Samantha Lowen Nervous system by Samantha https://padlet.com/kanews19/xac02fsvhngu Structure and function of nervous system en-us 2017-11-24 11:40:58 UTC 2023-03-31 06:36:38 UTC hello@padlet.com http://lrrpublic.cli.det.nsw.edu.au/lrrSecure/Sites/LRRView/7700/documents/5657/5657/5657_05.htm kanews19 https://padlet.com/kanews19/xac02fsvhngu/wish/212216419 In this link a description has been given regarding the structure of the central nervous system and the function of sensory, connector and motor neurons. It is a good level of information such as "The nervous system has three general functions: a sensory function, an interpretative function and a motor function" these are then listed and a basic detail given so I would advise this link is good to build a basis of information and then use this to expand further. Although I like this site I do not trust the validity of the site although i believe the information to be correct I do question to validity of the site as it is not a well known name and has such basic level of layout used on the site.

Criteria 1.1
Harvard Reference: Neals, 2008. Understanding the basic anatomy and physiology of the human body. (online) Available at http://lrrpublic.cli.det.nsw.edu.au/lrrSecure/Sites/LRRView/7700/documents/5657/5657/5657_05.htm. Accessed on 07/12/2017.

]]> 2017-12-01 11:41:33 UTC https://padlet.com/kanews19/xac02fsvhngu/wish/212216419 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q8NtmDrb_qo kanews19 https://padlet.com/kanews19/xac02fsvhngu/wish/212222564 Here is a link for a video given about the central nervous system (CNS) from Crash Course A & P. At minute 1.22 of the video the narrator makes a good point that all studies on the brain have been done from injuries to the brain. 2.00 in the video a description is given of the CNS " I'm hungry, I want Pizza", "thinking, feeling, remembering" this is a good way relate way of learning which would engage the audience and their understanding. The spinal cord is explained- "2-way signals between the brain and the rest of the body, also carries out other activities without brains blessing". This makes system easier to learn for the person watching the video and makes it more interesting to watch with good use of animation and statements. However as a lot of this language is learning language not scientific. This could be a problem for people repeating the information they have watched.
at minute 4.20 the narrator makes a interesting point that the middle part of the brain has not been named which encourages further reading for the viewer. The narrator furthers make the information relevant to normal living 5.24 "when you look behind you when you hear a loud sound".
7:37 good explanation given on how the brain is created and that because the brain has developed and got bigger but the spine hasn't folds have been created to give more surface area (sulkae)
The video is trustworthy and has high validity however I found the narrator to be fast in his talking and use a lot of words jumbled.

Harvard Reference:
CrashCourse March 2015.

Central Nervous System: Crash Course A&P #11 (online) . Available from: URL https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q8NtmDrb_qo. Accessed 07/12/2017

]]> 2017-12-01 12:11:52 UTC https://padlet.com/kanews19/xac02fsvhngu/wish/212222564 1.1 kanews19 https://padlet.com/kanews19/xac02fsvhngu/wish/216144432

In the above diagram a visual presentation of the sensory, relay and motor neuron is given. This is a good way of distinguishing the difference in neurons, I like that it gives a very clear picture of structure and is useful for when looking at other sources after seeing these diagrams it would easy to establish which neuron is present. 'sensory neurons are found in receptors such as eyes, ears, tongue and skin and carry nerve impulses to the spinal cord and the brain.' 'these turn into sensations such as vision, hearing or touch.' This description given is a good explaination of the sensory neuron. 'not all sensory neurons reach the brain, as some stop at the spinal cord, allowing for quick reflex actions.' This sentence gives good additional information for the reader better depth of knowledge.

'Relay neurons, allow sensory and motor neurons to communicate' and 'motors neurons are found in the central nervous system and control muscle movements.' following on from this a further explanation of neurotransmitters binding to the receptor on muscles to trigger a response which leads to movement. As described in this source the dendrites receive the signals from other neurons and they are normally referred to as the 'control centre' of the neuron. I like that makes learning the neurons is put into simple terms easy to read. The text goes on to further explain the different aspects of a neuron and its role. I like this source and found it very useful, in the beginning of the article it outlines that the article is A level so I knew the information I was reading was a sufficient level to be appropriate for the depth of knowledge I require. I also like that the text outlines important words in bold so this can be used for further reading such as action potential and myelin sheath.

Reference:
Sparks, J. 2015. Biopsychology : sensory, Relay and Motor Neurons (online) Available at https://www.tutor2u.net/psychology/reference/biopsychology-sensory-relay-and-motor-neurons. Accessed 14/12/2017.

]]> 2017-12-14 13:51:15 UTC https://padlet.com/kanews19/xac02fsvhngu/wish/216144432 1.2 kanews19 https://padlet.com/kanews19/xac02fsvhngu/wish/216167391

From the above image you can see a good clear step by step diagram given of a reflex arc. The stimulus activates the receptor such as being burnt of stubbing your toe. This then activates the sensory neuron which enters the grey matter and the information is then processed by the central nervous system which then activates the motor neuron. This ends in the effector so this could removing your hand from the burn outcome or pulling back from something. For a starting point I found this image really good to be able to build upon this and find out more information about the role of the sensory and motor neuron. Seeing the process in picture format can be easier for people to learn from rather then reading lots of text which describes the process. The image has been taken from a YouTube video which is licensed and has good reviews regarding the video which leads to me to believe this source is trustworthy.

Reference: Himme, B, 2013. Reflex Arc (online). Available from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_K68aKJoxDY. Accessed on 14/12/2017.

]]> 2017-12-14 14:40:08 UTC https://padlet.com/kanews19/xac02fsvhngu/wish/216167391 1.2 kanews19 https://padlet.com/kanews19/xac02fsvhngu/wish/216268722 In the below link a diagram again along with an explanation is given as to the roles of neurons in a reflex arc. A question is provided at the top, 'what are the functions of sensory neurons, inter-neurons and motor neurons?' Then an answer is provided which is to carry impulses to the central nervous system and then act upon this stimulus. The motor neuron then sends the action to the muscle or gland which is known as the effector. The source then goes on to explain the reason why and how this happens starting with a diagram. As I am a visual learner I appreciate the use of diagrams in explanation. The Neurons are then broken down into their categories of neuron type. A detailed explanation is given regarding their purpose. I like that when the explanation is given the source then uses an example such as 'touch receptors in the skin are relaying information through the Afferent "sensory" neuron from the environment to the spinal cord'. I find statements such as these make the information relevant and easier to understand the process of the reflex arc. I think the source is very good and trustworthy because the site is secure in the html address. I am unsure of which level the information is at so if I was looking for level 3-4 I would need to back this information up with some further research.
https://socratic.org/questions/what-are-the-functions-of-sensory-neurons-interneurons-and-motor-neurons
Reference: Brian, M 2016. Nervous system- what are the functions of sensory neurons, interneurons and motor neurons (online) available from https://socratic.org/questions/what-are-the-functions-of-sensory-neurons-interneurons-and-motor-neurons. Accessed 14/12/2017]]> 2017-12-14 18:09:33 UTC https://padlet.com/kanews19/xac02fsvhngu/wish/216268722 1.2 kanews19 https://padlet.com/kanews19/xac02fsvhngu/wish/216275456 In the following video at 0.22 of the video a diagram is given which shows the place of which the neurons sit in the body so the interneuron is inside the spinal cord and the sensory neuron and motor neuron send impulses both inside and outside the spinal cord and brain. At 0.55 the video provides possible stimulus examples, the video at 1.44 then describes how the cell body of the sensory neuron is close the the central nervous system. At 2.14 an explanation of a ganglion is provided along with a diagram which is neuron bundled together and can create a bulge in the central nervous system. 2.26 advises us that the sensory neuron reacts based on a stimulus, and at 2.42 we learn that more then one interneuron can interact rather then one at a time. At 3.01 another explanation is given which provides clarity on how the motor neuron is simulated from the interneuron so we are now provided with a good full understanding of how the process of a reflex arc works. At 3.25 I like that the a good use of referencing is used to reference a picture this provides me with comfort in that I believe the source to be valid.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M1E9Lm16cUs
Reference:
Knowwhatuknow41, 2014. Types of neurons and the reflex arc (online). Available from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M1E9Lm16cUs. Accessed: 14/12/2017]]> 2017-12-14 18:24:39 UTC https://padlet.com/kanews19/xac02fsvhngu/wish/216275456 1.3 kanews19 https://padlet.com/kanews19/xac02fsvhngu/wish/216287419 In the following video at minute 2.30 an explanation of a synapse is given which provides an understanding that a synapse is a chemical neurotransmitters that is produce to pass the nerve impulse from one neuron to the next. They also create a one directional movement and control the speed of the neurons so if needed they can make the impulses travel faster. I like the video, is short, concise and straight to the point. So I can now build upon this idea to create more depth in my knowledge of synapses and the process of action potentials. As the video has been posted from a global organisation FuseSchool I do believe the information to be true and reliable.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n0Zc01e1Frw
Reference:
FuseSchool, 2016. What are nerve cells, neurons and synapses? (online) available from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n0Zc01e1Frw. Accessed on 14/12/2017. ]]> 2017-12-14 18:50:15 UTC https://padlet.com/kanews19/xac02fsvhngu/wish/216287419 1.3 kanews19 https://padlet.com/kanews19/xac02fsvhngu/wish/216311233 In the following article a full explanation is given to describe how a nerve impulse is transmitted. 'nerve fibres carry information in the form of a nerve impulse' this statement gives a good opening to the subject and would help new learners develop an understanding of a nerve impulse. A diagram is then provided to confirm the transmission.

An amount of text is then devoted to building on the concept of extracellular fluid (ECF) and axoplasm and how movement takes place in this fluid. As axoplasm is made up of negatively charged protein molecules because of the fact there are large amount of potassium molecules, outside the fluid negatively charged CI ions are then neutrualised by positively charged sodium ions. The nerve impulse is a electro-chemical process and the article states that the nerve cell is positive on the outside and negative on the inside. We then get introduced to resting potential which is when the difference in charge is between 70-90 millivolts. To maintain this resting potential the sodium potassium pump operates by using active transport. The membrane is polarized at this point. When a stimulus has taken place the charges switch places so the charge is positive on the inside and negative on the outside. The nerve has now changed to depolarised or in action potential, so the charge has changed to around positive 30 millivolts. When the action potential travels this is the nerve impulse and once this has taken effect the pump will operate again and reach resting potential again this is called repolarisation. There is a period in which the cell membrane cannot be excited again as it needs to recover this is known as the refactory period as described in the article. The article ends by giving extra information of saltatory propagation which is where nerve fibres can jump from the nodes of ranvier to another node. This would speed up the nerve impulse. I think the source is great for its depth of knowledge and ensures all thoroughout that the correct information is given in a laguage of laerning and language of science format, so that the learner can at first absorb the information and then learn the vocabulary to move on to the next step in the process. I found this source very useful and I think the site is good because there are lots of additional articles and link to read further into other biology areas.
http://www.biologydiscussion.com/neural-control/mechanism-of-transmission-of-nerve-impulse-explained-with-diagram/5013
Reference:
Priyadarshi, S. Mechanism of transmission of nerve impulses (explained with diagram) [online] Available at http://www.biologydiscussion.com/neural-control/mechanism-of-transmission-of-nerve-impulse-explained-with-diagram/5013. Accessed 14/12/2017 ]]> 2017-12-14 19:46:59 UTC https://padlet.com/kanews19/xac02fsvhngu/wish/216311233 2.1 kanews19 https://padlet.com/kanews19/xac02fsvhngu/wish/216437505 In the topic below a definition of a reflex action is given and the characteristics of the a reflex action such as being quick and it terminates in the spinal cord. The text then moves on to give examples of a reflex action such as blinking eyes, coughing or the heart beating. Next the topic looks at voluntary actions and explains that these are signalled by the brain and are consciously controlled. So therefore demonstrating that voluntary actions are delibrate and examples of these are eating or walking.
A comparison table is provided and pasted below. This table shows the difference between voluntary and reflex action, I think this is a really good way of explaining the difference between the two actions and comparing the two. It is a simple way of understanding the two processes although I like it is basic it is written in the language of learning so further research would be needed to add more depth to this knowledge. The text then extends onto more information regarding a conditional arc which is known as a learned response following birth so an action such as swimming would be learned through the reflex actions already present. Once this action has been learnt it becomes a habit- it can help a new skill be learnt through learning from habits. I like this topic goes deeper into he reflex arc and not only voluntary but conditional actions also. It may look basic but holds all the vital information required on voluntary and reflex actions. As the tab is secure in the html address I believe this site to be trustworthy.
https://passnownow.com/classwork-series-exercises-biology-ss3-reflex-voluntary-actions/
Reference: Pass Now Now, 2016. Reflex and voluntary actions. [online] available from: https://passnownow.com/classwork-series-exercises-biology-ss3-reflex-voluntary-actions/
Accessed 15/12/2017.

]]> 2017-12-15 11:09:55 UTC https://padlet.com/kanews19/xac02fsvhngu/wish/216437505 kanews19 https://padlet.com/kanews19/xac02fsvhngu/wish/216440075 2017-12-15 11:23:06 UTC https://padlet.com/kanews19/xac02fsvhngu/wish/216440075 2.1 kanews19 https://padlet.com/kanews19/xac02fsvhngu/wish/216443188 In the following blog a description of voluntary and reflex actions is outlined, the reader will begin to understand that both actions involve a stimulus, a nerve impulse, neurons and effectors. A comparison of both is then given and we learn that voluntary is an action inititated by the brain and that the brain sends nerve impulses to effectors. The next passage of text explains reflex actions that are involuntary and is carried out without your control. This identifies that instead of your brain taking control it is your spinal cord that manages this action. I like that in the text letters of importance are highlighted in bold so I can tell this would be important and useful to pay attention to these words. A table is then given which given the subject is the easiest way to show the differences between the two actions however this table is slightly more detailed then other sources I have seen so this is good and provides more depth for me. A passage of text is devoted to explanation of a reflex arc and then a video given to explain. I like that a video is included in the source and makes the source a good all round piece of valid information regarding voluntary and reflex actions. This source is a blog and some of the text around the outside is not written in English however with the information being biological I would find the information reliable.
http://thumbiology.blogspot.co.uk/2011/03/voluntary-and-involuntary-actions.html
reference:
Domingo, 2011. Voluntary and involuntary actions [online] Available from http://thumbiology.blogspot.co.uk/2011/03/voluntary-and-involuntary-actions.html. Accessed 15/12/2017]]> 2017-12-15 11:38:08 UTC https://padlet.com/kanews19/xac02fsvhngu/wish/216443188 2.1 kanews19 https://padlet.com/kanews19/xac02fsvhngu/wish/216446690 The autonomic nervous system is split between two main divisions which is parasympathetic and sympathetic. When the autonomic system receives the information from the brain it responds to this either through the sympathetic division or inhibits them through the parasympathetic. The nerve pathway involves two nerve cells, one cell is in the brain and one is in the spinal cord. This is connected via nerve fibres in a cluster of nerve cells which is known as autonomic ganglion. These fibres from the ganglia connect the internal organs. For sympathetic division most of the ganglia is located outside the spinal cord and the parasympathetic ganglia is located near the organs they connect with. The text explains what processes the autonomic nervous system controls such as blood pressure, body temperature, digestion and sexual response. On some organs the parasymapthetic and the sympathetic can have opposite effects, overall both divisions work together to ensure the body reacts in the appropriate way to the situation. A picture is then labelled with shows two diagrams of the brain and spinal cord with parasympathetic on one side and sympathetic on the other side. Within the diagram it labels different reactions around the body from both divisions.
In conclusion the text seperates the divisions once more for the explanation:
Sympathetic - increases heart rate, dilates the airway making breathing easier, its causes the body to release stored energy. The sympathetic division slows down processes such as digestion also which are less important in emergencies.
Parasympathetic - This controls the body in ordinary situations. This is normally known as conserve and restore. so in opposite into the the sympathetic heart rate decreases and so does blood pressure.
All the text in the article covers all information needed for knowledge on the autonomic nervous system I like it is a combined usage of text, diagrams and tables however I do not like there is a switch in science language very often which could lead to the information fluctuating between level 2 and level 3 science.

https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/brain,-spinal-cord,-and-nerve-disorders/autonomic-nervous-system-disorders/overview-of-the-autonomic-nervous-system
Reference:
Low, P. 2017, Overview of the Autonomic Nervous System. [online] available from https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/brain,-spinal-cord,-and-nerve-disorders/autonomic-nervous-system-disorders/overview-of-the-autonomic-nervous-system. Accessed on 15/12/2017. ]]> 2017-12-15 11:56:42 UTC https://padlet.com/kanews19/xac02fsvhngu/wish/216446690