MACROMOLECULE E-MONTAGE by FARHEEN ABDUREHMAN ALI https://padlet.com/farheen_a_manali/xeggn9unro4v Made with a quick smile en-us 2018-08-08 01:09:59 UTC 2025-11-25 16:33:16 UTC hello@padlet.com https://padlet-assets.s3.amazonaws.com/icons/Hearts.png CARBOHYDRATES farheen_a_manali https://padlet.com/farheen_a_manali/xeggn9unro4v/wish/272321999
  • carbohydrates are a type of biological molecule that always contain carbon,hydrogen and oxygen nearly in the ratio of 1:2:1.
  • General formula of carbohydrates is (CH2O)n. n is the number of carbon atoms.
  • a good example of carbohydrates is sugar and starch.

    • ]]>     2018-08-08 11:10:58 UTC https://padlet.com/farheen_a_manali/xeggn9unro4v/wish/272321999     farheen_a_manali https://padlet.com/farheen_a_manali/xeggn9unro4v/wish/272323911 2018-08-08 11:42:46 UTC https://padlet.com/farheen_a_manali/xeggn9unro4v/wish/272323911 Monosaccharides farheen_a_manali https://padlet.com/farheen_a_manali/xeggn9unro4v/wish/272324455
  • these are simple sugars containing carbon atoms between 3 and 7.
  • Molecular formular C6H12O6
  • examples of monosaccharides; 
    • -glucose 
    -fructose
    -galactose
    ]]>     2018-08-08 11:50:51 UTC https://padlet.com/farheen_a_manali/xeggn9unro4v/wish/272324455     glucose has two isomers ; farheen_a_manali https://padlet.com/farheen_a_manali/xeggn9unro4v/wish/272324657 -the alpha glucose
    -beta glucose
    the difference between these two isomers is the position of the hydroxyl group on carbon number one]]>     2018-08-08 11:54:00 UTC https://padlet.com/farheen_a_manali/xeggn9unro4v/wish/272324657     Disaccharides farheen_a_manali https://padlet.com/farheen_a_manali/xeggn9unro4v/wish/272325123 -when two monosaccharides combine together they form a molecule named a disaccharide. meaning two sugars.
    -common examples of disaccharides are;
    • sucrose = glucose + fructose
    • lactose=glucose + galactose
    • maltose= glucose + glucose 
    -the bond that forms when two monosaccharides condense together is called a glycosidic linkage.
    ]]>     2018-08-08 12:00:53 UTC https://padlet.com/farheen_a_manali/xeggn9unro4v/wish/272325123     farheen_a_manali https://padlet.com/farheen_a_manali/xeggn9unro4v/wish/272325510 e.g sucrose]]> 2018-08-08 12:08:03 UTC https://padlet.com/farheen_a_manali/xeggn9unro4v/wish/272325510 polysaccharides farheen_a_manali https://padlet.com/farheen_a_manali/xeggn9unro4v/wish/272325540 -Is a biological macromolecule composed of many monosaccharides joined by covalent bonds between particular atoms .
    -Three common polysaccharides are ;-starch
           -glycogen
           -cellulose
    -Different functions of these polysaccharides depends on how glucose is linked together in these molecules.

    ]]>     2018-08-08 12:08:39 UTC https://padlet.com/farheen_a_manali/xeggn9unro4v/wish/272325540     Starch farheen_a_manali https://padlet.com/farheen_a_manali/xeggn9unro4v/wish/272326747 -a polysaccharide stored in plants.
    -plants store starch in two forms namely;
    1. amylose 
    2. amylopectin
    ]]>     2018-08-08 12:25:48 UTC https://padlet.com/farheen_a_manali/xeggn9unro4v/wish/272326747     structure of amylose and amylopectin farheen_a_manali https://padlet.com/farheen_a_manali/xeggn9unro4v/wish/272326958 amylose- is made of a thousand alpha glucose residues condensed together forming a linear chain.
    amylopectin- the structure of amylopectin is similar to that of amylose but amylose branches out.]]>     2018-08-08 12:28:05 UTC https://padlet.com/farheen_a_manali/xeggn9unro4v/wish/272326958     Glycogen farheen_a_manali https://padlet.com/farheen_a_manali/xeggn9unro4v/wish/272345715
  • a polysaccharide stored in animals.
  • glycogen can be broken down for energy much more rapidly than starch. 
    •    -This is because they are more branches in glycogen molecule compared to amylose or amylopectin.
    • In animals, glycogen is usually stored more in liver and muscle cells because these are the areas with high metabolic rates.
    ]]>     2018-08-08 14:35:32 UTC https://padlet.com/farheen_a_manali/xeggn9unro4v/wish/272345715     Cellulose farheen_a_manali https://padlet.com/farheen_a_manali/xeggn9unro4v/wish/272347395 -it's a polymer of beta glucose .
    -it provides structural support in plant's cell wall.
    -we can't digest cellulose because because we lack the enzyme that recognises the glycosidic bonds in it.

    ]]>     2018-08-08 14:45:22 UTC https://padlet.com/farheen_a_manali/xeggn9unro4v/wish/272347395     farheen_a_manali https://padlet.com/farheen_a_manali/xeggn9unro4v/wish/272352088 2018-08-08 15:16:05 UTC https://padlet.com/farheen_a_manali/xeggn9unro4v/wish/272352088 PROTEINS farheen_a_manali https://padlet.com/farheen_a_manali/xeggn9unro4v/wish/272431763
  • -a macromolecule composed by amino acid monomers linked by covalent bonds.
  • the bond between two amino acids is called a peptide bond.
  • amino acid contains a central carbon atom that is bonded to hydrogen atom, amino group, carboxyl and R group.
    •  
    ]]>     2018-08-09 02:01:41 UTC https://padlet.com/farheen_a_manali/xeggn9unro4v/wish/272431763     functions of proteins farheen_a_manali https://padlet.com/farheen_a_manali/xeggn9unro4v/wish/272432430 - provide structural support
    -catalyze chemical reactions
    -transports substances in the body
    -regulate cellular processes
    -provide defense from diseases 
    -enables movement in organisms]]>     2018-08-09 02:07:53 UTC https://padlet.com/farheen_a_manali/xeggn9unro4v/wish/272432430     The structure of proteins farheen_a_manali https://padlet.com/farheen_a_manali/xeggn9unro4v/wish/272432865 -Divided into 4 levels
    1. Primary structure 
    2. Secondary structure
    3. Tertiary structure
    4. Quaternary structure
    ]]>     2018-08-09 02:11:40 UTC https://padlet.com/farheen_a_manali/xeggn9unro4v/wish/272432865     primary structure of proteins; farheen_a_manali https://padlet.com/farheen_a_manali/xeggn9unro4v/wish/272433211 It's a linear sequence of amino acids bonded together to form a polypeptide chain.

    ]]>     2018-08-09 02:14:37 UTC https://padlet.com/farheen_a_manali/xeggn9unro4v/wish/272433211     farheen_a_manali https://padlet.com/farheen_a_manali/xeggn9unro4v/wish/272433374 2018-08-09 02:16:28 UTC https://padlet.com/farheen_a_manali/xeggn9unro4v/wish/272433374 Secondary structure of proteins; farheen_a_manali https://padlet.com/farheen_a_manali/xeggn9unro4v/wish/272433411 -a polypeptide that form a coil like shape called alpha helix or a fan like shape called a beta pleated sheet.

    ]]>     2018-08-09 02:16:51 UTC https://padlet.com/farheen_a_manali/xeggn9unro4v/wish/272433411     Tertiary structure of proteins; farheen_a_manali https://padlet.com/farheen_a_manali/xeggn9unro4v/wish/272433594
  • This kind of protein is a result of a complex process of protein folding forming 3D structure
  • there are are 4 things that contribute to this complex structure in the polypeptide namely, polar interactions(hydrogen bonds), ionic bonds, disulfide bonds, hydophobic interactions and covalent bonds

    • ]]>     2018-08-09 02:19:06 UTC https://padlet.com/farheen_a_manali/xeggn9unro4v/wish/272433594     Quaternary structure of proteins; farheen_a_manali https://padlet.com/farheen_a_manali/xeggn9unro4v/wish/272434242 -These are proteins with multiple polypeptide chains forming a compact structure.
    -a very example of a Quaternary protein is a hemoglobin molecule.
    , as the figure shows below;]]>     2018-08-09 02:23:59 UTC https://padlet.com/farheen_a_manali/xeggn9unro4v/wish/272434242     LIPIDS farheen_a_manali https://padlet.com/farheen_a_manali/xeggn9unro4v/wish/272434632 -Biological macromolecules composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms with a high proportion of non- polar carbon hydrogen bonds as a result they are hydrophobic.
    -they have fewer oxygen atoms compared to carbohydrates.

    ]]>     2018-08-09 02:27:06 UTC https://padlet.com/farheen_a_manali/xeggn9unro4v/wish/272434632     functions of lipids farheen_a_manali https://padlet.com/farheen_a_manali/xeggn9unro4v/wish/272435103 -insulate against heat loss
    -form a protective around major organs like eye balls 
    -they are a major component of cell membranes
    >in non-human organisms, lipids provide water-repelling coatings for fur,feathers and leaves. ]]>     2018-08-09 02:30:51 UTC https://padlet.com/farheen_a_manali/xeggn9unro4v/wish/272435103     Tryglycerides farheen_a_manali https://padlet.com/farheen_a_manali/xeggn9unro4v/wish/272437662 -These are lipids used for energy storage
    -They are composed of one glycerol molecule  and three fatty acids
    -The bond between hydroxyl group on a glycerol molecule and carboxyl group on a fatty acid is called an ester linkage  because it results in the formation of an ester functional group

    ]]>     2018-08-09 02:50:14 UTC https://padlet.com/farheen_a_manali/xeggn9unro4v/wish/272437662     Fatty acids farheen_a_manali https://padlet.com/farheen_a_manali/xeggn9unro4v/wish/272440283 -hydrocarbon chain that ends with an acidic carboxyl group
    -fatty acids are either;-saturated
                                - unsaturated
    -    saturated fatty acids has no double bonds between carbon atoms while unsaturated fatty acids have one or more double bonds between carbon atoms 
    -A diet high in saturated fats is linked with heart disease in humans .However,unsaturated fatty acids are known to reduce the risk of heart disease .
    -Hydrogenation -chemical addition of hydrogen to saturated fatty acids to produce saturated fats ]]>     2018-08-09 03:12:12 UTC https://padlet.com/farheen_a_manali/xeggn9unro4v/wish/272440283     phospholipids farheen_a_manali https://padlet.com/farheen_a_manali/xeggn9unro4v/wish/272442538 -This is the main component of cell membrane
    -the basic structure is similar to that of a glyceride except that a phosphate group replaces the third fatty acid of a glyceride .
    -The R-group attached to the phosphate defines the tye of the phospholipid 
    -The "head "portion of a phospholipid molecule is polar hence hydrophilic,while the "tail"portion has only non-polar C-C and C-H bonds hence hydrophobic.
    -In aqueous environments , phospholipids form lipid bilayer where the hydrophilic head faces the aqueous solution on either side of the bilayer, and the tail forms a hydrophobic interior.

    ]]>     2018-08-09 03:42:53 UTC https://padlet.com/farheen_a_manali/xeggn9unro4v/wish/272442538     Other lipids farheen_a_manali https://padlet.com/farheen_a_manali/xeggn9unro4v/wish/272446872 other lipids include ;-steroids
                                -cholestrol
                                -waxes
    ]]>     2018-08-09 04:31:43 UTC https://padlet.com/farheen_a_manali/xeggn9unro4v/wish/272446872     Steroids farheen_a_manali https://padlet.com/farheen_a_manali/xeggn9unro4v/wish/272447389 -these are group of lipids composed of four carbon-based rings attached to each other 
    -steroids are used to reduce inflammation]]>     2018-08-09 04:36:42 UTC https://padlet.com/farheen_a_manali/xeggn9unro4v/wish/272447389     Cholestrol farheen_a_manali https://padlet.com/farheen_a_manali/xeggn9unro4v/wish/272448163 is a component of cell membrane present in the blood of animals and is the precursor of several other steroids, such as sex hormones testosterone and estrogen.]]> 2018-08-09 04:44:28 UTC https://padlet.com/farheen_a_manali/xeggn9unro4v/wish/272448163 farheen_a_manali https://padlet.com/farheen_a_manali/xeggn9unro4v/wish/272484286 2018-08-09 13:21:17 UTC https://padlet.com/farheen_a_manali/xeggn9unro4v/wish/272484286 farheen_a_manali https://padlet.com/farheen_a_manali/xeggn9unro4v/wish/272485044 2018-08-09 13:27:05 UTC https://padlet.com/farheen_a_manali/xeggn9unro4v/wish/272485044 farheen_a_manali https://padlet.com/farheen_a_manali/xeggn9unro4v/wish/272488614 2018-08-09 13:46:01 UTC https://padlet.com/farheen_a_manali/xeggn9unro4v/wish/272488614 farheen_a_manali https://padlet.com/farheen_a_manali/xeggn9unro4v/wish/272488757 2018-08-09 13:46:46 UTC https://padlet.com/farheen_a_manali/xeggn9unro4v/wish/272488757 Carbohydrates farheen_a_manali https://padlet.com/farheen_a_manali/xeggn9unro4v/wish/272489065 2018-08-09 13:48:21 UTC https://padlet.com/farheen_a_manali/xeggn9unro4v/wish/272489065 farheen_a_manali https://padlet.com/farheen_a_manali/xeggn9unro4v/wish/272489517 2018-08-09 13:51:17 UTC https://padlet.com/farheen_a_manali/xeggn9unro4v/wish/272489517 Proteins farheen_a_manali https://padlet.com/farheen_a_manali/xeggn9unro4v/wish/272489614 2018-08-09 13:51:54 UTC https://padlet.com/farheen_a_manali/xeggn9unro4v/wish/272489614 farheen_a_manali https://padlet.com/farheen_a_manali/xeggn9unro4v/wish/272489861 2018-08-09 13:53:48 UTC https://padlet.com/farheen_a_manali/xeggn9unro4v/wish/272489861 Fats farheen_a_manali https://padlet.com/farheen_a_manali/xeggn9unro4v/wish/272489919 2018-08-09 13:54:14 UTC https://padlet.com/farheen_a_manali/xeggn9unro4v/wish/272489919