The reference article has the author: John R. G. Hassard

Source: The North American Review, Vol. 128, No. 268 (Mar., 1879), pp. 315-325

Source: The Classical Journal,Vol. 58, No. 3 (Dec., 1962), pp. 113-121

Different physical devices and aids have been used to assist with ciphers. One of the earliest may have been the scytale of ancient greece, a rod supposedly used by the Spartans as an aid for a transposition cipher .  The ciphers implemented by better quality examples of these machine designs brought about a substantial increase in cryptanalytic difficulty after WWI.

The political problem is that nearly all governments want to monitor their enemies' communications, and some want to monitor their citizens. They may be very interested in protecting some of their own communications, and often some types of business communication, but not in having everyone able to communicate securely. They therefore attempt to restrict availability of strong cryptography as much as possible.

In all important political campaigns the use of a telegraphic cipher seems to be necessary. It would hasten the reform millennium. It is the combination of the transposition and substitution systems which makes the cipher difficult to interpret.

2.Codes

replacement of true letters or numbers with different characters or the systematic rearrangement of the true letters without changing their identities to form an enciphered message.

So I searched the books relevant to my topic in Bits Pilani Hyderabad Campus and came across a book on Cryptography whose one topic waS Criminal Investigation by Don L. Kooken. Then I searched the e-library of Bits campus and got the link of the journal. Also I searched youtube videos relevant to my topic and then posted the link here.

Author(s): Don L. Kooken Source: Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology (1931-1951),Vol. 26, No. 6 (Mar., 1936), pp.903-919

Published by: Northwestern University School of LawStable URL: 1.http://www.jstor.org/stable/1135885

Sites:

2.https://padlet-uploads.storage.googleapis.com/76148343/462c4a4dde957846c8c5359a004eb12c3082383f/72af7e3c5752ebbb500b664642d4e1a6.pdf

3.http://www.softheap.com/internet/use-of-cryptography.html

Youtube links:

4.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-yFZGF8FHSg

5.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pIt4Q68J00A

6.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P4z3jAOzT9I

7.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LaWp_Kq0cKs

8.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ysLY2565lFw

1.How you liked our presentation on Cryptography?

2.How often you use Cryptography?

3.Where are the places where common man get involved in using Cryptography in their day to day life?

4.What you think the role of Cryptography relating to private security?

5.What are your expectations relating to future improvements in the field of Cryptography?

6.How Cryptographical method is used in computers?

7.Do you have suggestions about what should we include more to make our presentation even better.

Inference:

We want that students should know how and where they are using cryptography in their daily life like in banks, to protect their accounts, in mobile chatting apps etc.

1.Secrecy in Transmission

2.Authentication of Identity

3.Electronic Signatures

4.Electronic Money

Cryptography is a secure method of protecting data as well as government secrets. It is also useful on the ground when at war as it does not leave communication open thus by leaving it encrypted so that the enemy cannot listen in. The enemy may not be able to listen in but if the enemy was to use such a protocol it would make it incredibly difficult for the military to uncover their communications.

As it is really important for any nation's military to keep confidential and communicate their secret data, use of Cryptography has proven a successful method of doing so.

Only proper encoding and decoding techniques can provide proper methods to protect one's privacy which is only useful by Cryptography.

1.  Endow  -  To Provide

2.  Perseverance - Persistence

3.  Scrutinize  -  Stare

4.  Antiquity  -  Oldness

5.  Inexpedient  -  Purposeless

6.  Perforation  -  To make hole

Turing's Enigma Problem

Secret Codes - Cryptography, Decipherment and the Imitation Game

I collected all the information from books ,ebooks available in the library. i also surfed the internet to gather lots of infromation journals were the backbone for my article

2.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HOVcw7upfTY

3.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BEb_AnPWPwY

4.ODED GOLDREICH, Foundations of Cryptography, Volume 1: Basic Tools, Cambridge University Press, 2001, ISBN 0-521-79172-3

5.Kahn, David (Fall 1979). "Cryptology Goes Public". Foreign Affairs58 (1): 153.

6.Diffie, Whitfield; Hellman, Martin (8 June 1976). "Multi-user cryptographic techniques". AFIPS Proceedings 45: 109–112.

7.Coppersmith, D. (May 1994). "The Data Encryption Standard (DES) and its strength against attacks"(PDF). IBM Journal of Research and Development

The major application of cryptography is done in army ,navyetc{the major defensive systems of the country

Authentication/Digital Signatures

Authentication and digital signatures are a very important application of public-key cryptography. For example, if you receive a message from me that I have encrypted with my private key and you are able to decrypt it using my public key, you should feel reasonably certain that the message did in fact come from me. If I think it necessary to keep the message secret, I may encrypt the message with my private key and then with your public key, that way only you can read the message, and you will know that the message came from me. The only requirement is that public keys are associated with their users by a trusted manner, for example a trusted directory. To address this weakness, the standards community has invented an object called a certificate. A certificate contains, the certificate issuer's name, the name of the subject for whom the certificate is being issued, the public key of the subject, and some time stamps. You know the public key is good, because the certificate issuer has a certificate too.

Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) is a software package originally developed by Phil Zimmerman that provides encryption and authentication for e-mail and file storage applications. Zimmerman developed his freeware program using existing encryption techniques, and made it available on multiple platforms. It provides message encryption, digital signatures, data compression, and e-mail compatibility. PGP uses RSA for key transport and IDEA for bulk encryption of messages. Zimmerman ran into legal problems with RSA over his use of the RSA algorithm in his program. PGP is now available in a couple of legal forms: MIT PGP versions 2.6 and later are legal freeware for non-commercial use, and Viacrypt PGP versions 2.7 and later are legal commercial versions of the same software.

Time Stamping

Time stamping is a technique that can certify that a certain electronic document or communication existed or was delivered at a certain time. Time stamping uses an encryption model called a blind signature scheme. Blind signature schemes allow the sender to get a message receipted by another party without revealing any information about the message to the other party.

Time stamping is very similar to sending a registered letter through the U.S. mail, but provides an additional level of proof. It can prove that a recipient received a specific document. Possible applications include patent applications, copyright archives, and contracts. Time stamping is a critical application that will help make the transition to electronic legal documents possible.

Electronic Money

The definition of electronic money (also called electronic cash or digital cash) is a term that is still evolving. It includes transactions carried out electronically with a net transfer of funds from one party to another, which may be either debit or credit and can be either anonymous or identified. There are both hardware and software implementations.

Anonymous applications do not reveal the identity of the customer and are based on blind signature schemes. (Digicash's Ecash) Identified spending schemes reveal the identity of the customer and are based on more general forms of signature schemes. Anonymous schemes are the electronic analog of cash, while identified schemes are the electronic analog of a debit or credit card. There are also some hybrid approaches where payments can be anonymous with respect to the merchant but not the bank (CyberCash credit card transactions) ; or anonymous to everyone, but traceable (a sequence of purchases can be related, but not linked directly to the spender's identity).

Encryption is used in electronic money schemes to protect conventional transaction data like account numbers and transaction amounts, digital signatures can replace handwritten signatures or a credit-card authorizations, and public-key encryption can provide confidentiality. There are several systems that cover this range of applications, from transactions mimicking conventional paper transactions with values of several dollars and up, to various micropayment schemes that batch extremely low cost transactions into amounts that will bear the overhead of encryption and clearing the bank.

Secure Network Communications

1.why is classical cryptography so important

2.why should a common man worry about it

Conclusion

Control over routing remains the basic tool for controlling access to streams. Implementing particular policies will be possible as multicast routing protocols improve. Cryptography is a tool which may alleviate many of the perceived problems of using the Internet for communications. However, cryptography requires the safe implementation of complex mathematical equations and protocols, and there are always worries about bad implementations. A further worry is that users are integral to securing communications, since they must provide appropriate keys. As the founders of First Virtual point out [#!cybercommerce!#]

...a safe application of cryptographic technology will pay close attention to how public keys are associated with user identities, how stolen keys are detected and revoked and how long a stolen key is useful to a criminal.

1.

The very nature of cryptography, or hiding a message by converting it to an unreadable jumble of apparently random symbols, evokes a number of legal and political issues. Cryptography is of considerable interest to civil rights supporters, mostly for its ability to facilitate privacy and free speech. However, because of its potential to assist the malicious in their schemes to avoid legal responsibilities, cryptography has long been of interest to intelligence gathering and law enforcement agencies as well. Accordingly, there is a history of legal and political controversy surrounding cryptography, especially since the advent of inexpensive computers made widespread access to high quality cryptography possible. The 1990s had the "crypto wars"; intense debates on cryptography policy issues.  The main advocates of tight control were various governments, especially the US government. Their opponents included most of the main hi-tech companies and a loose coalition of radicals called cypherpunks. The governments lost those battles; however they have been attempting to recover lost ground in the new century.

Cryptography - the art of writing or solving codes

Cipher - a secret or disguised way of writing; a code

Enigma - a person or thing that is mysterious or difficult to understand