- water is affected by improper management of household & industrial waste

- threatens humans' health & aquatic life

examples:

- waste is disposed directly or leaked into water waste — water quality is reduced

- children, young people & adults can learn and gain useful knowledge and skills — for employment

examples:

- educational institutions, vocational schools & universities

- vocational school in Ulm, Germany & a university in Berlin, Germany

There will be many people vying for a high paying job (eg, banker, I.T.) compared to lower paying jobs, thus decreasing your chances of getting it.

The benefits are the good basic services. In cities, they are more advanced in technology, so they provide better services for the people.

Examples:

Wide range of transportation -MRT, LRT SBS

Hospitals near houses for convenience

Example; KL. Due to it's built-up area, they provide more educational opportunities, which then allows them to acquire more skills, to lend them in a job position high up in a social hierarchy, thus, leading them to higher income/revenue

Water and air pollution that was caused by factories and high traffic roads which affects and threatens our health

Examples: High intake of polluted air can lead to both stress to our heart and lungs. It can also lead to asthma, shortened life span and eye irritation, along with harm to blood.

This will cause problems such as traffic congestion, noise pollution(from honking), air pollution(carbon emissions) which contributes to climate change, as well as the decrease of morale due to ‘road rage’. One example where this can take place is dense cities such as Jakarta in Indonesia, where cars are more prominent during peak hours. This results in the city having a higher carbon footprint compared to other cities such as KL.

Results in: This results in better, more comfortable lifestyles, since some services include shading, public transport, new designs of buildings and built environment to reduce carbon emission. With technological knowledge, cities will be more advanced and better to live in.

For example , today , more than 80%of our population lives in good qualities public housing surrounded by good amenities

The houses are also strong and made out of good materials like bricks and cement as to make sure they do not collapse when there is a storm or wind. They are also made affordable so everyone is able to afford a house and less people are left homeless

-Easier travelling throughout the city due to more options, such as public transport

-Reduce in traffic congestion, which can increase transportation times. This can help people be more punctual for important things like work.

-Less cars will be used, which can reduce carbon emissions and burning of fossil fuels that can reduce climate change.

-Park connectors that can shorter travelling times and cater to people who cycle or walk as a mode of transport.

Organisations like the LTA and SBS Transit contribute to the increase in public transport options.

It is making decisions about how land resources will be used for various purposes (housing, recreation, transport).

Planning agencies may disallow some of these users and construction is unsafe location to prevent hazards from occurring. There is a coastal erosion hazard area map in new York which restricts the development along the coast of the long island because those areas are a risk of coastal erosion. If there are developments such as housing around the coast, in the event of erosion, the people living there will be at risk. As more people move into the cities the pressure on land increases and people may be forced to live in areas which were previously thought to be too risky. Hence, the land area have to be spread out.

in pedestrain path, routes are clear of obstables and are at least 1.8 meters wide so it is spacious and conveineiant for people on wheelchairs and the visually impaired. There are tactile warning on the ground on two sides of traffic so that the blind people know that they are crossing the road and they will walk more carefully. there are also brailles on the lift level buttons allowing the blind people to use the lift without the help of someone else.

Some city governments have a vehicles restriction rule which limits the use of private cars to selected days in a week or they would need to pay a certain price for driving in highways during peak hour. For example, in Singapore, during peak hour on popular highways, people have to pay ERP, thus discouraging people to drive during peak hours and to opt for public transport.

In Singapore, under the enviromental protection and management [Vehicular Emissions] Regulations is an offence for any vehicle to emit smoke while on the road. This decreases the amount of air pollution in the city.

Another challenge includes the competition for land space. Housing may take up space, which affects the building of reservoirs and sources of water, which can cause a negative impact on the environment due to the shortage of water

• To meet the needs of housing development, natural resources need to be extracted and used.

• In order to make space for the building of houses, land need to be cleared, this results in the depletion of forests.

• Resources like food, water and building materials are needed to build homes and tools and are also used for cooking and warmth.

  
  

  Environmental Pollution

• Pollution can be defined as the introduction of substances that do not normally belong in the environment, which, in great enough concentrations, can have harmful effects on plants, animals and humans.

• Land pollution can mean garbage and industrial waste, impact from the mining and other forms of industry.

• Humans produce vast quantities of waste, especially in factories, offices, schools and homes.

  
  

Another challenge is land pollution. Can include garbage, industrial waste, mining and other forms of industry. It can lead to long-term damage to land, making it unsafe for building houses.

- there is a presence of amenities so they make life easier for its residents

e.g. the access to food via grocery shops ⟶ convenient

- there is also a presence of communities thus meets the residents' social needs, like getting to know people within their neighbourhood, making friends & seeking companionship

• it can cater to people of all ages with all sorts of physical conditions which enables all residents, to feel at ease --> inclusivity.

• can house residents as well as their extended families and promote inclusiveness

• formal housing provides shelter from the elements, harsh weather conditions, (e.g., rain, snow, hail, sleet) due to using superior quality materials.

• close to amenities (e.g. shops, hawker centre) --> more convenient, saves time.

• Lots of greenery (i.e.. parks, garden) for recreation

  - promotes a healthy lifestyle

• community activities (HDB)--> able to meet social needs, forge closer bonds and inclusivity with neighbours

Another challenge is pollution of water. During construction, a lot of debris/waste are thrown into water, causing a decrease in water quality and thus making the water dirtier. This is harmful towards living things and marine life inhabiting those waters as the pH levels and water quality may not be suitable for their living conditions. This results in deterioration of marine life.

High quality building materials

• Shelter from harsh elements (rain.. etc)

-The interactions and community spririt fostered among neighbours from all walks of life leads to a sense of belonging and inclusivity

Amenities

- makes basic goods more accessible

-gyms, convenience stores, malls

-promote healthy lifestyles

-improve mental and physical

- improve quality of life

->it also pollutes the environment from the amount of resources that is extracted from the natural environment.

pollution

->land pollution

:it is another term for soil contamination. like factory chemicals or sewage and other wastewater.

:land pollution can also mean garbage and industrial waste, impact from mining and other forms of industry.

which leads to a long term damage to land, making it unsafe for building houses

• to make houses, natural resources need to be extracted and used.

• the land was originally part of the environment but has been repurposed for human use.

• demands of housing development -> negative environmental impacts.

environmental pollution:

• land pollution like garbage and industrial waste can cause damage to land, makes it unsafe for building houses

-environmental pollution

Fossil fuels being consumed due to high concentration of people leading to contaminants being produced and released unto the physical environment which can harm human health.

-lack of natural resources

Resources are taken from the environment faster than they are replenished. This can lead to conflict or war. Global warming and soil erosion will also be affected from lack of natural resources.