https://padlet.com/ibrahimk7/xc315u3ulebc9r3l en-us 2023-05-02 16:42:38 UTC 2023-05-18 14:46:23 UTC hello@padlet.com ibrahimk7 https://padlet.com/ibrahimk7/xc315u3ulebc9r3l/wish/2594127704 2023-05-17 04:19:30 UTC https://padlet.com/ibrahimk7/xc315u3ulebc9r3l/wish/2594127704 ibrahimk7 https://padlet.com/ibrahimk7/xc315u3ulebc9r3l/wish/2594127859 2023-05-17 04:19:41 UTC https://padlet.com/ibrahimk7/xc315u3ulebc9r3l/wish/2594127859 ibrahimk7 https://padlet.com/ibrahimk7/xc315u3ulebc9r3l/wish/2594128352 2023-05-17 04:20:06 UTC https://padlet.com/ibrahimk7/xc315u3ulebc9r3l/wish/2594128352 ibrahimk7 https://padlet.com/ibrahimk7/xc315u3ulebc9r3l/wish/2594129373 2023-05-17 04:21:12 UTC https://padlet.com/ibrahimk7/xc315u3ulebc9r3l/wish/2594129373 ibrahimk7 https://padlet.com/ibrahimk7/xc315u3ulebc9r3l/wish/2594130529 2023-05-17 04:21:56 UTC https://padlet.com/ibrahimk7/xc315u3ulebc9r3l/wish/2594130529 ibrahimk7 https://padlet.com/ibrahimk7/xc315u3ulebc9r3l/wish/2594132064 theory of balance of power argues that a state of international security is strengthened when the military capability of states is increased such that no one state has the ability to dominate over others 
-realist perspective-> achieved through deterrence and M.A.D]]> 2023-05-17 04:23:24 UTC https://padlet.com/ibrahimk7/xc315u3ulebc9r3l/wish/2594132064 ibrahimk7 https://padlet.com/ibrahimk7/xc315u3ulebc9r3l/wish/2594133335 West Bank-https://www.cfr.org/global-conflict-tracker/conflict/israeli-palestinianconflict , https://www.npr.org/2020/03/26/821541213/still-locked-in-conflict-israelisand-palestinians-need-each-other-to-fight-covi , https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0273229716300740 , https://www.wilsoncenter.org/event/the-impact-the-israelipalestinian-conflict-the-arab- 38 and-jewish-diasporas-latin-america , https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR740- 1.html ]]> 2023-05-17 04:24:44 UTC https://padlet.com/ibrahimk7/xc315u3ulebc9r3l/wish/2594133335 ibrahimk7 https://padlet.com/ibrahimk7/xc315u3ulebc9r3l/wish/2594136492 Humanitarian intervention:
Self-Defense:
Religiously/Culturally condoned violence:
It can be said that a majority of violence in the international lens of analysis in global politics are conducted and justified through self-defense and/or Humanitarian intervention
-adds to legitimacy if in humanitarian intervention]]> 2023-05-17 04:27:54 UTC https://padlet.com/ibrahimk7/xc315u3ulebc9r3l/wish/2594136492 ibrahimk7 https://padlet.com/ibrahimk7/xc315u3ulebc9r3l/wish/2594140785 The Just War Theory is a theory that addresses the justification of how and why wars are fought. The theory has received detailed development by theologists who have attempted to lay out a comprehensive base for the theory. The base consists of 3 arguments: 
1. Taking human life can never be condoned 
2. States have an obligation to defend justice and their citizens 
3. In the process of protecting the lives of civilians and upholding essential moral values, there needs to be a willingness to utilise force and violence 

To determine if a war is just, there is a series of criteria that need to be met. There is Jus Ad Bellum, that is, the right to go to war and Jus In Bello, that is, the right conduct during the course of the war. ]]> 2023-05-17 04:32:06 UTC https://padlet.com/ibrahimk7/xc315u3ulebc9r3l/wish/2594140785 ibrahimk7 https://padlet.com/ibrahimk7/xc315u3ulebc9r3l/wish/2594142663 1. Just Cause- The most vital part of justifying a war is having a just cause. The reasoning behind why a state goes to war must be just and thus, the war can’t be only about recapturing territory previously lost or even about taking action against people who have done wrong. War can only be justified if the lives of innocent civilians are threatened and the intervention occurs under the cause of protecting them. 
2. Comparative Justice- Although both parties in the conflict may have experienced rights and wrongs prior to the commencement of the conflict, in order to justify the usage of force, the wrongs suffered by one party must be significantly greater than those suffered by the other
3. Competent authority- Only authorities that are duly constituted have the right to wage war. Authoritarian regimes (Nazi Germany 1939) or deceiving military actions (1968 Bombing of Cambodia by the US) are argued to have violated this criteria. 
4. Right Intention- Force can only be utilised for a truly just cause and only to further this purpose. Utilising a war for maintaining economic growth or gaining access to raw materials is not permitted under this criteria. 
5. Probability of Success- Arms should not be utilised in a worthless cause or even in a situation where excessive action is required in order for the war to be successful 
6. Last Resort- Force should only and only be used once all peaceful and practical options have been exhausted
7. Proportionality- The predicted advantages of waging a war should be in proportion to the harm it can cause for both sides ]]> 2023-05-17 04:34:00 UTC https://padlet.com/ibrahimk7/xc315u3ulebc9r3l/wish/2594142663 ibrahimk7 https://padlet.com/ibrahimk7/xc315u3ulebc9r3l/wish/2594144737 1. Distinction- There should be a clear distinction made by the troops between combatants and civilians. Acts of violence should not be focussed on civilians who did not choose this outcome. 
2. Proportionality- Troops have to ensure that any harm that is caused to civilians or their property is proportional to the concrete and absolute military benefit awaited through an attack on a legitimate military objective 
3. Military Necessity- An attack’s aim should be defeating the enemy 
4. Fair Treatment of Prisoners of War (PoWs)-All captured/surrendered formerly enemy combatants do not threaten one side’s security. Thus, they should not be ill-treated or tortured 
5. No means Malum In Se- Combatants should not use methods of warfare that are widely deemed evil. Some of these methods include mass rape (like the Rape of Nanjing) or using weapons whose effects are unknown or are unable to be controlled (Hiroshima and Nagasaki). ]]> 2023-05-17 04:36:17 UTC https://padlet.com/ibrahimk7/xc315u3ulebc9r3l/wish/2594144737 ibrahimk7 https://padlet.com/ibrahimk7/xc315u3ulebc9r3l/wish/2594145997 2023-05-17 04:37:37 UTC https://padlet.com/ibrahimk7/xc315u3ulebc9r3l/wish/2594145997 ibrahimk7 https://padlet.com/ibrahimk7/xc315u3ulebc9r3l/wish/2594147374 2023-05-17 04:39:04 UTC https://padlet.com/ibrahimk7/xc315u3ulebc9r3l/wish/2594147374 ibrahimk7 https://padlet.com/ibrahimk7/xc315u3ulebc9r3l/wish/2594162051 Power: the ability to influence or assert control over the international world and other actors.
Power Politics: Form of international relations where states protect themselves by threatening others
Power is:
1. Never Static
2. Ubiquitous
3. Compounding(same with Powerlessness)

]]> 2023-05-17 04:52:52 UTC https://padlet.com/ibrahimk7/xc315u3ulebc9r3l/wish/2594162051 ibrahimk7 https://padlet.com/ibrahimk7/xc315u3ulebc9r3l/wish/2594162156 Unipolar: one Major Global Power that exerts dominance on all others
Bi-Polar: Two separate powers that have separate spheres of influence at the global stage
Multi-polar: multiple powers/states that have their own spheres of influence
Balance Of Power: States may secure survival by ensuring that no one state is too powerful. ]]> 2023-05-17 04:52:57 UTC https://padlet.com/ibrahimk7/xc315u3ulebc9r3l/wish/2594162156 ibrahimk7 https://padlet.com/ibrahimk7/xc315u3ulebc9r3l/wish/2594162234 Hard Power: achieving aims through force, e.g. economically, geographically(territory), demographic, militarily.
tangible, observable, measurable
Soft Power: Achieving aims through influence, persuasion, ex. ideology, ideas, culture
intangible, unobservable, unmeasurable
Smart Power: Achieving aims through force, prosecution, and influence, i.e. a mix of hard and soft power

]]> 2023-05-17 04:53:01 UTC https://padlet.com/ibrahimk7/xc315u3ulebc9r3l/wish/2594162234 ibrahimk7 https://padlet.com/ibrahimk7/xc315u3ulebc9r3l/wish/2594162309 Luke's Three Faces of Power: describes three types of power interactions, using hard, soft, and smart power in each interaction
Decision-Making Power: Power revealed through policy and political action, most visible face

Non-Decision-Making Power: Power that sets the agenda for discourse and makes certain issues unacceptable for discourse

Ideological Power: Power that influence's one's own wishes and thoughts, even against their own self-interest, e.g. causing women to support a patriarchal society. Least visible face.]]> 2023-05-17 04:53:06 UTC https://padlet.com/ibrahimk7/xc315u3ulebc9r3l/wish/2594162309 ibrahimk7 https://padlet.com/ibrahimk7/xc315u3ulebc9r3l/wish/2594162368 Relational Power: When state utilize their relations with another state to influence that state's behaviour
-threats and rewards(hard power)
-controlling the agenda by limiting a state's choice's(soft)
-establishing preferences to align goals with the dominating state(soft)

]]> 2023-05-17 04:53:09 UTC https://padlet.com/ibrahimk7/xc315u3ulebc9r3l/wish/2594162368 ibrahimk7 https://padlet.com/ibrahimk7/xc315u3ulebc9r3l/wish/2594162418 ex. The Cold War: Capitalism vs Communism; where the usage of hard and soft power resulted in the dominance of the capitalist global market

]]> 2023-05-17 04:53:13 UTC https://padlet.com/ibrahimk7/xc315u3ulebc9r3l/wish/2594162418 ibrahimk7 https://padlet.com/ibrahimk7/xc315u3ulebc9r3l/wish/2594162468 Structural Power: States influence political ideas, the structure and framework of Global Politics in order to promote a model of politics that one state prefers

]]> 2023-05-17 04:53:16 UTC https://padlet.com/ibrahimk7/xc315u3ulebc9r3l/wish/2594162468 ibrahimk7 https://padlet.com/ibrahimk7/xc315u3ulebc9r3l/wish/2594162588 Social and Cultural Power: building connections through globalization, not always seen as an exertion of power, but rather through the influence of TNC's


]]> 2023-05-17 04:53:20 UTC https://padlet.com/ibrahimk7/xc315u3ulebc9r3l/wish/2594162588 ibrahimk7 https://padlet.com/ibrahimk7/xc315u3ulebc9r3l/wish/2594162642 Cyber Power:  allows for non-state actors to exert influence on states, threatening their privacy and cyber security]]> 2023-05-17 04:53:23 UTC https://padlet.com/ibrahimk7/xc315u3ulebc9r3l/wish/2594162642 ibrahimk7 https://padlet.com/ibrahimk7/xc315u3ulebc9r3l/wish/2594167107 2023-05-17 04:57:14 UTC https://padlet.com/ibrahimk7/xc315u3ulebc9r3l/wish/2594167107 ibrahimk7 https://padlet.com/ibrahimk7/xc315u3ulebc9r3l/wish/2594172828 2023-05-17 05:02:16 UTC https://padlet.com/ibrahimk7/xc315u3ulebc9r3l/wish/2594172828 ibrahimk7 https://padlet.com/ibrahimk7/xc315u3ulebc9r3l/wish/2594173130 State: organized political entity on defined territory and able to protect from foreign threats and maintain internal order
Nation: group of people as a cohesive unit, based on a shared sense of identity, stemming from nationalism, patriotism, language, or ethnicity
Nation-State: country with borders and single central government, where the government gains legitimacy from the nation. This is where the term "country" is derived
Stateless Nation: a shared identity, that is considered a nation, but has no sovereign territory]]> 2023-05-17 05:02:33 UTC https://padlet.com/ibrahimk7/xc315u3ulebc9r3l/wish/2594173130 ibrahimk7 https://padlet.com/ibrahimk7/xc315u3ulebc9r3l/wish/2594173222 Reformation-> 30 years war(1618-1648)->Westphalian Treaty
-separates church and state
Westphalian sovereignty: defines the state as the primary legal actor in Global politics
Sovereign equality: all states have the same sovereign rights regardless of power and territory]]> 2023-05-17 05:02:38 UTC https://padlet.com/ibrahimk7/xc315u3ulebc9r3l/wish/2594173222 ibrahimk7 https://padlet.com/ibrahimk7/xc315u3ulebc9r3l/wish/2594173309 Sovereignty: the principle of absolute/unlimited power; no higher authority in domestic and external affairs
Internal Sovereignty: the ability of a state to exert legitimate control over a population and manage it's affairs independently, also known as de facto sovereignty.
External Sovereignty: when states are recognized as independent and sovereign by other states, not interfered with, and external border is respected

]]> 2023-05-17 05:02:42 UTC https://padlet.com/ibrahimk7/xc315u3ulebc9r3l/wish/2594173309 ibrahimk7 https://padlet.com/ibrahimk7/xc315u3ulebc9r3l/wish/2594173381 Constitutive Theory of Statehood: states are only states because they are recognized by other states
Declarative Theory of Statehood: states are states because they meet four criteria;
1. defined territory
2. permanent population
3.  a functioning government
4. a capacity for international relations
Montevideo Convention(1933):  accepts declarative theory of statehood, where it's contents define the rights and duty of the state. Customary International Law, and is not officially utilized by IGO's explicitly
-cus. int. law.]]> 2023-05-17 05:02:46 UTC https://padlet.com/ibrahimk7/xc315u3ulebc9r3l/wish/2594173381 ibrahimk7 https://padlet.com/ibrahimk7/xc315u3ulebc9r3l/wish/2594173451 Legitimacy: the belief that the rule of an institution ought to be obeyed, usually by conforming to agree to laws and democracy
Pre-Enlightenment Legitimacy: Divine Right of Kings
-The Monarch's rule is legitimized by God]]> 2023-05-17 05:02:50 UTC https://padlet.com/ibrahimk7/xc315u3ulebc9r3l/wish/2594173451 ibrahimk7 https://padlet.com/ibrahimk7/xc315u3ulebc9r3l/wish/2594173534 Thomas Hobbes: human nature was bad and violent, and thus one must give their freedom to a leviathan(soveriegn). Claimed that when humans return to the State Of Nature(SON), life was "nasty, brutish, and short"
John Locke: tabula rosa- individuals can make rational decisions that benefit both themselves and society. Power should be with the governed, and to overthrow the government if there is a lack of representation
J.J Rousseau: social contract, meaning that individuals give up some of their liberty to be a part of society in exchange for protection and order
JSM: Harm Principle, reaffirms the golden rule, TREAT OTHERS THE WAY YOU WANT TO BE TREATED]]> 2023-05-17 05:02:54 UTC https://padlet.com/ibrahimk7/xc315u3ulebc9r3l/wish/2594173534 ibrahimk7 https://padlet.com/ibrahimk7/xc315u3ulebc9r3l/wish/2594173607 Internal Legitimacy: consent of the governed, shown through free and fair elections, electoral choice, and checks and balances of a governmental system
External Legitimacy:  international law and legitimacy from other nations, related to constitutive theory of statehood
Customary international law: acceptance of laws and norms through it's general usage and practice
Jus Cogens: Norms of the international community]]> 2023-05-17 05:02:58 UTC https://padlet.com/ibrahimk7/xc315u3ulebc9r3l/wish/2594173607 ibrahimk7 https://padlet.com/ibrahimk7/xc315u3ulebc9r3l/wish/2594183624 interdependence: when global political actors rely on each other, share interests, or impact each other
this is done through globalization
global governance: the way states organize themselves, make agreements, and tackle shared challenges, usually organized through IGO's such as the U.N, international law, customary international law, and bilateral and multilateral treaties
economic interdependence: when states are economically linked, and success or fail together, usually this reliance is done through trade
Political interdependence: when states political decisions impact others, usually through elections or a change in
government, or crises
IGO's: powerful states can expand their influence in these orgos, or less powerful states can increase their power by allying with similar states and increasing power in numbers]]> 2023-05-17 05:12:10 UTC https://padlet.com/ibrahimk7/xc315u3ulebc9r3l/wish/2594183624 ibrahimk7 https://padlet.com/ibrahimk7/xc315u3ulebc9r3l/wish/2594183808 Federal State: government has it's central control limited by subnational governments, e.g. states or provinces
Unitary state: a national government that wields control in all it's territory with decisions made by the central government
Fragile state: democratic or undemocratic state with it's internal sovereignty weakened
Failed state: collapsed state, government lost complete control]]> 2023-05-17 05:12:17 UTC https://padlet.com/ibrahimk7/xc315u3ulebc9r3l/wish/2594183808 ibrahimk7 https://padlet.com/ibrahimk7/xc315u3ulebc9r3l/wish/2594191022 2023-05-17 05:18:44 UTC https://padlet.com/ibrahimk7/xc315u3ulebc9r3l/wish/2594191022 ibrahimk7 https://padlet.com/ibrahimk7/xc315u3ulebc9r3l/wish/2594191540 2023-05-17 05:19:16 UTC https://padlet.com/ibrahimk7/xc315u3ulebc9r3l/wish/2594191540 ibrahimk7 https://padlet.com/ibrahimk7/xc315u3ulebc9r3l/wish/2594191864 2023-05-17 05:19:36 UTC https://padlet.com/ibrahimk7/xc315u3ulebc9r3l/wish/2594191864 ibrahimk7 https://padlet.com/ibrahimk7/xc315u3ulebc9r3l/wish/2594194620 UIII: Universal, Indivisible, Inalienable, Interdependent
Universal: equally applied to all people in all parts of globe
Inalienable: Humans are born with rights that cannot be taken away
Indivisible: different elements of human rights cannot be separateed
Interdependent: Realization of one human right requires realization of others
Positive HR: require action from those in power; ability to do something-"freedom of..."
Negative HR: require protection against a power; less interference

]]> 2023-05-17 05:22:11 UTC https://padlet.com/ibrahimk7/xc315u3ulebc9r3l/wish/2594194620 ibrahimk7 https://padlet.com/ibrahimk7/xc315u3ulebc9r3l/wish/2594194704 Developed in Early Modern Europe by Hugo Grotius, Thomas Hobbes, John Locke
Natural rights: provided by a divine authority and the belief that humans are creatures of god, where "natural" means God-given and a part of human nature
-these ideas became declarations to separate government and civilian autonomy]]> 2023-05-17 05:22:17 UTC https://padlet.com/ibrahimk7/xc315u3ulebc9r3l/wish/2594194704 ibrahimk7 https://padlet.com/ibrahimk7/xc315u3ulebc9r3l/wish/2594194800 US Declaration of Independence(1776): "Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness"
French Declaration on the Rights of Man And Citizen(1789)
Congress of Vienna(1815): attempt to abolish slave trade
Brussel Convention(1890): codify anti-slavery measures
Slavery Convention(1926): formally outlaw slavery
Hague Conventions(1907), Geneva Conventions(1926): regulate conduct of war]]> 2023-05-17 05:22:22 UTC https://padlet.com/ibrahimk7/xc315u3ulebc9r3l/wish/2594194800 ibrahimk7 https://padlet.com/ibrahimk7/xc315u3ulebc9r3l/wish/2594194882 UDHR(1948): try to prevent another WW2, "all human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights"
split individual rights into six categories
1. political
2. civil
3. Equality
4. Economic
5. Social
6. Cultural]]> 2023-05-17 05:22:27 UTC https://padlet.com/ibrahimk7/xc315u3ulebc9r3l/wish/2594194882 ibrahimk7 https://padlet.com/ibrahimk7/xc315u3ulebc9r3l/wish/2594194950 Liberty: freedom to live life without interference from those in power
John Stuart Mill: Harm Principle: "individual is free to do whatever it wants unless or until it harms others]]> 2023-05-17 05:22:32 UTC https://padlet.com/ibrahimk7/xc315u3ulebc9r3l/wish/2594194950 ibrahimk7 https://padlet.com/ibrahimk7/xc315u3ulebc9r3l/wish/2594195062 1st Gen: shaped by liberty; civil/political rights which are acknowledged as the oldest HR's
-American and French REvilution
-Life, Liberty, and property: constraints on government and freedom from interference
Civil liberties: speech, press, religion, movement, association]]> 2023-05-17 05:22:35 UTC https://padlet.com/ibrahimk7/xc315u3ulebc9r3l/wish/2594195062 ibrahimk7 https://padlet.com/ibrahimk7/xc315u3ulebc9r3l/wish/2594195156 Equality: idea that all people are treated the same and inherently have the same value
2nd Gen Rights: shaped by equality; socialist response post-WW2 to injustice and inequality
-Economic, Social, Cultural rights
positive rights: imply level of state intervention in order to be upheld
socio-economic rights: social security, work, paid holiday, education, healthcare]]> 2023-05-17 05:22:39 UTC https://padlet.com/ibrahimk7/xc315u3ulebc9r3l/wish/2594195156 ibrahimk7 https://padlet.com/ibrahimk7/xc315u3ulebc9r3l/wish/2594195222 3rd Gen: shaped by fraternity
-group and collective rights
social groups and societies as opposed to individuals
-not listed in UDHR: UNDRIP, right to harmony with nature, sustainable development, and self-determination]]> 2023-05-17 05:22:44 UTC https://padlet.com/ibrahimk7/xc315u3ulebc9r3l/wish/2594195222 ibrahimk7 https://padlet.com/ibrahimk7/xc315u3ulebc9r3l/wish/2594195308 realism: states engage in voluntary participation and self-regulation based on their interpretation of international law->ANARCHY
UNSC: intended to legitimize action in the international system and uphold international peace and justice
international Law: agreements and treaties signed by state to regulate their behavior.
Customary International Law: law accepted through general practise
Uphold HR: UN commission on HR allowed discourse forums yet was ineffective
UNHRC: 2006, 47 states, lead investigations, take complaints against states, make recommendations to solve HR violations.
ICC: independent court to bring justice to individuals when state system fails, enforced by Rome Statute.
-ICC investigates and tries: genocide, war crimes, crimes against Humanity, Crime of Aggression. ]]> 2023-05-17 05:22:48 UTC https://padlet.com/ibrahimk7/xc315u3ulebc9r3l/wish/2594195308 ibrahimk7 https://padlet.com/ibrahimk7/xc315u3ulebc9r3l/wish/2594195398 HR framework prioritizes individual over collective-> westernized, HR flow from human to group
universalism: ethical theory that claims universal human nature, which transcends bounds of identity, and thus an existence of universal values is possible
relativism: ethical theory that claims values are culturally and individually determined
-global agreements on most fundamental aspects of human life are difficult to achieve]]> 2023-05-17 05:22:52 UTC https://padlet.com/ibrahimk7/xc315u3ulebc9r3l/wish/2594195398 ibrahimk7 https://padlet.com/ibrahimk7/xc315u3ulebc9r3l/wish/2594202650 CULTURALLY RELATIVE DOCUMENT THAT REFUTES MANY OF THE UDHR'S CORE PRINCIPLES AND SOLIDIFIES THE IDEA THAT HUMAN RIGHTS IN ITS CURRENT FORM WERE CREATED IN A CULTURALLY RELATIVE SENSE AND SUBSCIRBE TO POWER POLITICS AND STRUCTURE IN IGO'S]]> 2023-05-17 05:29:04 UTC https://padlet.com/ibrahimk7/xc315u3ulebc9r3l/wish/2594202650 ibrahimk7 https://padlet.com/ibrahimk7/xc315u3ulebc9r3l/wish/2594208628 2023-05-17 05:34:47 UTC https://padlet.com/ibrahimk7/xc315u3ulebc9r3l/wish/2594208628 ibrahimk7 https://padlet.com/ibrahimk7/xc315u3ulebc9r3l/wish/2594208996 2023-05-17 05:35:05 UTC https://padlet.com/ibrahimk7/xc315u3ulebc9r3l/wish/2594208996 ibrahimk7 https://padlet.com/ibrahimk7/xc315u3ulebc9r3l/wish/2594209476 2023-05-17 05:35:34 UTC https://padlet.com/ibrahimk7/xc315u3ulebc9r3l/wish/2594209476 ibrahimk7 https://padlet.com/ibrahimk7/xc315u3ulebc9r3l/wish/2594212687 Geography 
Resource Endowment 
Consequences of climate change on people and communities’ lives 

]]> 2023-05-17 05:38:11 UTC https://padlet.com/ibrahimk7/xc315u3ulebc9r3l/wish/2594212687 ibrahimk7 https://padlet.com/ibrahimk7/xc315u3ulebc9r3l/wish/2594213102 The UN
The IMF
World Bank
WTO]]> 2023-05-17 05:38:31 UTC https://padlet.com/ibrahimk7/xc315u3ulebc9r3l/wish/2594213102 ibrahimk7 https://padlet.com/ibrahimk7/xc315u3ulebc9r3l/wish/2594213389 Culture + Traditions 
Gender Relations 
Migration]]> 2023-05-17 05:38:47 UTC https://padlet.com/ibrahimk7/xc315u3ulebc9r3l/wish/2594213389 ibrahimk7 https://padlet.com/ibrahimk7/xc315u3ulebc9r3l/wish/2594213775 Access to Resources->Resource Constraints
Infrastructure 
Odious Debt
International Aid(SAP's, IDA)
Trade ]]> 2023-05-17 05:39:08 UTC https://padlet.com/ibrahimk7/xc315u3ulebc9r3l/wish/2594213775 ibrahimk7 https://padlet.com/ibrahimk7/xc315u3ulebc9r3l/wish/2594214088 History and persistence of conflict 
Stability 
Accountability, transparency and corruption
Vested Interests 
Poor Management 

]]> 2023-05-17 05:39:26 UTC https://padlet.com/ibrahimk7/xc315u3ulebc9r3l/wish/2594214088 ibrahimk7 https://padlet.com/ibrahimk7/xc315u3ulebc9r3l/wish/2594224567

Supportive of state involvement to smooth out the highs and lows of cyclical economic recessions 

Argued that the Global South would develop through capital injections and changes to macro-economic policies 

]]> 2023-05-17 05:48:10 UTC https://padlet.com/ibrahimk7/xc315u3ulebc9r3l/wish/2594224567 ibrahimk7 https://padlet.com/ibrahimk7/xc315u3ulebc9r3l/wish/2594226177

Traditional - Traditional societies are characterized by rudimentary technology, pre-scientific values and norms, and a subsistence economy 

Pre conditions for Take-Off - At this stage societies exhibit a degree of capital mobilization (banks and currency) and start to develop an entrepreneurial class  

 Take-Off - This happens when the norms of economic growth are well established and sector-led growth becomes common  

Drive to Maturity - This is characterized by growing economic diversification, greatly reduced poverty, and rising living standards 

Modernity - This final stage is characterized by high mass consumption. At this stage the economy is increasingly orientated around the production of modern consumer goods, with “affluence becoming widespread” 

]]> 2023-05-17 05:49:40 UTC https://padlet.com/ibrahimk7/xc315u3ulebc9r3l/wish/2594226177 ibrahimk7 https://padlet.com/ibrahimk7/xc315u3ulebc9r3l/wish/2594227602

Marxist influences - does not look at individual countries, but instead at the entire capitalist world system as a whole

Argues that the underdevelopment of the Global South (GS) is a result of structural dependence on the Global North (GN)

]]> 2023-05-17 05:50:49 UTC https://padlet.com/ibrahimk7/xc315u3ulebc9r3l/wish/2594227602 ibrahimk7 https://padlet.com/ibrahimk7/xc315u3ulebc9r3l/wish/2594229074

Invisible hand, trickle-down economics, privatization, free trade, deregulation, comparative advantage

Austerity Measures: government cuts spending in order to balance budget and debts

]]> 2023-05-17 05:52:03 UTC https://padlet.com/ibrahimk7/xc315u3ulebc9r3l/wish/2594229074 ibrahimk7 https://padlet.com/ibrahimk7/xc315u3ulebc9r3l/wish/2594230086

Have a specific agenda, usually geared toward human emancipation, freedom, and equality 

Focused on deconstructing implicit power dynamics in development theory and development discourse 

]]> 2023-05-17 05:52:53 UTC https://padlet.com/ibrahimk7/xc315u3ulebc9r3l/wish/2594230086 ibrahimk7 https://padlet.com/ibrahimk7/xc315u3ulebc9r3l/wish/2594231024

Idea that development is about expanding the richness of lives, not just the economy 

Includes expanding one's freedoms, opportunities, choices and capabilities to lead the life one chooses 

Believed that we needed to look at development more holistically 

Views income growth and economic growth as a means to an end, but not the end in itself 

]]> 2023-05-17 05:53:39 UTC https://padlet.com/ibrahimk7/xc315u3ulebc9r3l/wish/2594231024 ibrahimk7 https://padlet.com/ibrahimk7/xc315u3ulebc9r3l/wish/2594232216

Focuses on continuing global development in a way that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs(Brundtland Commission 1987)

2000 - Adoption of the UN Millennium Declaration 

• Millennium Development goals - targets to be achieved by 2015 

Adapted in 2015 to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) - targets to be achieved by 2030 

]]> 2023-05-17 05:54:39 UTC https://padlet.com/ibrahimk7/xc315u3ulebc9r3l/wish/2594232216 ibrahimk7 https://padlet.com/ibrahimk7/xc315u3ulebc9r3l/wish/2595962165 2023-05-18 07:40:15 UTC https://padlet.com/ibrahimk7/xc315u3ulebc9r3l/wish/2595962165 ibrahimk7 https://padlet.com/ibrahimk7/xc315u3ulebc9r3l/wish/2596370241 2023-05-18 14:44:41 UTC https://padlet.com/ibrahimk7/xc315u3ulebc9r3l/wish/2596370241