Social groups theorists by Neil Hussey https://padlet.com/nhussey1973/social Made with whimsy en-us 2020-03-04 20:36:40 UTC 2020-03-13 14:57:59 UTC hello@padlet.com Sexuality and Linguistics https://padlet.com/nhussey1973/social/wish/454935019 Sexuality is an essential part of language education and literacy practices (Alexander, 2008; Ashcraft, 2009; Blackburn, 2002; Nelson, 2006).

Moreover, heterosexuality is used as a taken-for-granted conversational resource in a variety of contexts in society, which renders interactive benefits to those who use it and simultaneously reproduces heterosexuality as normative (Kitzinger, 2005).]]> 2020-03-05 10:05:30 UTC https://padlet.com/nhussey1973/social/wish/454935019 Class https://padlet.com/nhussey1973/social/wish/454936472 Bernstein- working class use restricted code and middle calss use a more elaborated code. Thus working class cannot always access elaborated code of university. 
Joanna Thornborrow- Langauge use shapes how we view others. Reflectionism: language used reflects political viewpoint.]]> 2020-03-05 10:08:57 UTC https://padlet.com/nhussey1973/social/wish/454936472 Zimmerman https://padlet.com/nhussey1973/social/wish/454936554 ‘teens know 40,000 words but only speak 800’ 
Teens use new words made in their generation that may not be counted as words as they’re not in the oxford dictionary. 

]]> 2020-03-05 10:09:07 UTC https://padlet.com/nhussey1973/social/wish/454936554 Polari https://padlet.com/nhussey1973/social/wish/454936620 Polari is a mixture of Romance (Italian or Mediterranean Lingua Franca), Romani, London slang, backslang, rhyming slang, sailor slang, and thieves' cant. Later it expanded to contain words from the Yiddish language and from 1960s drug subculture slang.

Since the 19th century, Polari was used in London fishmarkets, the theatre, fairgrounds, and circuses, hence the many borrowings from Romani. 

As many homosexual men worked in theatrical entertainment it was also used among the gay subculture, at a time when homosexual activity was illegal, to disguise homosexuals from hostile outsiders and undercover policemen. 

It was also used extensively in the British Merchant Navy, where many gay men joined ocean liners and cruise ships as waiters, stewards, and entertainers.]]> 2020-03-05 10:09:18 UTC https://padlet.com/nhussey1973/social/wish/454936620 Penelope Eckert https://padlet.com/nhussey1973/social/wish/454937218 3 ways to define age:
-chronological
-biological
-social]]> 2020-03-05 10:10:26 UTC https://padlet.com/nhussey1973/social/wish/454937218 Joanna Thornborrow https://padlet.com/nhussey1973/social/wish/454937581 Specific lexical choices help form our identity ]]> 2020-03-05 10:11:17 UTC https://padlet.com/nhussey1973/social/wish/454937581 Pidgins https://padlet.com/nhussey1973/social/wish/454937928 A pidgin language is called a contact language because it is used in contact situations.

For example, some pidgin languages came into existence between masters and slaves on former European-owned plantations in the Caribbean or between slaves themselves, who were often separated from others of their linguistic group to lessen revolts.

In some sources it is distinguished between restricted pidgins and extended pidgins. A restricted pidgin arises as a result of marginal contact, such as minimal trading etc. 

An extended pidgin doesn't die out, but may also not become a mother tongue.]]> 2020-03-05 10:12:07 UTC https://padlet.com/nhussey1973/social/wish/454937928 https://padlet.com/nhussey1973/social/wish/454938000 ECKERT - social factor
- Hard to tell where someone is from if their language is close to standard English. We mix and match standard and vernacular forms
- Women are more conservative. Men use more non-standard, vernacular forms

]]> 2020-03-05 10:12:17 UTC https://padlet.com/nhussey1973/social/wish/454938000 Creoles https://padlet.com/nhussey1973/social/wish/454938540 A creole arises when a pidgin becomes the mother tongue of a speech community. This language is still simplified and mixed, but no longer reduced. The vocabulary has to expand and a more elaborate syntactic system evolves because the creole language takes on a full range of social functions. 

A creole can develop from a pidgin in two ways: The speakers of a pidgin are put in a position where they can no longer communicate by using their mother tongues. 

The other way for a pidgin to become a creole is that a pidgin can become so useful in a community that it may be expanded and used even by people who share a mother tongue. Parents, for example, use a pidgin in everyday life, so it becomes common at home.]]> 2020-03-05 10:13:33 UTC https://padlet.com/nhussey1973/social/wish/454938540 Zimmerman https://padlet.com/nhussey1973/social/wish/454938902 Teens don’t just use 400 words as they would consider acronyms words and slang]]> 2020-03-05 10:14:23 UTC https://padlet.com/nhussey1973/social/wish/454938902 Bucholtz - Features of 'Nerd Talk' https://padlet.com/nhussey1973/social/wish/455766680 • Lexical formality- avoidance of current youth slang (use of 'Greco-Latinate' forms associated with formality carefully articulated phonological forms).

• Resistance to colloquial phonological processes, such as vowel reduction, consonant cluster simplification, and contraction (e.g. 'tripping' instead of 'tripping'.

• Use of spelling pronunciation (e.g. [folk] for [fok]; 'released' t and d (background, made, amount, went, it).

• Prescriptively standard grammar.]]> 2020-03-06 14:38:34 UTC https://padlet.com/nhussey1973/social/wish/455766680 https://padlet.com/nhussey1973/social/wish/455768580 White varieties of English are categorised into a variety of dialects ]]> 2020-03-06 14:41:09 UTC https://padlet.com/nhussey1973/social/wish/455768580 Edwards (1980) https://padlet.com/nhussey1973/social/wish/455769565 Recorded young people of Jamaican descent in Dudley in the West Midlands in five settings. She calculated what she called a 'Patois index', which was an aggregate of the use of Patois vs. English forms by all participants. 

She found the use of Patois features averaged at 5.57% when being interviewed by a white researcher compared to 43.29% when in a black peer group.]]> 2020-03-06 14:42:31 UTC https://padlet.com/nhussey1973/social/wish/455769565 Penelope Eckert https://padlet.com/nhussey1973/social/wish/455769972 Teen speak, slang used to establish a connection to youth culture and to set themselves off from the old generation ]]> 2020-03-06 14:43:05 UTC https://padlet.com/nhussey1973/social/wish/455769972 Sharma and Sankaran https://padlet.com/nhussey1973/social/wish/455770099 Investigated the English of three age groups of Punjabi-speaking Indians in West London. 

They found that the older generation code switched much more than the younger generation. Findings suggests that, for the older group, people needed to find ways of integrating linguistically when faced with the hostile, anti-immigrant environment which lasted until the early 1980s. 

By the next generation, born 20 or so years later, hostility had greatly reduced, and the neighbourhoods were more ethnically mixed with the British Asians often in a majority. 

Young men socialised in mainly Asian groups, but their employment and entertainment were local.]]> 2020-03-06 14:43:17 UTC https://padlet.com/nhussey1973/social/wish/455770099 Sharma https://padlet.com/nhussey1973/social/wish/455770919 Found differences between, as well as within, the genders. The older women had a narrower repertoire than the men, possibly reflecting the fact that they are more home-bound. 

The younger women, on the other hand, have a broader repertoire than their male counterparts. Sharma argues that this represents a British working-class pattern in which women have a greater range of social contacts than men.]]> 2020-03-06 14:44:25 UTC https://padlet.com/nhussey1973/social/wish/455770919 Bucholu (2001) https://padlet.com/nhussey1973/social/wish/455771623 Researched super standard forms. Language which intensifies the standard language of mainstream society. Looked at the language of 'white nerds' who deliberately distance themselves from white peers who are more willing to adopt 'cooler' black speech styles.]]> 2020-03-06 14:45:25 UTC https://padlet.com/nhussey1973/social/wish/455771623 https://padlet.com/nhussey1973/social/wish/455771788 Kara Becker - prioritise ethnicity when describing linguistic differences ]]> 2020-03-06 14:45:37 UTC https://padlet.com/nhussey1973/social/wish/455771788 Rampton (2010) https://padlet.com/nhussey1973/social/wish/455772107 Notes that 'Creole was widely seen as cool, tough and good to use. It was associated with assertiveness, verbal resourcefulness, competence in heterosexual relationships, and opposition to authority'.]]> 2020-03-06 14:45:58 UTC https://padlet.com/nhussey1973/social/wish/455772107 Pitts (2012) https://padlet.com/nhussey1973/social/wish/455772711 Noticed a different shift among some young black English speakers who felt that mainstream society was ignoring and constraining them, towards a resistance identity through language. 

As he put it, there was a move from 'sounding like lan Wright to sounding like Bob Marley']]> 2020-03-06 14:46:42 UTC https://padlet.com/nhussey1973/social/wish/455772711 https://padlet.com/nhussey1973/social/wish/455774189 Social class is an important factor it defines our class for example “innit”- working class whereas “yeah” is middle class]]> 2020-03-06 14:48:42 UTC https://padlet.com/nhussey1973/social/wish/455774189 Lakoff (1975) https://padlet.com/nhussey1973/social/wish/455774497 Language and a women's place, compares gay male speech with women's speech traits, but she also claims that gay men deliberately imitate these traits. Inc. increased use of superlatives, inflected intonation and lisping - make the assumption that all gay men speak in an effeminate way.]]> 2020-03-06 14:48:57 UTC https://padlet.com/nhussey1973/social/wish/455774497 Baker https://padlet.com/nhussey1973/social/wish/455774731 Research shows that the language is characterised by acronyms, plays on words, double meanings and a range of lexis used that is only intended to be understood by the gay community. Often these words describe the appearance of a man or, more commonly, relate to sexual practices.]]> 2020-03-06 14:49:15 UTC https://padlet.com/nhussey1973/social/wish/455774731 Jenny Cheshire https://padlet.com/nhussey1973/social/wish/455775240 It is becoming recognised that adult lang as well as child lang develops in response to important life events that affect the social relations and attitudes  of individuals]]> 2020-03-06 14:49:50 UTC https://padlet.com/nhussey1973/social/wish/455775240 Halliday (1978) https://padlet.com/nhussey1973/social/wish/455775279 Described Polari as a form of anti-language. Stigmatised subcultures develop languages to help them to reconstruct reality according to their own values.]]> 2020-03-06 14:49:54 UTC https://padlet.com/nhussey1973/social/wish/455775279 Ben Rampton https://padlet.com/nhussey1973/social/wish/455776174 Creole was seen as cool tough and good to use. Also associated with an opposition to authority ]]> 2020-03-06 14:51:01 UTC https://padlet.com/nhussey1973/social/wish/455776174 Crystal (1990) https://padlet.com/nhussey1973/social/wish/455776433 Gay male speech is 'effeminate' and the use of a 'simpering' voice (wider pitch-range than normal) the use of breathiness and huskiness in their voice and switching to a higher register from time to time.]]> 2020-03-06 14:51:21 UTC https://padlet.com/nhussey1973/social/wish/455776433 Milroy https://padlet.com/nhussey1973/social/wish/455776734 Social networks
Belfast study - speech describes idea of social network as ‘web of ties’
Focuses on relationships between individuals + contact patterns between group members
Important factors = strength of ties between people (close ties - family members, weak ties - acquaintances)]]> 2020-03-06 14:51:45 UTC https://padlet.com/nhussey1973/social/wish/455776734 Coates and Jordan (1997) https://padlet.com/nhussey1973/social/wish/455776757 Women draw on a range of discourses particularly feminist ones, to establish themselves as not submissive to heteropatriarchy by using cooperative female talk. Marked less by distinct terms and collaborative communication.]]> 2020-03-06 14:51:47 UTC https://padlet.com/nhussey1973/social/wish/455776757 Harvey (2000) https://padlet.com/nhussey1973/social/wish/455777077 'Camp talk' has four rhetorical strategies, paradox, inversion, ludicrism and parody.]]> 2020-03-06 14:52:11 UTC https://padlet.com/nhussey1973/social/wish/455777077 Hayes (1980) https://padlet.com/nhussey1973/social/wish/455777418 Gayspeak has three specific functions:
1) Secret code for protection against exposure
2) Code enables users to express broad range of roles within gay subcultures
3) Resources used by radical activists as a means of politicising social life]]> 2020-03-06 14:52:33 UTC https://padlet.com/nhussey1973/social/wish/455777418 Ethnicity https://padlet.com/nhussey1973/social/wish/455777454 Language is a MUBE- assimilated into into white english teen speech, cool]]> 2020-03-06 14:52:35 UTC https://padlet.com/nhussey1973/social/wish/455777454 Penelope Eckert https://padlet.com/nhussey1973/social/wish/455778601 Language and age
•chronological
•biological
•social

]]> 2020-03-06 14:54:01 UTC https://padlet.com/nhussey1973/social/wish/455778601 Gary Ives https://padlet.com/nhussey1973/social/wish/455778988 Asked 63 teenagers of a variety of ages the same question, 100% said that their language was different to other ages. 
Assumption is that as you become older language becomes more standard- less frequent use of taboo and eventually becomes posh.]]> 2020-03-06 14:54:29 UTC https://padlet.com/nhussey1973/social/wish/455778988 Martinez https://padlet.com/nhussey1973/social/wish/455779045 teens use more negatives than adults ]]> 2020-03-06 14:54:33 UTC https://padlet.com/nhussey1973/social/wish/455779045