Q1 

Lindsay JC2G

> Q = num of electrons x elementary charge 

> Q = It 

> ΔS = ΔSp - ΔSr 

> ΔG = ΔH - TΔS 

Q2

Lindsay JC2G

> pKa = -logKa 

> Ka = 10^(-PKa) 

> pH = pKa + log([salt]/[acid]) 

> pH cannot be maintained when ions have been neutralised, so H+ is in excess 

Q3

Lindsay JC2G

> Electron affinity is the enthalpy change when 1 mole of gaseous atom gains 1 mole of electrons 

> first affinity is negative because of attraction between protons from the nucleus and electrons 

> second affinity is positive because of repulsion of -1 ion and electrons 

> greater charge density = greater attraction

Q4

Lindsay JC2G

> greater attraction = larger ionic radius/less polarises 

> Δsol = Δhyd - Δlatt 

Q5

Lindsay JC2G

> ligand exchange steps 

> bidentate ligand is a specie that donates 2 lone pairs to form 2 dative bonds to a transition metal/metal ion

Q6

Lindsay JC2G

> some transition elements are coloured because of d-d orbital splitting. Electrons at lower energy are excited and promoted to a higher level. Wavelength of frequency of light is absorbed and the colour of light not absorbed is seen 

> colour remains white when d orbital is full and no splitting occurs 

> more (+) E° is stronger oxidising agent, more (-) E° is stronger reducing agent 

Q7

Lindsay JC2G

> phenylethanoic acid is most acidic since negative inductive electron withdrawing effect on C=O weakens O-H and stabilises anion 

> phenol is the 2nd most acidic since oxygen lone pair becomes delocalised into the ring by overlapping its pi bonding system which weakes O-H bond and stabilises ion 

> ethanol is least acidic since electron donating alkyl group strengthens O-H bond and destabilises ion 

> conditions and reagent for bromination is UV light and Br2 

> to make nitrile, ethanolic KCN and heat is needed 

> nitrile to COOH, dil HCl and heat is needed 

Q8

Lindsay JC2G

> phenlyamine can react with bromine while ethlamine can’t 

> 2,4,6-tribromophenylamine is formed after bromination of phenylamine 

Q9

Lindsay JC2G

> following reagents and conditions can be used for reaction of phenylethanoic acid to acyl chloride 

    -> PCl5 in room temp (most commonly used since no harmful gases are formed and can be kept in room temp 

    -> PCl2 + heat 

    -> SOCl3 in room temp (least commonly used since SO2 and HCl are formed which are harmful gases) 

> acyl chloride + ethylamine forms amide and hydrogen chloride gas 

> reduction of amide requires LiAlH4 in dry ether and forms amine 

> triplet when CH2 

Q10

Lindsay JC2G

> acidic: H+ reacts with COO- of zwitterions which produces COO- 

> NH2 amino acid groups react with H+ to form NH3+ groups