Malaria Flow Chart by Anabelle Wang https://padlet.com/anabellewang1/xcslw45nu3qc1ub6 en-us 2023-12-13 13:42:44 UTC 2023-12-14 18:20:04 UTC hello@padlet.com What is Malaria? anabellewang1 https://padlet.com/anabellewang1/xcslw45nu3qc1ub6/wish/2823901277 Malaria is an infectious disease caused by parasites, transmitted to humans through the bites of infected female mosquitoes. The parasites multiply in the liver and then infect red blood cells, leading to symptoms such as fever, chills, and possibly death. Malaria is a significant global health concern, particularly in tropical regions, and the need for prevention and treatment strategies is essential to control its spread and impact on human populations.

]]> 2023-12-13 13:44:41 UTC https://padlet.com/anabellewang1/xcslw45nu3qc1ub6/wish/2823901277 Where? anabellewang1 https://padlet.com/anabellewang1/xcslw45nu3qc1ub6/wish/2823902088 2023-12-13 13:45:20 UTC https://padlet.com/anabellewang1/xcslw45nu3qc1ub6/wish/2823902088 How Malaria Works in the Mosquito —> Human Relationship anabellewang1 https://padlet.com/anabellewang1/xcslw45nu3qc1ub6/wish/2823904580 2023-12-13 13:47:30 UTC https://padlet.com/anabellewang1/xcslw45nu3qc1ub6/wish/2823904580 Treatments anabellewang1 https://padlet.com/anabellewang1/xcslw45nu3qc1ub6/wish/2823905924 2023-12-13 13:48:35 UTC https://padlet.com/anabellewang1/xcslw45nu3qc1ub6/wish/2823905924 Step 1: Mosquito Bite anabellewang1 https://padlet.com/anabellewang1/xcslw45nu3qc1ub6/wish/2823906723 The process starts when an infected female mosquito, a vector (an organism that transmits infectious diseases), bites a person, injecting saliva containing Plasmodium sporozoites (the infective form of the malaria parasite), which falls under the category of protists (a single-celled eukaryotic microorganism), into the bloodstream. These sporozoites are the initial infectious form of the malaria parasite.

]]> 2023-12-13 13:49:12 UTC https://padlet.com/anabellewang1/xcslw45nu3qc1ub6/wish/2823906723 Step 2: Infection of Liver anabellewang1 https://padlet.com/anabellewang1/xcslw45nu3qc1ub6/wish/2823906764 The sporozoites travel to the liver, where they invade hepatocytes (liver cells). Inside hepatocytes, the parasites undergo a complex developmental process for 7 to 10 days.

]]> 2023-12-13 13:49:14 UTC https://padlet.com/anabellewang1/xcslw45nu3qc1ub6/wish/2823906764 Step 3: Formation of Merozoites anabellewang1 https://padlet.com/anabellewang1/xcslw45nu3qc1ub6/wish/2823906928 Within hepatocytes, schizonts rupture, liberating numerous merozoites. This process, known as schizogony, marks the end of the liver stage and the beginning of the erythrocytic* stage.

*erythrocyte: a red blood cell responsible for transporting oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body and returning carbon dioxide to the lungs

]]> 2023-12-13 13:49:18 UTC https://padlet.com/anabellewang1/xcslw45nu3qc1ub6/wish/2823906928 Step 4: Release into Bloodstream anabellewang1 https://padlet.com/anabellewang1/xcslw45nu3qc1ub6/wish/2823906968 Merozoites enter the bloodstream and initiate the erythrocytic stage by invading red blood cells. Once inside, they undergo a cycle of replication, causing the host cells to rupture and release more merozoites.

]]> 2023-12-13 13:49:20 UTC https://padlet.com/anabellewang1/xcslw45nu3qc1ub6/wish/2823906968 Step 5: Red Blood Cell Infection anabellewang1 https://padlet.com/anabellewang1/xcslw45nu3qc1ub6/wish/2823907061 Merozoites invade red blood cells and the malaria parasites, feed on the host's hemoglobin (a protein that carries oxygen in red blood cells). The repeated invasion and rupture of red blood cells lead to the typical symptoms of malaria, such as fever and anemia. The ongoing replication perpetuates the infection.

]]> 2023-12-13 13:49:23 UTC https://padlet.com/anabellewang1/xcslw45nu3qc1ub6/wish/2823907061 Step 6: Release of Gametocyte anabellewang1 https://padlet.com/anabellewang1/xcslw45nu3qc1ub6/wish/2823907103 Some parasites within red blood cells differentiate into sexual forms called gametocytes. These gametocytes can be taken up by mosquitoes during a blood meal.

]]> 2023-12-13 13:49:26 UTC https://padlet.com/anabellewang1/xcslw45nu3qc1ub6/wish/2823907103 Step 7: Infection Transmitted to Mosquito anabellewang1 https://padlet.com/anabellewang1/xcslw45nu3qc1ub6/wish/2823907150 When an infected mosquito bites a person, it ingests both asexual forms (merozoites) and sexual forms (gametocytes). Inside the mosquito's gut, gametocytes mature into gametes, initiating the sexual phase.

]]> 2023-12-13 13:49:28 UTC https://padlet.com/anabellewang1/xcslw45nu3qc1ub6/wish/2823907150 Step 8: Sporozoite Develope anabellewang1 https://padlet.com/anabellewang1/xcslw45nu3qc1ub6/wish/2823907221 Fertilization occurs within the mosquito, leading to the formation of ookinetes and, ultimately, sporozoites. These sporozoites migrate to the mosquito's salivary glands, ready to be injected into a new host during the mosquito's next blood meal, completing the transmission cycle.

]]> 2023-12-13 13:49:32 UTC https://padlet.com/anabellewang1/xcslw45nu3qc1ub6/wish/2823907221 Statistics anabellewang1 https://padlet.com/anabellewang1/xcslw45nu3qc1ub6/wish/2824554173 2017: 219 million cases & 445,000 deaths

2020: 241 million cases & 627,000 deaths

2022: 246 million cases & 608,000 deaths


Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA): 95% of cases

]]> 2023-12-14 00:51:30 UTC https://padlet.com/anabellewang1/xcslw45nu3qc1ub6/wish/2824554173 Why the African Area? anabellewang1 https://padlet.com/anabellewang1/xcslw45nu3qc1ub6/wish/2824555582 Malaria is particularly prevalent in Africa due to a combination of environmental, socio-economic, and healthcare-related factors.

]]> 2023-12-14 00:53:07 UTC https://padlet.com/anabellewang1/xcslw45nu3qc1ub6/wish/2824555582 Red anabellewang1 https://padlet.com/anabellewang1/xcslw45nu3qc1ub6/wish/2824557141 Global Issue

]]> 2023-12-14 00:55:02 UTC https://padlet.com/anabellewang1/xcslw45nu3qc1ub6/wish/2824557141 Yellow anabellewang1 https://padlet.com/anabellewang1/xcslw45nu3qc1ub6/wish/2824558744 Disease Cycle

]]> 2023-12-14 00:56:55 UTC https://padlet.com/anabellewang1/xcslw45nu3qc1ub6/wish/2824558744 Green anabellewang1 https://padlet.com/anabellewang1/xcslw45nu3qc1ub6/wish/2824559507 Treatments & Solutions

]]> 2023-12-14 00:57:48 UTC https://padlet.com/anabellewang1/xcslw45nu3qc1ub6/wish/2824559507 Blue anabellewang1 https://padlet.com/anabellewang1/xcslw45nu3qc1ub6/wish/2824560137 Symptoms

]]> 2023-12-14 00:58:29 UTC https://padlet.com/anabellewang1/xcslw45nu3qc1ub6/wish/2824560137 Incubation Period anabellewang1 https://padlet.com/anabellewang1/xcslw45nu3qc1ub6/wish/2824617055 steps 1 --> step 5

]]> 2023-12-14 01:54:38 UTC https://padlet.com/anabellewang1/xcslw45nu3qc1ub6/wish/2824617055 Symptoms anabellewang1 https://padlet.com/anabellewang1/xcslw45nu3qc1ub6/wish/2824627826 2023-12-14 02:05:26 UTC https://padlet.com/anabellewang1/xcslw45nu3qc1ub6/wish/2824627826 Fever anabellewang1 https://padlet.com/anabellewang1/xcslw45nu3qc1ub6/wish/2825385607 A fever marks the beginning symptom of malaria. The fever is typically associated with the release of merozoites into the bloodstream, causing an immune response and an increase in body temperature.

]]> 2023-12-14 15:43:31 UTC https://padlet.com/anabellewang1/xcslw45nu3qc1ub6/wish/2825385607 Chills & Sweats anabellewang1 https://padlet.com/anabellewang1/xcslw45nu3qc1ub6/wish/2825388011 Chills often precede the fever, and sweating follows as the fever breaks. These cycles can be intense and contribute to the characteristic feeling of alternating between hot and cold.

]]> 2023-12-14 15:45:35 UTC https://padlet.com/anabellewang1/xcslw45nu3qc1ub6/wish/2825388011 Muscle and Joint Pain anabellewang1 https://padlet.com/anabellewang1/xcslw45nu3qc1ub6/wish/2825388691 Malaria parasites infect red blood cells, leading to their rupture and the release of waste products. This causes inflammation and lead to muscle and joint pain.

]]> 2023-12-14 15:46:08 UTC https://padlet.com/anabellewang1/xcslw45nu3qc1ub6/wish/2825388691 Anmenia anabellewang1 https://padlet.com/anabellewang1/xcslw45nu3qc1ub6/wish/2825390708 Anemia is a common consequence of malaria, as the parasites feed on hemoglobin within red blood cells. This can lead to a reduced number of red blood cells and a decrease in hemoglobin levels, resulting in fatigue, weakness, and paleness.

]]> 2023-12-14 15:47:52 UTC https://padlet.com/anabellewang1/xcslw45nu3qc1ub6/wish/2825390708 Climate anabellewang1 https://padlet.com/anabellewang1/xcslw45nu3qc1ub6/wish/2825538675 The mosquitoes, responsible for transmitting the malaria parasite, thrive in warm and humid climates. Many regions in Africa have suitable conditions for the breeding and survival of these mosquitoes.

]]> 2023-12-14 18:05:29 UTC https://padlet.com/anabellewang1/xcslw45nu3qc1ub6/wish/2825538675 Limited Resources: anabellewang1 https://padlet.com/anabellewang1/xcslw45nu3qc1ub6/wish/2825543526 Many African countries face economic challenges, that limit their ability to invest in effective malaria control measures, such as bed nets, insecticides, and antimalarial drugs. There is also limited access to healthcare services, making it hard to provide timely diagnosis and treatment for malaria. This can lead to delays in seeking medical help.

]]> 2023-12-14 18:10:42 UTC https://padlet.com/anabellewang1/xcslw45nu3qc1ub6/wish/2825543526 Artemisinin-Based Combination Therapy (ACT) anabellewang1 https://padlet.com/anabellewang1/xcslw45nu3qc1ub6/wish/2825545538 This is the most recommended treatment for malaria. It is a combination of many highly effective drugs.

]]> 2023-12-14 18:13:05 UTC https://padlet.com/anabellewang1/xcslw45nu3qc1ub6/wish/2825545538 Chloroquine anabellewang1 https://padlet.com/anabellewang1/xcslw45nu3qc1ub6/wish/2825548999 This used to be the most recommended and used, but now it is mainly used for treating malaria cases that are not as prevalent anymore.

]]> 2023-12-14 18:16:41 UTC https://padlet.com/anabellewang1/xcslw45nu3qc1ub6/wish/2825548999