membrane to regulates the fluidity and permeability of cell membrane.

-it causes the phospholipid to stay closer together.

-protein cames in different type which are integral protein,peripheral protein and glycoprotein.

-integral protein helps to transport large molecules across the membrane

-the molecules can be transported in either direction in or out the cell membrane

-they can go passively down their concentration gradient through channel protein or carrier protein.

-they can also go on against the gradient being actively pumped byprotein pumps.

-glycoprotein play an important role in cell recognition by by the immune system.

FLUID MOSAIC MODELS

There are three main things in membrane cell

-phospholipid bilayer

-protiens

-cholestrol

1.Phospholipid Bilayer

• has hydrophilic heads (water-attracting) and hydrophobic tails (water-repelling)

• provide fluidity and barrier function

2. Protiens

• Integral protiens, peripheral protiens and glycoprotiens

• Integral protiens

  - Channel proteins and carrier proteins help transport substances (ions, molecules) across the cell membrane.

  -Example: Ion channels (e.g., sodium, potassium), glucose transporters.

• Peripheral protiens

  -they are loosely attached to the surface of the membrane

  -Help maintain cell shape by attaching to the cytoskeleton.

• Glycoprotiens

  -They are located on the outer surface of the cell membrane and play important roles in cell communication, recognition, and immune response.

1)cell membrane is the special protective layer around the outside

2)cell membrane holds the components of the cells inside

3)it acts as a protective barrier from the outside by carefully letting certain things enter and exit the cells in a controlled manner

4)cell membrane made up of three main things:

phospholipids

cholesterol

proteins

5)Phospholipids are arranged themselves into two layer:

heads-pointing outwards

-has a slight charge

-polar

-attracted to water

-hydrophilic

tails-pointing inwards

-do not have charge

-non-polar

-repel water

-hydrophobic

6)Proteins come in three differ types:

integral proteins-helps transport large molecules across the cell membrane

peripheral proteins-involved in communication and some transport

glycoprotein-play an important role in cell recognition by the immune system

7)Membrane is flexible

8)proteins and phospholipids can move sideways

9)Fluidity depends on phospholipids type and cholesterol content

10)This fluidity important for cell transport,signaling and flexibility

1.Cell membrane holds the components of the cell inside and acts as a protective barrier from the outside cafefully

2.Cell membrane letting certain things enter and exit the cell in a controlled manner

3.mosaic of different molecules moving around in a fluid way

4.cell membranes made up of three main things it is phospholipids,cholesterol and proteins

5.phospholipids arrange themselves into two layers with their heads pointing outwards and tails pointing in wards

6.head is a phosphate molecules and two tails are made up of fatty acids

7.proteins come in different types which is integral proteins,peripheral proteins and glycoproteins

8.the fluidity is perfect balance so that the cell can move and substance can easily move across the membrans

9.if the membrane isn’t too fluid otherwise the would be no control over what substances enter and leave the cell

10.the cell wouldn’t be properly held together if the membrane isn’t fluid enough

1.Cell membrane holds the components of the cell inside

2.Cell membrane acts as a protective barrier from the outside.

3.Cell membrane letting certain things enter and exit the cell in a controlled manner.

4.Mosaic of different molecules moving around in a fluid way.

5.Cell membranes made up of three main things, it is phospholipids,cholesterol and proteins

6.Phospholipids arrange themselves into two layers with their heads pointing outwards and tails pointing in wards

Proteins come in different type which is integral protein, peripheral protein and glycoproteins

8.The cell and substances can move easily across the membrane because of its fluidity

9.If the membrane isn't fluid, the substances that enter and leave would be uncontrollable

10.The cell wouldn't properly held together if the membrane isn't fluid enough.

a) https://wordwall.net/resource/97273445

b) https://wordwall.net/resource/97272699

https://wordwall.net/resource/97278176

Quiz 2

https://wordwall.net/resource/97279308

https://wordwall.net/resource/97275171

Second Quiz

https://wordwall.net/resource/97275922

Soalan 1

https://wordwall.net/resource/97274434

Soalan 2

https://wordwall.net/resource/97276568

https://wordwall.net/resource/97276372

Question 2

https://wordwall.net/resource/97277992

aisyah, nani, afida, Mimi and aliff