HYDROELECTRIC ENERGY in the world by Arianna Scognamiglio https://padlet.com/ariannascognamiglio04/x3e12019jpvp8yed Realized by Ambrosio A., Carbone, Guastaferro, Oliviero, Panariello and Scognamiglio (II A ls) en-us 2020-04-18 12:13:56 UTC 2023-03-28 17:46:07 UTC hello@padlet.com https://padlet.net/icons/png/1f30e.png Zigui County, Yichang, Hubei, Cina ariannascognamiglio04 https://padlet.com/ariannascognamiglio04/x3e12019jpvp8yed/wish/514266058 It is a dam for electricity generated on the Charming River, in the Hubei province in China, and the second largest dam in the world (after the Itaipú Diga). It's a water-water power plant, and to get water to the turbines, it exploits water pressure from the entire pelvis.
It has a flow of 33,000 cubic metres of water per second, poured at sea 1,500 km of water per year.
The project has been contested from the principle of environmental associations for high environmental impact and for the high number of displaced persons.
The work would have been necessary to reduce the risk of flooding in the southern part of the country, to make the high course of the Yangtze river waterway and to produce electricity. With its capacity of 22.5 gigawatts (GW) and 98.8 terawatt (TWh) generated each year, it is the world's most powerful energy plant.]]> 2020-04-18 12:28:33 UTC https://padlet.com/ariannascognamiglio04/x3e12019jpvp8yed/wish/514266058 Cascate del Niagara, Niagara Falls, New York, Stati Uniti ariannascognamiglio04 https://padlet.com/ariannascognamiglio04/x3e12019jpvp8yed/wish/514318575 Hydroelectric energy is one of the renewable and low environmental impact energy sources.  The advantage offered by this condition is not a small one because it means that this energy will be available as long as there is fresh or salt water.
 Once the investments necessary for the creation of dams, plants and maintenance works are concluded, rainfall and snowfall ensure the complete free and continuous availability of raw materials.

 Of course, this clean energy also has its downsides.  The variability of weather conditions with the possibility of long periods of drought make it dependent on atmospheric agents which, obviously, cannot be kept under control.  It should also be considered that the construction of dams, forced and central pipes involves, in most cases, a disfigurement of the environment, possible deforestation in mountain landscapes and an impact on flora and fauna.  This is also a problem that is difficult to overcome because the various structures cannot be built anywhere, but only on suitable land.
Niagara Falls are located on the border between Canada and the United States, in the northeast of the American continent. It is one of the most appreciated natural wonders in the world.
These are not particularly high waterfalls and their fame is linked to the spectacular scenery
The huge mass of water from the falls was the subject of engineering interest since their discovery as a potential source of energy.
U.S. engineers designed one of the first hydroelectric power plants in the USA.
In 1853 its construction was authorized. Built in 1879, two years later it produced so much electricity that it could meet the need for night lighting.]]> 2020-04-18 13:28:40 UTC https://padlet.com/ariannascognamiglio04/x3e12019jpvp8yed/wish/514318575 Diga di Itaipú, Paraguay ariannascognamiglio04 https://padlet.com/ariannascognamiglio04/x3e12019jpvp8yed/wish/514320284 Built between 1975 and 1991 along the Paraná River, on the border between Brazil and Paraguay, is run by a joint venture between companies from the two neighbouring countries. He named Itaipu from the name of an island near the site. The artificial lake accounts for 29 billion mL of water, with 200 km of extension in a straight line and an area approximately 1400 km2. The dam is a total of 7,700 metres long and 196 m high.
A turbine alone feeds the cities of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro by covering the needs of around 24 million Brazilians; its annual production (90,000 gigawatts) would be enough to enlighten a city like London for more than 3 years.
It extends up to seven miles tall like a 65-story building.
The plant, whose construction cost $25 billion, consists of 20 generators with a total power of 14 Gigawatts and covers 90% of the Paraguaian electricity requirements and 25% of the Brazilian electricity.]]> 2020-04-18 13:30:18 UTC https://padlet.com/ariannascognamiglio04/x3e12019jpvp8yed/wish/514320284 Diga di Guri, Bolívar, Venezuela ariannascognamiglio04 https://padlet.com/ariannascognamiglio04/x3e12019jpvp8yed/wish/514320645 EL-GURI
 On the Caroni river is the Simon Bolivar hydroelectric power station, also known as Diga Guri.  An engineering work that produces 10 million kilowatts in its two engine rooms, making it the second hydroelectric power station in the world.  The dam, made of reinforced concrete, has a length of 1500 meters and a height of 180 meters and has a discharge of three channels.  The Guri reservoir that supplies the dam is one of the largest in the world.  In addition there are two engine rooms with 10 generating units each.


 SABOTAGE
 Between 7 and 10 March 2019, Venezuela suffered a computer-centered sabotage of the main hydroelectric power station, resulting in the longest interruption of the electricity service in the country in recent history.  There was a drop in essential power supply systems in over 80% of the national territory.  The blackout was sudden and general]]> 2020-04-18 13:30:42 UTC https://padlet.com/ariannascognamiglio04/x3e12019jpvp8yed/wish/514320645 Costa Rica https://padlet.com/ariannascognamiglio04/x3e12019jpvp8yed/wish/514356956 2020-04-18 14:07:53 UTC https://padlet.com/ariannascognamiglio04/x3e12019jpvp8yed/wish/514356956 Svezia https://padlet.com/ariannascognamiglio04/x3e12019jpvp8yed/wish/514357248 2020-04-18 14:08:13 UTC https://padlet.com/ariannascognamiglio04/x3e12019jpvp8yed/wish/514357248 Germany https://padlet.com/ariannascognamiglio04/x3e12019jpvp8yed/wish/514357729 2020-04-18 14:08:43 UTC https://padlet.com/ariannascognamiglio04/x3e12019jpvp8yed/wish/514357729 Danimarca https://padlet.com/ariannascognamiglio04/x3e12019jpvp8yed/wish/514357963 2020-04-18 14:08:56 UTC https://padlet.com/ariannascognamiglio04/x3e12019jpvp8yed/wish/514357963 Morocco https://padlet.com/ariannascognamiglio04/x3e12019jpvp8yed/wish/514358465 2020-04-18 14:09:32 UTC https://padlet.com/ariannascognamiglio04/x3e12019jpvp8yed/wish/514358465 Kenya https://padlet.com/ariannascognamiglio04/x3e12019jpvp8yed/wish/514358823 2020-04-18 14:09:56 UTC https://padlet.com/ariannascognamiglio04/x3e12019jpvp8yed/wish/514358823 Grand Coulee Dam, Coulee Dam, WA, USA https://padlet.com/ariannascognamiglio04/x3e12019jpvp8yed/wish/514371050 The Grand Coulee hydroelectric power station
It is the world's seventh largest power plant and the largest concrete dam in the United States, 168 m high and 1272 m long.
It was built between 1933 and 1942, originally with two power plants.
The dam, built at the confluence of the Columbia River of the Grand Coulee, gave rise to the formation of the artificial lake Franklin D.
It provides power to unique states (from Washington and Oregon to Utah and Arizona, as well as California, Montana, Idaho, Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico and Nevada) and Canada. The dam was the largest power plant in the world from 1949 to 1960.
Gran Coulee was then overtaken by plants in Canada and Russia but after an upgrade it returned to be the largest in the world from 1979 until 1986, when it was overtaken by the Venezuelan Dam of Guri.]]> 2020-04-18 14:21:57 UTC https://padlet.com/ariannascognamiglio04/x3e12019jpvp8yed/wish/514371050 Sayano–Shushenskaya Dam, Chakassia, Russia ariannascognamiglio04 https://padlet.com/ariannascognamiglio04/x3e12019jpvp8yed/wish/514373065 Sayano-Shushenskaya
The Sayano-Shushenskaya Dam  is localed in Russia. It is the largest power plant in Russia and the 9th-largest hydroelectric plant in the world, by average power generation. The station's constructions include the dam, a power plant building located near the dam, and an additional spillway which is under construction. The station is the largest one contributing to peak consumption in the Unified Energy Systems of Russia. More than 70% of generated electrical power goes to Rusal's four smelters in Siberia.
 Accident:
1979
On 23 May 1979, spring flood water entered into the machine hall and flooded the first working turbine unit. The turbine was restarted on 4 July 1979. 
1985 
A powerful spring flood destroyed 80% of the concrete spillway bottom plate, tearing apart 50-millimetre (2.0 in)-thick anchor bolts and carving seven meters deep into the bedrock. 
1988 
A powerful spring flood destroyed the spillway well. As a result, working headway for the future was reduced by five meters. 
2009
On 17 August 2009 at 8:13 AM, the hydro-electric plant suffered a catastrophic accident that caused flooding of the engine and turbine rooms; all other machinery was damaged to some extent. 75 people, including 1 pregnant woman, were confirmed dead, while one person was still listed as missing forty days after the disaster. The accident caused an oil spill with at least 40 tonnes of transformer oil. The plant restarted operations on 24 February 2010.]]> 2020-04-18 14:24:04 UTC https://padlet.com/ariannascognamiglio04/x3e12019jpvp8yed/wish/514373065 Hoover Dam, Nevada, Stati Uniti ariannascognamiglio04 https://padlet.com/ariannascognamiglio04/x3e12019jpvp8yed/wish/520780507 Hoover Dam is a reinforced concrete arch-gravity dam built in 1935 and located in the Black Canyon along the Colorado River, on the border between the State of Arizona and Nevada.
 It is 221 m high and 201 m long at the base.  At the time of its completion it was the largest electricity production plant and also the largest concrete structure in the United States.
 The dam, built during the Great Depression to provide low-cost electricity for the US industry, was inaugurated on September 30, 1935 by President Franklin D. Roosevelt.
 This dam was named after Herbert Hoover, who played a fundamental role in its construction, as secretary of commerce and as president of the United States of America.  The construction of this structure began in 1931 and ended in 1935.
 The reservoir created by the dam is called Lake Mead and is the largest artificial lake in the United States.]]> 2020-04-21 16:26:45 UTC https://padlet.com/ariannascognamiglio04/x3e12019jpvp8yed/wish/520780507 diga di Krasnoyarsk, Territorio di Krasnojarsk, Russia ariannascognamiglio04 https://padlet.com/ariannascognamiglio04/x3e12019jpvp8yed/wish/520786794 The Krasnoyarsk basin is an artificial lake in Russia, located in Southern Siberia.
 It has an area of ​​2 000 km2 and an average depth of 37 m.
 The basin is located in the center of the Minusinsk depression.
 Numerous rivers feed it, including: Tuba, Sisim, Syda (on the right bank) and Birjusa (on the left bank).]]> 2020-04-21 16:28:46 UTC https://padlet.com/ariannascognamiglio04/x3e12019jpvp8yed/wish/520786794 Diga Gilgel Gibe III, B52, Etiopia ariannascognamiglio04 https://padlet.com/ariannascognamiglio04/x3e12019jpvp8yed/wish/520790846 The Gilgel Gibe III dam is a 250m high dam connected to a hydroelectric power station on the Omo River in Ethiopia.  It is the largest hydroelectric power station in Africa, with an output power of 1870MW.  It doubles the previous installed capacity of 814MW in Ethiopia (in 2007).
 The Gibe III Dam is part of a series of dams which include the already existing Gibe I and Gibe. The Gibe IV Dam (1472MW) and the Gibe V (560MW) are being planned.
 The existing and under construction dams are owned and operated under the state owned Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation.
 The contract for the construction of the dam was won in 2006 by the Italian Salini Costruttori.  The project was awarded to Studio Pietrangeli with the supervision of ELC-COB (ELC Electroconsult - Coyne et Bellier).
 The completion of the dam was scheduled for July 2013, but was completed in January 2015.]]> 2020-04-21 16:30:12 UTC https://padlet.com/ariannascognamiglio04/x3e12019jpvp8yed/wish/520790846 İstiklal, Diga di Almus, Distretto di Almus/Provincia di Tokat, Turchia ariannascognamiglio04 https://padlet.com/ariannascognamiglio04/x3e12019jpvp8yed/wish/520798698 The Almus Dam (Almus Barajı in Turkish) is an earthen embankment dam that is near the town of Almus (28 kilometers East of Tokat city in center north of Turkey) and is located on the River Yesilirmak which runs into the Black Sea. The main purposes of the dam is irrigation, flood control and hydroelectricity. The hydroelectric power plant (established in 1966) at the dam has a capacity of 27 megawatts (three facilities at 9 megawatts each).]]> 2020-04-21 16:32:56 UTC https://padlet.com/ariannascognamiglio04/x3e12019jpvp8yed/wish/520798698 Banqiao Station, Section 2, Xianmin Boulevard, Distretto di Banqiao, Nuova Taipei, Taiwan ariannascognamiglio04 https://padlet.com/ariannascognamiglio04/x3e12019jpvp8yed/wish/531378762 An exceptional flood caused by over 1000 mm of rain poured by the superphon Nina, causes the collapse of the Shimantan and Banqiao dams and in sequence of another 60 dams.  A total of over 15 billion tons of water are released.  The resulting 10 km wide and 3-7 meters high wave pours like a tsunami on the plains downstream at a speed of about 50 km / h, almost completely sweeping an area 55 km long and 15 wide. The balance, according to the hydrological department  in Henan Province [1], has 171,000 victims, of whom 26,000 died from the flood and 145,000 died in the following days from epidemics and famine.  To this must also be added 11 million displaced persons and 5 960 000 collapsed buildings.]]> 2020-04-26 15:54:04 UTC https://padlet.com/ariannascognamiglio04/x3e12019jpvp8yed/wish/531378762 Srisailam Dam, Andhra Pradesh antonellatufano https://padlet.com/ariannascognamiglio04/x3e12019jpvp8yed/wish/541391273 Due to poor reservoir operation, flood water overflowed into the semi underground power house (770 MW) from the point where a protection wall was to be constructed before power house commissioning in 1987. Flood water deluge caused the complete submergence of power house, massive debris accumulation, electrical equipment replacement and loss of power generation for a year]]> 2020-04-30 09:25:48 UTC https://padlet.com/ariannascognamiglio04/x3e12019jpvp8yed/wish/541391273 Taum Sauk Hydroelectric Power Station, Lesterville Township, Missouri, Stati Uniti antonellatufano https://padlet.com/ariannascognamiglio04/x3e12019jpvp8yed/wish/541396578 Due to its being designed without a spillway and continuing to operate when management knew the gauging system was faulty, the upper reservoir was overtopped when water continued to be pumped from the lower reservoir after the upper was already full. A large section of the upper reservoir failed, draining over a billion gallons of water (4 million m³) in less than half an hour. There were no fatalities, but five people were injured. The failure resulted in permanent damage to the surrounding landscape and power generation did not resume until 2010.]]> 2020-04-30 09:28:02 UTC https://padlet.com/ariannascognamiglio04/x3e12019jpvp8yed/wish/541396578 Vajont Dam, Erto e Casso, VE, Italia antonellatufano https://padlet.com/ariannascognamiglio04/x3e12019jpvp8yed/wish/541402325 Overtopping due to landslide caused by instability of the rock around, with the evidence of the instability suppressed by the Government. 1,917 deaths]]> 2020-04-30 09:30:15 UTC https://padlet.com/ariannascognamiglio04/x3e12019jpvp8yed/wish/541402325 Entracque, CN, Italia antonellatufano https://padlet.com/ariannascognamiglio04/x3e12019jpvp8yed/wish/541414480 The Luigi Einaudi hydropower plant was, in fact, built in the mountains, during the '70's. Works actually began in 1969, but the plant started to operate only in 1982, due to the delays caused by the area’s difficult weather conditions, which allowed works to be carried for just 6 months, each year.

The Entracque plant uses two different water levels to operate: the Chiotas-Piastra passage one, and the Rovina-Piastra. The Chiotas dam sits almost 2,000 metres above sea level, with a reservoir of 27.3 million m3; the Piastra dam, on the other hand, is located 1,000 metres under the first, with a 9 million m3 water reservoir. The Rovina Lake is located somewhat halfway between these two dams, at 1,500 metres. A long piping network connects the three reservoirs, running underground, until it reaches the heart of the hydropower station, which is entirely excavated inside the rocks.

Bringing all the water to the turbines was not an easy task at all. Works to build the dam, the strengthened pipelines, the diversion tunnels and the power plant, were often interrupted by strong frequent snowfalls, due to the fact that the dam is located at very high altitude. When works were completed, they gave birth to Italy’s largest hydropower plant. Its 1,065 MW generated power can meet the overall needs of the Province of Turin (2282 million people). The Luigi Einaudi hydropower plant is open to the public. Interesting guided visits provide visitors with a three-storey scale model detailing how the plant functions.

]]> 2020-04-30 09:35:24 UTC https://padlet.com/ariannascognamiglio04/x3e12019jpvp8yed/wish/541414480 Start ariannascognamiglio04 https://padlet.com/ariannascognamiglio04/x3e12019jpvp8yed/wish/563481909 2020-05-10 21:52:13 UTC https://padlet.com/ariannascognamiglio04/x3e12019jpvp8yed/wish/563481909