The temperature in the seed vault ranges from -5C to -18C to secure the seeds.

Journalists call the seed vault as the "Noah's Ark of Plant Diversity". Gene diversity is needed for developing new varieties of plants and the seed vault has seeds from all over the world.

Seed vaults give farmers the feeling of safety when seeds are sent to the seed vault and when a seed bank in a place is destroyed, the Svalbard seed vault sends the seeds back for them to create a new gene bank. International conflicts are cooled down when it comes to the seed vault

Svalbard Global Seed Vault is the world's largest collection of genetic diversity of crops

13,000 years worth of agricultural history. As of 2016, it has 70,000 different varieties of barley, 150,000 samples of rice, and 140,000 samples of wheat.

The genes stored in the seed vault are used for creating new varieties to increase the world's food production

Seed banks conserve their seeds, prepare the genes for future food supplies

Reference:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B95Pem9XW7k

Reference:

http://www.fao.org/3/ca8198en/ca8198en.pdf

Both dicot and monocot seeds have a protective outer layer called testa, that is made out of dead cells. In the embryonic axis, the radicle or the embryonic root can be found. A dicot seed has two cotyledons, while a monocot seed only has one. The endosperm serves as the food reserves of the seed, and during germination, the cotyledons act as an absorptive organ to take up the nutrients from the food reserves. The perisperm can only be found in dicots and is derived from the nucleus and gives rise to the ovule. The hypocotyl is where the cotyledons are attached.

Image from: 

Taiz, L., Zeigerm E., Moller, I. M. & Murphy, A. (2015). Plant Physiology and Development. Sinauer Associates, Inc.

 

The second stage is the globular stage, wherein an octant globular embryo is formed through a series of division of the apical cell. This octant globular embryo exhibits radial symmetry, and cell division follows to increase the number of cells in the globular embryo. The protoderm also forms here and will later become the epidermis. 

 

The third stage is the heart stage where two cotyledons are formed through a series of cell division. This gives the embryo bilateral symmetry. 

 

The fourth stage is the torpedo stage where cellular elongation and differentiation occurs  throughout the embryonic axis. The abaxial and adaxial tissues are differentiated here. 

The fifth and final stage is the mature stage  where the embryo and seed becomes metabolically inactive and enters seed dormancy.

Reference: 
Taiz, L., Zeigerm E., Moller, I. M. & Murphy, A. (2015). Plant Physiology and Development. Sinauer Associates, Inc.

Reference:
Jurgens, G. (2001). Apical–basal pattern formation in Arabidopsis embryogenesis. EMBO J, 20, 3609-3616. https://doi.org/10.1093/emboj/20.14.3609

Reference:

Banag, C. I., Mouly, A., Alejandro, G. J. D., Bremer, B., Meve, U., Grimm, G. W. & Liede-Schumann, S. (2017). Ixora (Rubiaceae) on the Philippines - crossroad or cradle? BMC Evolutionary Biology, 17, 131. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-017-0974-3

Image from: https://elnidoenvironment.files.wordpress.com/2011/11/img_2325.jpg?w=1400

Rubite, R. R., Hughes, M., Blanc, P., Chung, K. F., Yang, H. A., Kono, Y., Alejandro, G. J. D., De Layola, L. B., Virata, A. G. N. & Peng, C. I. (2015). Three new species of Begonia endemic to the Puerto Princesa Subterranean River National Park, Palawan. Bot Stud, 56(19), 1-14. DOI 10.1186/s40529-015-0099-1

Rubite, R. R., Hughes, M., Blanc, P., Chung, K. F., Yang, H. A., Kono, Y., Alejandro, G. J. D., De Layola, L. B., Virata, A. G. N. & Peng, C. I. (2015). Three new species of Begonia endemic to the Puerto Princesa Subterranean River National Park, Palawan. Bot Stud, 56(19), 1-14. DOI 10.1186/s40529-015-0099-1

Rubite, R. R., Hughes, M., Blanc, P., Chung, K. F., Yang, H. A., Kono, Y., Alejandro, G. J. D., De Layola, L. B., Virata, A. G. N. & Peng, C. I. (2015). Three new species of Begonia endemic to the Puerto Princesa Subterranean River National Park, Palawan. Bot Stud, 56(19), 1-14. DOI 10.1186/s40529-015-0099-1

Reference

Rubite, R. R., Hughes, M., Blanc, P., Chung, K. F., Yang, H. A., Kono, Y., Alejandro, G. J. D., De Layola, L. B., Virata, A. G. N. & Peng, C. I. (2015). Three new species of Begonia endemic to the Puerto Princesa Subterranean River National Park, Palawan. Bot Stud, 56(19), 1-14. DOI 10.1186/s40529-015-0099-1

Reference:

Tang, C. C., Xue, B. & Saunder, R. M. K. (2013). A new species of Goniothalamus (Annonaceae) from Palawan, and a new nomenclatural combination in the genus from Fiji. PhytoKeys, 32, 27-35. doi: 10.3897/phytokeys.32.6663

Techniques namely light, acid and other chemicals, dry heat, hot water, fire, and scarification are utilized to break seed dormancy. Plant seeds that undergo seed dormancy include Arabidopsis, which may either go dormant or non-dormant , manzanita (Arctostaphylos) and California lilac (Ceanothus).

Reference:
Bentsink, L., & Koornneef, M. (2008). Seed Dormancy and Germination. The Arabidopsis Book, 6, e0119. doi:10.1199/tab.0119 .
Tuan, P. A., Sun, M., Nguyen, T.-N., Park, S., & Ayele, B. T. (2019). Molecular mechanisms of seed germination. Sprouted Grains, 1–24. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-811525-1.00001-4 
Yildiz, M. et al. (20147). Seed Dormancy. Advances in Seed Biology. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.70571

There are three phases seed undergoes when taking up water, these are phase I, phase II, and phase III. In phase I, seeds initially uptake water rapidly. Phase II is considered as the plateau phase where uptake of water is enhanced. Phase III occurs when germination begins and uptake of water is increased. As the DNA repair, transcription and translation is restored accompanied by cell division resumption and cell-elongation, the germination can be observed. The rupture of testa and the rupture of endosperm is the two stage process of germination. The completion of germination occurs when the micropylar endosperm is ruptured by the developing radicle.

When the free fatty acids and glycerol are produced from the hydrolyzed triacylglycerol by lipases in oleosomes, then the mobilization of storage lipid is initiated. In peroxisomes, β-oxidation occurs to metabolize the fatty acids. After, the glyoxylate cycle will partially occur in the peroxisome and the remaining would be in the cytoplasm. Isocitrate lyase, malate synthase and citrate synthase are some of the five enzymes of the glyoxylate cycle occurring in the peroxisome, while the remaining two are the malate dehydrogenase and aconitase occurs in the cytoplasm. Succinate is transported into the mitochondria from the peroxisome and under Krebs cycle, succinate will be converted into malate. Once the malate is transported into the cytoplasm, the oxaloacetate will then be yielded from malate. In seed germination, processes for carbon transport are synthesis of sugar and gluconeogenesis.

Tropisms are utilized by the plant for response to the environment by repositioning organs to capture resources. Tropism are directional growth movements of the plant responding to factors such as water and gravity. In gravitropism, gravity is used as the basis or the main driver which directs the movement of the root growth. In the root cap, the lateral gradient occurs after shootward flux of auxin brought about by the statolith's displacement and gravity is interpreted in the columella cells found in the root cap. The root tip is observed to be growing downwards after the epidermis of the elongation zone undergoes differential growth caused by the continuous flow of auxin in the lateral root cap and in the epidermis located at the lower side of the root. Moreover, hydrotropism is a tropism wherein the root's directional growth is onto a water source. The water potential is detected by the plant roots in the root's surroundings and in the elongation zone, differential growth is observed after the direction of the root tip changes.  

Reference:
Awatif S. Ali and Alaaeldin A. Elozeiri (December 6th 2017). Metabolic Processes During Seed Germination, Advances in Seed Biology, Jose C.  
Dietrich, D. (2018). Hydrotropism: how roots search for water. Journal of Experimental Botany. Volume 69, Issue 11, Pages 2759–2771. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/ery034
Jimenez-Lopez, IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.70653.
Tuan, P. A., Sun, M., Nguyen, T.-N., Park, S., & Ayele, B. T. (2019). Molecular mechanisms of seed germination. Sprouted Grains, 1–24. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-811525-1.00001-4 
Yildiz, M. et al. (20147). Seed Dormancy. Advances in Seed Biology. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.70571

Reference:
Garcellano, R. C., Dahse, H. M., Franzblau, S. G., Wang, Y., & Aguinaldo, A. M. (2015). PRELIMINARY PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND EVALUATION OF ANTIPROLIFERATIVE, CYTOTOXIC AND ANTITUBERCULOSIS ACTIVITIES OF THREE APOCYNACEAE PLANTS ENDEMIC TO PALAWAN. Science, Technology and Innovation for Sustainable Development, 77.
 
Image from:
http://tabernaemontana-alternifolia.plantregister.com/