https://padlet.com/235049_2/x5g13cyebjsynyh5 A comprehensive exploration of significant civil rights milestones and Supreme Court decisions that have shaped the American legal and social landscape. en-us 2024-03-05 17:51:17 UTC 2024-03-07 06:14:33 UTC hello@padlet.com 235049_2 https://padlet.com/235049_2/x5g13cyebjsynyh5/wish/2906665867 2024-03-05 17:51:17 UTC https://padlet.com/235049_2/x5g13cyebjsynyh5/wish/2906665867 235049_2 https://padlet.com/235049_2/x5g13cyebjsynyh5/wish/2906665871 2024-03-05 17:51:17 UTC https://padlet.com/235049_2/x5g13cyebjsynyh5/wish/2906665871 235049_2 https://padlet.com/235049_2/x5g13cyebjsynyh5/wish/2906665877 2024-03-05 17:51:17 UTC https://padlet.com/235049_2/x5g13cyebjsynyh5/wish/2906665877 235049_2 https://padlet.com/235049_2/x5g13cyebjsynyh5/wish/2906665881 2024-03-05 17:51:18 UTC https://padlet.com/235049_2/x5g13cyebjsynyh5/wish/2906665881 235049_2 https://padlet.com/235049_2/x5g13cyebjsynyh5/wish/2906665886 2024-03-05 17:51:18 UTC https://padlet.com/235049_2/x5g13cyebjsynyh5/wish/2906665886 235049_2 https://padlet.com/235049_2/x5g13cyebjsynyh5/wish/2906665891 2024-03-05 17:51:18 UTC https://padlet.com/235049_2/x5g13cyebjsynyh5/wish/2906665891 235049_2 https://padlet.com/235049_2/x5g13cyebjsynyh5/wish/2906665902 2024-03-05 17:51:18 UTC https://padlet.com/235049_2/x5g13cyebjsynyh5/wish/2906665902 235049_2 https://padlet.com/235049_2/x5g13cyebjsynyh5/wish/2906665905 2024-03-05 17:51:18 UTC https://padlet.com/235049_2/x5g13cyebjsynyh5/wish/2906665905 235049_2 https://padlet.com/235049_2/x5g13cyebjsynyh5/wish/2906665909 2024-03-05 17:51:18 UTC https://padlet.com/235049_2/x5g13cyebjsynyh5/wish/2906665909 235049_2 https://padlet.com/235049_2/x5g13cyebjsynyh5/wish/2906665910 In 1965, President Johnson issued Executive Order 11246 requiring federal contractors to take affirmative action to ensure equality of employment opportunity without regard to race, religion and national origin. In 1968, gender was added to the protected categories. This important order impacted every demographic, and played a part in Civil Rights for all.

]]> 2024-03-05 17:51:18 UTC https://padlet.com/235049_2/x5g13cyebjsynyh5/wish/2906665910 235049_2 https://padlet.com/235049_2/x5g13cyebjsynyh5/wish/2906676219 In 1957, Little Rock's Central High School became a crucial battleground in the struggle for civil rights. The nation sat transfixed as nine African-American students entered the previously all-white school under federal troop escort. This was a defining moment in Civil Rights, especially for African Americans.

]]> 2024-03-05 17:58:03 UTC https://padlet.com/235049_2/x5g13cyebjsynyh5/wish/2906676219 235049_2 https://padlet.com/235049_2/x5g13cyebjsynyh5/wish/2906682589 In 1970, "Jane Roe" filed a lawsuit against Henry Wade, the district attorney of Dallas County, Texas, where she resided, challenging a Texas law making abortion illegal except by a doctor’s orders to save a woman’s life. In her lawsuit, Roe alleged that the state laws were unconstitutionally vague and abridged her right of personal privacy, protected by the First, Fourth, Fifth, Ninth, and Fourteenth Amendments.

]]> 2024-03-05 18:01:48 UTC https://padlet.com/235049_2/x5g13cyebjsynyh5/wish/2906682589 235049_2 https://padlet.com/235049_2/x5g13cyebjsynyh5/wish/2909320030 Regents of the University of California v. Bakke is a 1978 Supreme Court case which held that a university's admissions criteria which used race as a definite and exclusive basis for an admission decision violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment and Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

]]> 2024-03-07 05:52:46 UTC https://padlet.com/235049_2/x5g13cyebjsynyh5/wish/2909320030 235049_2 https://padlet.com/235049_2/x5g13cyebjsynyh5/wish/2909324818 The Jim Crow laws were state and local laws introduced in the Southern United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries that enforced racial segregation, "Jim Crow" being a pejorative term for an African American. Such laws remained in force until 1965. Later, the Supreme court unanimously ruled that “separate, but equal” was unconstitutional and that the segregation of public schools, and other public spaces, violated the Thirteenth and Fourteenth amendments.

]]> 2024-03-07 05:57:02 UTC https://padlet.com/235049_2/x5g13cyebjsynyh5/wish/2909324818 235049_2 https://padlet.com/235049_2/x5g13cyebjsynyh5/wish/2909327884 De facto segregation is the separation of people that occurs “by fact,” rather than by legally imposed requirements. In Balsbaugh v. Rowland (1972), the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania held that the Commission had the authority to use computers and busing to assign students in a manner that reduced racial segregation and that the elimination of “neighborhood schools” using public monies was not an equal protection violation.

]]> 2024-03-07 05:59:53 UTC https://padlet.com/235049_2/x5g13cyebjsynyh5/wish/2909327884 235049_2 https://padlet.com/235049_2/x5g13cyebjsynyh5/wish/2909330492 In Plessy vs Ferguson, rendered on May 18, 1896, the Supreme Court authorized Southern states to impose racial segregation by law, provided that the conditions offered to the various "racial" groups by such segregation were equal, a doctrine known as "separate but equal”. This de jure segregation continued until the 1960s. De jure segregation is the potentially discriminatory separation of groups of people according to government-enacted laws. Laws requiring blacks and whites to attend separate schools is an example of de jure segregation. A connection to other parts of the Civil Rights movement is the the Jim Crow laws that followed the Reconstruction period in the South are clear examples of de jure segregation, because the segregation and disenfranchisement of persons of color was codified into law.

]]> 2024-03-07 06:02:17 UTC https://padlet.com/235049_2/x5g13cyebjsynyh5/wish/2909330492 235049_2 https://padlet.com/235049_2/x5g13cyebjsynyh5/wish/2909332873 The Montgomery Bus Boycott was a political and social protest campaign against the policy of racial segregation on the public transit system of Montgomery, Alabama. Rosa Parks' arrest on December 1, 1955 launched the Montgomery Bus Boycott by 17,000 black citizens. A Supreme Court ruling and declining revenues forced the city to desegregate its buses thirteen months later. It led to a 1956 U.S. Supreme Court decision declaring that Montgomery's segregation laws on buses were unconstitutional.

]]> 2024-03-07 06:04:31 UTC https://padlet.com/235049_2/x5g13cyebjsynyh5/wish/2909332873 235049_2 https://padlet.com/235049_2/x5g13cyebjsynyh5/wish/2909335714 The Equal Pay Act was passed to prohibit discrimination on account of sex in the payment of wages by employers engaged in commerce or in the production of goods for commerce. It protected against wage discrimination based on sex. Since the Equal Pay Act was signed 60 years ago, women have made strides in educational attainment, employment, and pay.

]]> 2024-03-07 06:07:13 UTC https://padlet.com/235049_2/x5g13cyebjsynyh5/wish/2909335714 235049_2 https://padlet.com/235049_2/x5g13cyebjsynyh5/wish/2909337878 Signed into law in 1990, the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) protects persons with disabilities from discrimination in many aspects of life, including employment, education, and access to public accommodations. The Act made discrimination based on disability illegal in employment, and other aspects of life such as public transportation, public programs, telecommunications, and public accommodations such as restaurants, hotels, shopping centers and offices.

]]> 2024-03-07 06:09:06 UTC https://padlet.com/235049_2/x5g13cyebjsynyh5/wish/2909337878 235049_2 https://padlet.com/235049_2/x5g13cyebjsynyh5/wish/2909340158 The Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 is a United States labor law requiring covered employers to provide employees with job-protected, unpaid leave for qualified medical and family reasons. It entitles employees of covered employers to take unpaid, job-protected leave for specified family and medical reasons with continuation of group health insurance coverage under the same terms and conditions as if the employee had not taken leave. This changed society by allowing women to take maternity leaves without significant consequences, increasing equality in the workplace.

]]> 2024-03-07 06:11:17 UTC https://padlet.com/235049_2/x5g13cyebjsynyh5/wish/2909340158 235049_2 https://padlet.com/235049_2/x5g13cyebjsynyh5/wish/2909344129 President Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863, as the nation approached its third year of bloody civil war. The proclamation declared "that all persons held as slaves" within the rebellious states "are, and henceforward shall be free." At the time, this was purely for strategical purposes. It added moral force to the Union cause and strengthened the Union both militarily and politically.

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