The research outlines the complex interplay of natural and human factors in causing floods in southern Portugal, so approaches to the problem need to accommodate a variety of short-term emergency responses and long-term sustainable land management.(Ramos,c, et. al,2002)

2) Change in emotional distress, anxiety, depression and PTSD from pre- to post-flood exposure in women residing in low-income settings in South Africa.

The study provides strong evidence of disastrous mental health effects from floods on women in low-income setups. It calls for increased attention and allocation of resources to mental health support and prevention strategies in disaster-prone regions.(Gigaba, Washington, et. al,2024)

3) Children in the 2015 South Indian floods: community members’ views.

The research underscores the need to integrate experiences of children in disaster responses and recovery efforts. This means directing intervention efforts into needs that are specific to children, especially from marginalized communities.(Gautam, R and Bhatta,2018)

The El Niño of 2017 disrupted the study in Peru. First of all, researchers experienced a difficulty in getting quality data on spending, after which there was the very problem of differentiation between direct and indirect effects. This research exposed how short-term changes in spending priorities and panic buying do occur, with long-term financial burdens to consumers in spite of these odds. On the other side, it proved the Peruvian market is resilient. These findings make a strong case for understanding consumer behavior during disasters for effective recovery planning.(sakurai, Chughtai, 2020)

Consequentialist theory holds that it is wrong to neglect the psychological impacts of natural disasters because persons affected suffer a number of serious mental health issues, all of which reduce well-being and productivity. On the basis of consequentialism, its wrongfulness flowed from the extensive negative consequences brought about by this form of negligence. Also Deontology is the ethical theory that emphasizes the rightness or wrongness of actions, which is independent of their consequences. From this deontological perspective, it becomes extremely important that human rights and welfare are protected by stressing the duties of governments and institutions to provide support where necessary, such as through mental health services. Where as it is teleology, the point of ethical theory whereby actions are judged by the morality of their consequences. More commonly called consequentialism, it holds that "the end justifies the means," or, in other words, the end result of a particular action determines its goodness.

Climate risk resilience must lie at the heart of all efforts toward this goal. Developing resilient infrastructure but also local empowerment to adapt and thrive in altered conditions form integral parts of the requirement. Another critical aspect of this would be the mainstreaming of climate considerations into the national policy, strategy, and planning processes. Through mainstreaming climate action, governments should make sure that environmental sustainability becomes not additional to but rather one of the core foundations of progress. Furthermore, there is a need to promote climate literacy and capacity building. Equipping individuals and organizations with information and tools on the causes, impacts, mitigation, and adaptation to climate information for decision-making can greatly help. An informed public can speed up innovation, call for a sustainable future, and demand accountability from leaders.

Climate change is one of the problems that have complex plausible solution attributes. It means not only the construction of physical structures resilient to the impacts of climate change but also social and economic systems. The integration of climate action into national planning, therefore, has to be holistic in nature, taking account of the risks associated with climate in all sectors. Moreover, more climate literacy will further aid decision-making at both individual and aggregate levels, together with paving the way toward contributions to climate solutions. A climate-resilient and low-carbon future would mean the planet is safeguarded, and a sustainable future for all is realized.

Ultimately, SDG 13 reiterates the fact that climate action needs a comprehensive approach. It requires international cooperation in technology and common but differentiated sharing of resources toward a low-carbon and climate-resilient future. And this is only possible in that manner that the world would truly have a sustainable future where the planet is safeguarded.(UNSDG 13)

https://repositorio.ul.pt/bitstream/10451/36814/1/Ramos-Reis_2002.pdf

Nöthling, J., Gibbs, A., Washington, L., Gigaba, S. G., Willan, S., Abrahams, N., & Jewkes, R. (2024). Change in emotional distress, anxiety, depression and PTSD from pre-to post-flood exposure in women residing in low-income settings in South Africa. Archives of women's mental health, 27(2), 201-218.

Sakurai, R., & Chughtai, S. (2020). Impact of natural disasters on consumer behavior: Case of the 2017 El Nino phenomenon in Peru. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 46, 101493.

https://research.ebsco.com/c/6kr4lr/viewer/html/ahnwcbhtbj

Gautam, R., & Bhatia, M. (2018). Children in the 2015 South Indian floods: Community members’ views. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 31, 12-20.

https://research.ebsco.com/c/6kr4lr/viewer/html/z4iyk4gx7z

Shaw, W., Barry, V., & Muntean, D. (2020). Normative theories of ethics. Moral issues in business (4th ed., pp. 43–81). Cengage. https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/vu/reader.action?docID=6511766&ppg=21

https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/climate-change/

Ethics & Compliance Initiative. (2023). Global Business Ethics Survey: The state of ethics in the workplace. https://www.ethics.org/gbes-2023/