Alexandre Sousa PlantArea PT by Alexandre Fernando Sousa Jesus

«Sterile Terrain» Over a little over 2 million years, the slopes were created, which, according to their accentuated profile, welcomed a more thermal and humid vegetation. This vegetation cover, which was naturally finding environmentally sound conditions in the newly created valleys, also turned into the natural refuge of flora that was migrating from south to north in the last glacial periods, or from north to south in times when the polar front was advancing towards the terrestrial equator. It is not so strange that the valleys of the Norte Transmontano of Portugal are today an extremely diversified amalgam of vascular flora, resulting from this recent migration of flora fruit of the repeated reaps and advances of the polar front.

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Oaks (Sobreiros – cork -, Alvarinhos, Azinheiras, Cerquinhos...)

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OAKS

Mediterrânicas Silicícolas

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With shrub strata characterized by the presence of gorse (Ulex spp.), Heather (Erica spp.), Stems (Cistus spp.), Arbutus trees (Arbutus unedo), giestas (Cytisus spp.), Carqueijas (Pterospartum tridentatum subspp.) (Halimium lasianthum subsp. Alyssoides).

Mediterrânicas Calcícolas

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Mediterranean is a relatively recent climatic phenomenon. The Mediterranean basin has less than 50 million years of history and has been subject to many glacial and interglacial periods. This phenomenon caused this basin to be exposed to the most varied climatic conditions, some of them unimaginable in this temperate interglacial period. For this reason when we speak of the "Mediterranean" we must be very careful, because this circumstance is not subject to a certain type of climate, but to an extremely complex and varied historical process. In the west of the Iberian Peninsula the Mediterranean appears on very different geological substrates.

STEP 3: CREATE 1.2 Select two of our favourite medicinal plants in my PlantArea

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Malva sylvestris L.
Species: Malva sylvestris
Descriptor L.
Gender Malva
Family Malvaceae
Order Malvales
Sub-class Malvidae
Class Magnoliopsida
Sub-division Magnoliophytina (Angiospermae)
Division Spermatophyta
Physiognomic type Hemicriptófito
General distribution Europa, SW Ásia, Mediterrânic Region & Macaronésia
Common name (s) Malva
Malva-comum Malva-das-boticas
Malva-maior Malva-mourisca Malva-selvagem Malva-silvestre
Habitat/Ecology Uncultivated Land
Sinonimias Malva silvestris L.
Malva sylvestris L. var. ambigua (Guss.) Samp. Malva sylvestris L. subsp. ambigua Rouy for. eriocarpa (Boiss.) P. Cout. Malva sylvestris L. var. polymorpha (Guss.) Parl.
Flowering season
April-September

Petroselinum crispum SALSA Species: Petroselinum crispum Descriptor (Mill.) Nyman ex A. W. Hill Gender: Petroselinum Family: Apiaceae Order: Apiales Sub-class: Asteridae Class: Magnoliopsida Sub-division: Magnoliophytina (Angiospermae) Division: Spermatophyta Physiognomic Type: Hemicriptófito General Distribution: Uncertain origin, possibly S Europe e E Mediterranic Region; Cultivated and naturalized in most temperate regions of the world Common Name(s) Salsa Salsa-comum Salsa-hortense Habitat/Ecology Cultivated Lands Ruderal (ruderalis) Sinonimias: Apium crispum Mill. Apium petroselinum L. Carum petroselinum (L.) Benth. et Hook. Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Fuss Petroselinum hortense auct. Petroselinum hortense Hoffm. Petroselinum hortense Hoffm. var. crispum (Mill.) Schübl. et G. Martens Petroselinum hortensis auct. Petroselinum peregrinum (L.) Lag. Petroselinum sativum Hoffm. Petroselinum vulgare Hill Petroselinum vulgare Lag. Flowering season: June - September

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STEP 4 - Meet & Share

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https://padlet.com/mireille_lucasca/PlantAreaBelgium
https://padlet.com/bblundell/jk6ldb78xtn5
https://padlet.com/gdelicado/wsg66zdv8cft
https://padlet.com/maria_ceu_robalo/fqkpk7d2fm7i
https://padlet.com/olgacarvalho66/PlantArea
https://padlet.com/mpqp92/plantarea
https://padlet.com/eltzovani/z6cila9vus6s
https://padlet.com/mpqp92/plantarea
https://padlet.com/gscontact/zf22opi5wa3o

Principles of Biology Bear, Robert; Rintoul, David; Snyder, Bruce; Smith-Caldas, Martha; Herren, Christopher; and Horne, Eva, "Principles of Biology" (2016). Open Access Textbooks. 1. Introdução à Biologia de Anthony J. Gaudin e Kenneth C. Jones edição: Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, abril de 1983 Farmacognosia e Fitoquímica de A. Proença da Cunha Editor: Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian janeiro de 2006 The Herbalist's Bible: John Parkinson's Lost Classic Rediscovered by Julie Bruton-Seal (Author), Matthew Seal (Author) September 2014 Novo guia das plantas medicinais Autor: Mercedes Domínguez, Ricardo Gomez ; coord. María Sanguino Publicação: Amadora : Ediclube, [2011] Geografia de Portugal - de Orlando Ribeiro e Hermann Lautensach Editor: Edições João Sá da Costa Edição : janeiro de 2009 Ervas, Usos e Saberes Plantas Medicinais no Alentejo e Outros Produtos Naturais (6ª Edição) Autor: José Salgueiro Editor: Edições Colibri Edição: junho de 2010

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Biodiversity of Semiarid Landscape: Baseline Study for Understanding the Impact of Human Development on Ecosystems
Sunil Nautiyal, Katari Bhaskar, Y.D. Imran Khan
Springer, 20/06/2015

http://network.bepress.com/explore/life-sciences/plant-sciences/plant-biology/?q=Edible+Plants

https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/report_2002_0524_154909/biogeographical-regions-in-europe/mediterranean_biogeografical_region.pdf/view

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt_Foundation

http://www.biofuelsforeurope.eu/advanced-biofuels/

http://www2.icnf.pt/portal/

https://www.wilder.pt/historias/lista-vermelha-da-flora-vascular/

STEP 1. ACTIVATE YOUR PRIOR KNOWLEDGE - assess the problem

2019-02-28 10:57:34 UTC

In the Andes, the longest continental mountain range in the world, located in south America, tree species are ‘on the run’, trying to move to ground of higher altitude. They are shifting roughly 2.5 to 3.5 vertical meters a year on average, but in fact they need to migrate more than 20 vertical feet a year!

» Look at the 3 options below and choose the one that describes best the Andes issue explained above.

<<2. Tropical Andean trees migrate to higher altitudes where the air is cool enough to support their existence. Due to the fast climatic change they have to move faster in order to remain in equilibrium with their preferred temperatures.>>

Biogeographical Region Europe The Mediterranean biogeographical region (Our PlantArea)

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Key Characteristics
•The Mediterranean biogeographical region and the Mediterranean Sea constitute a frontier zone between Europe, Asia and Africa in terms of climate and species
•The climate is warm with hot summers and mild winters. Arid and desert conditions are increasing and water will become more and more scarce
•Soils are low in humus, and the erosion risk is great in most areas
•The number of indigenous species is still the highest in Europe, the wider Mediterranean area being one of the two hotspots for species in Europe •There is also a high number of endemics as well as wild ancestors to cultivated plants •The cultural influence on nature is the longest in Europe, but rural areas are increasingly being depopulated and abandonned •More than 35 % of the tourists visits in Europe take place in the region, exerting heavy pressure on land and coasts, water and nature resources
•Formerly widespread dry grasslands and traditional agro-forestry with dehesa and montados are decreasing, the areas turned to intensive agriculture or abandonned to scrub formation
•The intensive agriculture, vegetable growing and the large citrus orchards require intensive irrigation
•The region is the olive oil, fruit and nut production region of Europe
•Though there is only around 25% forest cover trees are a dominant feature in the landscape (incl. orchards, olive groves etc.) •Oaks are important, natural old forests are scarce
•Sclerophyllous (evergreen) trees, shrubs and dwarfshrubs are characteristic, many with aromatic oil contents
•There are few lakes and bogs, the area covered by mires is reduced
•However, some of Europe’s most important wetlands for birds migrating between Europe and Africa are found both in eastern and western parts
•Wolf and wildcat have spread, but the Iberian lynx is close to extinction

ALEXANDER von HUMBOLDT

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Alexander von Humboldt was a discoverer and cosmopolitan, a universal scholar and fighter for the freedom of research, a humanist and patron of excellent research talents. The Alexander von Humboldt Foundation as it is known today was established in 1953 by the Federal Republic of Germany. In the spirit of Humboldt it fosters an international network of scientific cooperation and trust.

http://www.humboldt-foundation.de/web/home.html

THEME 3 - STEP 3 CREATE Data about Climatic Change from IPMA Center https://www.ipma.pt/en/oclima/biometeo/

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THEME 3 - Step 3: Create Climatic Change

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IPMA The Portuguese Institute for Sea and Atmosphere, I. P. (IPMA, IP), is a public institution, part of the indirect administration of State, endowed with administrative and financial autonomy and its own assets.
The variability and climate change, induced by natural and/or anthropogenic causes determine the achievement of values in the various climatological parameters that constitute the absolute extremes in the regions where you can register them instrumentally. With an observation network installed since 1931, providing land cover on the mainland sufficiently representative, the Meteorological Institute has in its records (digitized after 1941) the climate extremes obtained from the stations located in the major cities in the mainland and the islands. Because on several occasions we tryed to draw comparisons between the extreme weather events that occur episodically in Portugal, with the climatological past, the Institute of Meteorology considers it appropriate to condense the official historical records of climate extremes and make it available to regular users of their services. The annual meeting of EMMA / METEOALARM partners was held in Lisbon, Portugal. EMMA / METEOALARM corresponds to the European meteorological warnings system, which currently has 37 members and is disseminated in 33 languages. The EMMA / METEOALARM program is carried out within the framework of the activities of EUMETNET (the European Agency for the Cooperation of Meteorological Services) and promotes the harmonization of criteria and procedures for the issuing meteorological warnings in order to ensure a better use of this information by European citizens. The meeting focused on current developments and on the activities planned for the new phase of the EMMA / METEOALARM program in 2019-2022, namely on the adaptation of the warning system to the Common Alerting Protocol (CAP) and on the discussion of impact based forecasting and warning, that simultaneously attributes and demands an increasingly multidisciplinary nature to meteorological warnings.

THEME 4 - STEP 1. ACTIVATE YOUR PRIOR KNOWLEDGE - assess the problem <> MY ANSWER: • Replacing fossil fuels with biofuels is highly controversial since it solves one problem but creates new ones.

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“On a smaller scale, biofuels can be a good alternative for public transport, but we cannot solve the climate issue by simply replacing fossil fuels with biofuels. Instead, we must reduce our energy consumption, as the total energy consumption within road transports is not decreasing”

THEME 4

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: Step 3 - Create
Two alcoholic drinks & their source material

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Vine & Grapes

GIN & "juniper berries"

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Juniper berries

MAIN TREE SPECIES <>

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Pinus Pinaster

FRUIT group of food plants

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GRAINS food group of plants

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TWO COMMON SPICES [1]

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Garlic is one of those time-consuming yet ultimately rewarding parts of cooking up your favorite dish. Sprinkling a bit of this essential spice into pastas, soups, and meat dishes, can add a burst of flavor.

TWO COMMON SPICES [2]

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OREGANO
From Mediterranean pastas to a range of South American dishes, oregano adds a fresh and flavorful twist to a number of beloved entrées. Pro tip: A sprinkle of oregano in your eggs adds a little "European south" flair to this everyday dish.

Theme 4 - Step 3 Create

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THEOPHRASTUS

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Botany, like many other sciences, reached the first definite expression of its principles and problems in ancient Greece, and subsequently continued its development during the Roman Empire.
Theofrasto, a disciple of Aristotle and considered the father of botany, wrote two important works that can mark as the origin of this science: "de Historia plantarum " (' History of Plants ') and "de causis plantarum " (' about the causes of Plants ').

THEME 5 <> Step 1… Step 2… Step 3 << Conservation business plan for our PlantArea>> Our work in the areas of the Parque Natural da Serra de S. Mamede Eco-regions — Large areas spanning thousands of square kilometres — consist of several individual natural areas sharing common characteristics. Through its eco planning process, ICNF (Instituto de Conservação da Natureza e das Florestas) has identified nearly dozens of natural areas of critical importance for the protection of Portugal's habitats and species. Its objective is to advance conservation in these priority areas. Our group searches learn more theory and practice, about our conservation work in natural areas. At the scale of the natural areas, we use our method of conservation to develop a better understanding of the species and habitats of the region. The primary responsibility for conserving biodiversity and ensuring the sustainable use of biological resources is shared among regional, territorial and central government. Also, we participate/cooperate in the process of determine the conservation strategies necessary to maintain or improve their natural health status. We use Natural Area Conservation Plans (our "Business plans" applied to biodiversity) to guide our conservation work in these areas. Our work in natural areas is not a solitary business. Through the collaboration of partners, we make a community of the best scientists knowledge available to guide our efforts as efficiently as possible (shared by amateurs and professionals).

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Setting priorities Our work in natural areas begins with the identification of species and habitats that we need to preserve or restore. These may include endangered animals in the country, such as the Piping plover, or rare and highly endangered habitats, such as alvars. [An alvar is a biological environment based on a limestone plain with thin or no soil and, as a result, sparse grassland vegetation] We carefully examine each species and habitat year to determine its state of health. For example, [Otter Lutra Lutra], which has a threat status because it is a declining population in Europe] in the case of the endangered species, we seek to determine: The number of individuals present in the natural areas of this species; The viability of the population according to the number of individuals; The degree of fragmentation and disturbance of the habitat of the species; Other threats that affect the health of the species. Like the data collected by a doctor during a health check, this information allows us to know if the health status of this natural area is satisfactory or if it requires some form of intervention on our part.

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Strategy development When we have identity and evaluated the species and habitats we wish to protect, we establish specific strategies to maintain or restore their health over a five-year period. Habitat conservation can use the following strategies: Conservation easements; Donations of land; Purchases. We also use other strategies to reduce the impact of threats on a habitat or species and improve their health, including: Restoration of degraded habitats; The restoration of wildlife corridors; The elimination of invasive pests; Support for the conservation efforts of other owners and organizations. We are trying to find the most effective strategies taking into account the resources available. When choosing a strategy, we also set goals for the natural area and indicators of success of our year approach of whether our conservation efforts have produced the expected results or whether we need to adapt our Strategy.

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Habitats - Serra S. Mamede

Habitats Serra S. Mamede

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ACTIONS & IMPACT

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Actions

We don't let our documents planning accumulate dust on a shelf. When the planning program is completed, we roll up our sleeves and implement our conservation strategies, and then we control the effects.

Success measures (impact)

At the last stage of our method of conservation, we evaluate the success of our approach.

Each year, we document our progress, assess our impact on the health of the natural area and adapt our strategies and priorities accordingly.

When the five years of implementation and control of the plan have elapsed, the conservation process begins again and a new conservation plan is developed for the natural area.

By measuring the success of our approach, we ensure that investments in the natural area translate into real conservation gains, and that lessons learned in the field contribute to the development of our “Next Conservation Plan”.

Conservation is one of the priorities of a contemporary botanical space. Associated with the classical idea of greatness by the number of species it can accommodate, the botanical gardens have also represented the greatness of a country, its overseas projection and its economic and military expertise. A botanical garden should not be just a showcase of floristic diversity, at the same time this richness of species should also serve as an official storefront of the power of a nation. This dual objective, where the number of species was also synonymous with global influence, impregnated the scientific and disseminator spirit of the botanical gardens over several centuries. But in the twentieth century the Botanical areas were acquiring another feature, which would eventually cover up in some cases this almost obsessive purpose for taxonomic diversity. Conservation has become a priority in botanical gardens all over the planet. Regardless of the controversy that can be raised around the usefulness, effectiveness and projection of the conservation processes, there is no doubt about the role of mankind as a guarantee of the success of conservation. Humans should not only be deserving of first prizes in destroying the plant resource, but rather, the fact that we are aware of this injury obliges us to try to avoid it as far as possible. This is where the botanical gardens occupy a strategic position, since they become authentic germplasm banks of this diversity. These germplasm banks not only retain DNA in herbariums, seed banks, in vitro crops or other types. In the botanical gardens the priority conservation is in the form of mother plants, and for this it is necessary to develop a plan of propagation, fating and acclimatization of species, accompanied by processes of dissemination and reintroduction in altered or threatened habitats. The Botanical gardens of universities/polytechnics carry out a complex process of conservation, through the propagation and maintenance of mother plants belonging to rare species, threatened or endangered. In the table that is displayed here are the species that are currently being the object of conservation processes in the schools of the region. To accomplish these tasks, a set of areas of propagation and acclimatization were installed along the gardens. The thematic collections also play a decisive role, as each of them is formed by mother plants, selected according to their origin and reproductive vigour (sexual or asexual). All our visits can participate in these conservation tasks, participating in the work of propagation, acclimatization, fating and general maintenance of individuals.

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Close to 380 endangered plants and 24 extinct in mainland Portugal: preliminary results of the project ' Red List of Flora Vascular of Continental Portugal ', which is being developed by the Portuguese Society of Botany and Portuguese Association of Science of vegetation-Phytos, in partnership with the Institute for the Conservation of nature and forests.

2019-03-02 16:11:05 UTC

The process of assessing the risk of extinction of plants was carried out in accordance with the criteria and categories of the Red List of endangered species of the UICN, International Union for the Conservation of nature, which includes 11 categories of risk, including Three categories of threat – Vulnerable (VU), Endangered (EN) and critically Endangered (CR) – at an increasing degree of risk of extinction of the species. Of the 381 plants that were classified in a threat category, 87 are critically endangered (14 of them flagged as potentially extinct in mainland Portugal), 142 are in danger and 157 are in the vulnerable category. There are also 81 almost threatened plants (NT), being close to being able to fit into a threat category in the short or medium term.

2019-03-02 16:13:43 UTC

Among the 87 plants at risk of extremely high extinction (CR) stands out, for example, Onosma tricerosperma subsp. tricerosperma, a plant that exists exclusively in the southern region of the Iberian Peninsula and that has only recently been discovered in Portugal, in Region of Beja, where it occurs in a very specific habitat, associated with gabro soils, a very rare rock in the country. There is only a single population nucleus of this plant in Portugal that contains only 20 individuals and is subject to threats related to agricultural activity. The second known nucleus was recently destroyed due to the installation of an orchard, which provoked the destruction of a large area of habitat favorable to the plant.
Agricultural expansion and intensification is effectively one of the most serious threats that fall on the flora of our country, affecting almost one third of the plants evaluated in the project. This threat mainly raved the arable flora of the Baixo Alentejo, where traditional olive groves and other extensive upland crops – the exclusive habitat of many plants – are being replaced by intensive irrigated crops, the coastal flora Southwest where the installation of greenhouses is proliferates, and the flora of the West and the Algarve, where it has increased the number of orchards on a large scale.
The profound changes in land use that occurred throughout the twentieth century associated with urban expansion of major cities and agricultural intensification may have been the origin of the extinction of a large part of the 24 species evaluated as extinct In the project. This is the case of the two endemic plants of Portugal with restricted distribution to Baixo Alentejo – Armeria neglecta and Armeria arcuata – which were classified as extinct at the global level (EX), and some of the remaining 22 plants evaluated as regionally extinct ( RE), which are extinct in mainland Portugal even though they still survive in other parts of the world, such as Ononis hirta, which existed in the outskirts of Lisbon until 1946. Many of them were aquatic plants or were exclusively associated with wetlands, having disappeared from our territory probably due to pressures such as water pollution, drainage, and invasion by exotic species, as is the case of Epipactis palustris, an orchid that once inhabited humid meadows in the Douro and Beira Litoral regions.
The project ' Red List of the Vascular Flora of Continental Portugal ' began in October 2016 under the coordination of the Portuguese Society of Botany (Spbotany) and the Portuguese Association of Vegetation Science (Phytos) in partnership with the Institute of Conservation of Nature and forests (ICNF), and will run until June 2019, as a result of the prolongation of its completion date, initially scheduled for September 2018.

It is noteworthy that the evaluation of about 630 plants in such a limited time period of this project was only possible due to the commitment of the Portuguese botanical community, with contributions from more than 90 employees involved in various tasks, from the collection of Information on plants in the field and in Herarians until the review of the assessments produced. The evaluation charts of the plants are currently in the review phase, and are predicted to be completed during the first quarter of 2019.