Culture Relativism

Cultural relativism is the idea that a person's beliefs and practices should be understood based on that person's own culture. It is the practice of assessing a culture by its own standards rather than viewing it through the lens of ones own culture. Practicing this requires a open mind and willingness to consider and adapt newvku

Although human societies have much in common, cultural differences are far more prevalent than cultural universals. for example, even though all cultures have languages, there are different customs, in the Middle East, people stand close to others in conversation, while Americans like their personal space. Eating and drinking in cultures also vary, some people use their hands, and some use utensils.

Culture Imperialism

Deliberate imposition of ones own cultural values on another culturec

Culture shock

When people find a culture that is new and unfamiliar they may experience disorientation and frustration. 

Familiarity and Unfamiliarity

When people travel to foreign countries they are unfamiliar with certain aspects of that culture. As they interact with these cultures they become more aware of the differences and commonalities between them. If we keep our sociological imagination alive, we begin to understand and accept the differences. Body language and gestures can be very different around the world but one common shared trait is when people have a sour expression and cross their arms, they would have the same reaction in most countries, from the US, Russia, Indonesia, ETC. 

Study of George Murdock

he found that culture universal often revolves around basic human survival, such as food, clothes, and shelter. or shared human experience. Sociologists consider humor necessary to human interaction because it helps individuals navigate otherwise tense situations.

Ethnocentrism

Beleiving your group is correct measuring standard and if other cultures don't measure up to it, theyre wrong. William Graham described it as thinking your culture is better than all the others and that almost everyone is a little  ethnosentric

Xenocentrism

the opposite of ethnosentrism, beleif that another culture is superior to your own.

Ideals or princeples and standards members of a culture hold in high regard. Most cultures in any society hold "knowledge"(education) in high regard. Values are deeply embedded and are critical for learning a culture's beliefs.

Ex: Cultures differ in their values about what kinds of physical closeness are appropriate in public

-> Debateable values: Values that differ per person

Beliefs:

tenets or convictions that people hold to be true.

Individual cultures in a society have personal beliefs but they also share collective values.

->Values shape a soceity by suggesting what is good or bad

->Values suggest how people shall act, but they dont reflect how they do behave.

->Values portray an ideal culture, the standard people want to live up to but ideal culture differs from real culture.

Social Control

->Society tried to maintain its values through punishment and reward

->When people observe the normas of soceity and upholds it's values they are often rewarded

->People sanction unwanted or inappropriate behaviours by withholding support, approval, or permission or implementing sanctions. Sanctions are forms of social control, ways to encorage conformity to norms. 

->Sanctions can be both negative and positive

->Breaking norms may earn us negative names and labels, or legal sanctions

Norms

-> Behaviours that reflect compliance with what cultures and societies have defines as good, right and most important, most members adhere to them. 

-> Formal norms

They are established and written, They support many social institutions such as the military, criminal justice, and even healthcare systems. Functionalists may question what purpose they serve, and conflict theorists might be interested in who creates, benefits, and suffers under these formal norms, and symbolic interactionists wonder about how a group that benefits interacts. Laws

-> Informal norms

Casual behavior that are generally and widely conformed to. People learn by observation, imitation. They arent written so may be difficult to catch on

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Mores

->norms that embody the moral views and principles of a group

->often with a religious foundation

-> Violating them can have serious consequences 

Folkways

->norms without any moral underlining

->They are direct appropriate behavior in the day-to-day practices and expressions of a culture

-> We think of them as traditions

Symbols and Cultures

Symbols

-> Help people understand the world 

->Provide a communication method to understand experiences by conveying recognizable meanings that are shared by a society

->They are material culture but they convey non-material cultural meanings

->They are often noticed when they are out of context

-> Used unconventionally, they convey strong messages.

->Wearing an outfit, a drawing, or words, can convey something more than it may seem

Representation of symbols

->Some symbols represent only one side of the story and elicit strong emotions which can lead to social unrest

->Their presence is a reminder of the nation's worst times. Many of these symbols target vandalism as the destruction  of these representations is symbolic

->

Language and symbols

->a system that uses symbols with which people communicate and through which culture is transmitted. 

->Letters (that make up words), pectrographs, and hand gestures, are forms of language. 

Impact of language

->Many sociologists believe that language can have a broad and lasting impact on preception

->Unlike in English, German gender nouns, believing certain items have features that make them masculine or feminine. 

Tukaran

Jawa timur: Bertengkar

Jawa tengah: tukar menukar 

Language really affects how we view things, what we believe in, and our surroundings because in some languages they think a certain implicit meanings are attached whilst in other languages they view it as any other word. like the number 4 being attached to negative connotations

Nonverbal connotation

-> Communication without words

-> it's symbolic, and it is learned through ones culture

->From a distance a person may "read" the emotional situation of a person by looking at the persons body language

->But different things can be interpreted differently, like something positive may seem negative to others 

->Pattren of cultural experiences and attitude that exists in the highest or elite class segments of society

->In America, is often associated with wealth

-> Examples are also attending performances like ballet, orchestras, grand formal events, and prestigious colleges.

Low culture

-> associated with the pattern of cultural experiences and attitudes that exist in the lower-class segments of society

Pop Culture

Pop culture is often meant primarily to be objects of entertainment and commodity for profit, although there are cases where cultures (pop or otherwise) are overtly designed to make political statements and may be celebrated or banned as such

Pop culture in Indonesia

Product of an industrialized society where both the signifying practices and their observable products (culture) are produced or performed in a great number often with the assistance of technologies of mass production, distribution, and duplication, making them highly accessible to the populace.

Subculture and Counterculture
Subculture

-> A smaller culture within a larger culture, isn't followed by everyone in a culture. They have a specific identity. 

->They are still in line with the larger culture

-> They are formed by people who possess traits or preferences that differ from the majority of a society's population

Counter Culture

->They are against the dominant culture

->They defy society and develop their own set of rules

->Ex: cults

Cultural Change

->Culture is continually changing because more and more material culture is created every day, and the meanings are assigned to them as well.

->Ex: new tech, new ideas like flash mobs

->there are two categories of change, "Innovation"(something new)  and "diffusion"(to spread out)

Innovation: Discovery and Invention

Discovery

->Finding something for the first time that was always there. 

Generation Gap

-> When the pace of information increases, it can lead to generation gaps. Technological gadgets that catch on quickly with one generation are sometimes dismissed by an older generation that is skeptical or struggles to adopt them

->A culture's objects and ideas can also cause cultural gaps, material culture tends to diffuse more quickly than non-material culture.

Culture Lag

the time that passes between the introduction of as new item of material culture and its social acceptance. 

->Increase in air pollution, traffic control and limited parking is a result of culture lag.

-> consists of the people and institutions around us, our shared beliefs, and our cultural ideas

-> Gerhard Lenski: As a society advances, so does its use of technology. Societies with rudimentary technology depend on the fluctuations of their environments, while industrialized societies have more control over the impact of their surroundings

->societies were small, rural, and dependant on local resources.

->Economic production was limited to the amount of labor a human being could provide and there were a few specialized.

Industrial

-> in the eighteenth century, eourpoe experienced a dramatic rise in technological invention

-> a lot of new inventions.

Post industrial

->Digital tech

Types of society

->The culture and social structure pf a society are greatly affected by the way the society provides for baisc needs

->A society is a group of peiple who live in defined borders and share common culture

-> All societies have shared patterns and predictable social rships

->The different ways in which societes meet their members' basic needs such as the needs for food, shelter, form the basis of a system that anthropologists often use to classify societies

->Pre industruak societies can be idependent and self sufficient

Types of Pre industrial SOciety

->Relied on their surroundings

-> They are very adaptable, they were nomads

->They are based around tribes and kinships

->Hunter gatherer groups are slowly disappering

->No social classes, no private property or ownership

->No political authority, therefore uses other methods for conflict resolution

Pastoral

->Rely on domestication of animals and started cultivating their own plants

->They breed for food, clothing, and transportation and they created a surplus of goods

->Nomadic to fulfill their animals' needs

-> Raising cattle, camel, goats, etc

->They do have migration but some have long term villages

-> usually male dominated

->They produce surpluses and have social inequality as a result

Horticultural

-> Around the same time as pastoral societies

->Formed in areas where they can grow stable crops like rainfall-prone areas

->They can have permanent settlements even if they largely depend on the environment.

->This created more stability and more material goods and became the basis for the first revolution in human survival

->They use simple tools to grow plants

->The shift from other societies to this one created more permanent settlements

-> The family is even more basic to horticultural societies than hunting and gathering ones

->In horticultural societies, primary emphasis is on the survival of family members and all family members contribute to food production.

Agricultural

-> Larger scale than horticultural

-> More modern

->Larger population

Feudal, Hunter gatherer

-> Relied on permanent tools for survival

->Start of megapolitan

Buffer stage/state

->

Technology of Palehotic societies

->Animal bones

->wood

->fur

SUggesttions for the causes of agriculture

-> Rise in population

->Flooding in costal areas due tp post glacial rise.

->Climatic changes marked by desiccation

->Social competition between hunter gatherer communities drive by desire to gain status

Organization during Peleolithic Age

-> family unit

->extended family firn clans

->they sustain themselves by foraging

->Theyre nomadic

-> They needed collaboration and teamwork to hunt and wage war

Social Organization During Paleolithic Age

->Gander division labor

->Men huntied, made ware, and performed heavy labor

->Women gathered nuts, berries, and plants; prepared food; maintained home; and tended children

->Some historians believe they were basically equal

Feudalisim, land was granted in return for services, King, nobals, knights, peasants.

nobals, military and financial

knights, protected the land

peasents, they worked for knights and nobals for food and shelter

Modern examples of feudalism:

->Inharitance of property

->Today, in the US, less than 1% of people are farmers

Definition

-> The industrial revolution was an increase in Production brought about by the use of machines and characterized by the use of new energy sources

->Started in 1750, Europe

British textile industry

-> The flying shuttle by John Kay in 1733 drastically increased the speed of weaving, which in turn created demand for yarn, which led to inventions like the Spinning jesnny and waterframe. Soon these things were powerd by water power until steam engine came along to make flying shuttles fly in cotton mills

-> The most successful steamengine was made by Thomas Newcomen to clear water out of mines, which lead to more coal to burn

-> James Watt made a steam engine that created railroads, steamboats and more efficient cotton mills

Why the industrial revolution may have happened(Eurocentric)

->Cultural Superitority: Superior rationality

-> Science and invention

->Freer political institutions: encouraged innovation and strong property rights for inventors.

-> Small population

-> At the time China, India and Europe were in teh same stage in the industrial production

China didn't happen because Britan had coal, the industrial revolution was about using different sources of power and the British had coal, in the surface, making it easy.

->Steam engines used cheap British coal to keep British coal cheap and cheap British coal created the opportunity for everything from rail roads to steal, which created a positive feedback loop

->Wages: They were rlly high in britan, so people turned to machines to lower their production costs.

Wages were high and energy was cheap. These prices lead to the Industrial Revolution by giving firms strong incentives to invent technologies that substituted capital and coal for labor

-> Indian costs were so low that they didn't need to industrialize due to the already existing efficiency

->Indian cotton created the market and then the British imported cotton from then Manufacturers invested in machines and increased production to compete with India

jam 5-7 hari kedua

jam 8-10 hari ketiga

mandi, istirahat dan makan malam hari keempat

salama bapa di desa ini apakah pernah ada dana/uang

calon legislatif

sociology: focuses on interactions between humans in a society

The story of noel gives us the idea that if someone is put into an unfamiliar place in which everyone acts differently, people will uphold a sort of expectation for them to follow their rules. Socialisation is the process of learning to behave the way that is accepted by society. So thats what noel needs to do. From his pov, it may seem weird that he's getting scolded, but to be fair he is in an unfamiliar place and he should try to learn their ways.

• Stages of the maturation process and he Posited that people's self-development is closely linked to their early stages of development.

• If we fail to engage or disengage from a specific stage result in emotional and psychological consequences later on

• focus on psychosexual stages and basic human urges

Erik

• believed that personality continues to develop and never stops

• 8 stages of development(birth-death)

• people move through these stages

• more to social aspects like the way we negotiate between our desires and what is socially acceptable

Jean

• focused on the roles of social interactions in child development

• recognized that the development of self-evolved through a negotiation between the world as it exists in one's mind and the world that exists as it is experienced socially

• people's self understanding is constructed by their preception of how otehrs view them (looking glass self)

George

• studied 'self' a person's distinct identity that is developed through social interaction

• to engage they have to beable to view themselves in the eyes of others

• not born with

• from socialization we learn to see the world from other's prespective

• helps us be more self aware and look at ourselves in eyes of "other"

->dining manners and customs of different cultures are learned by socialization, as shown in the image below.

Social Interaction

->provides the means via which we gradually become able to see ourselves through the eyes of others, and how we learn who we are and how we fit into the world around us.

-> learn the basics of nonmaterial and material culture.

Nurture

->Role that our social environment plays in self development

-> the relationships and caring that surrounds us.

Nature

-> Influence of our genetic makeup on slef development

-> based on genetics

->temperaments, interests, and talents are set before birth.

->research with twins who were raised separately

Chris Langan

-> Chris took on mostly physical jobs and had no college degree whilst having a 195 IQ.

-> He didnt posses the social skills to succeed on such a high level, skills that are not innate but learned.

-> What Chris had in brilliance, he lacked in practical intelligence. "knowing what to say to whom, knowing when to say it, and knowing how to say it for maximum effect."

Gladwell and Annette Lareau

-> higher income: actively fostered and accessed a child's talents, opinions, and skills.

-> Lower income: accomplishment of natural growth, independance

Identical twins

-> look alike but have differences due to socialization

Importance of Socialization

->it trains members to operate successfully within it

-> perpetuates culture by stransmitting it to new generations.

->without it, culture may die down.

-> Conflict theorists might argue that socialization reproduces inequa;ity from generation to generation by conveying different expectations and norms to those with different social characteristics. Creating different and unequal opportunities.