Lyme Disease and its Effects on the Brain by Sarah Gilbert https://padlet.com/sgilbert10/wzt0gks9xm95 by Sarah Gilbert en-us 2017-04-20 13:52:32 UTC 2023-06-27 18:22:55 UTC hello@padlet.com https://padlet-assets.s3.amazonaws.com/icons/Apple.png More about PCR sgilbert10 https://padlet.com/sgilbert10/wzt0gks9xm95/wish/145516105  In addition, in order to perform PCR they would need a primer that is complementary to the desired section of DNA and DNA polymerase, which is enzyme that creates the DNA code out of the four basic nucleotides. To begin, all of these items, in addition to dideoxynucleotides, are mixed together and heated to a temperature of 72 C. This high temperature separates the DNA’s complementary strand. The temperatures is then lowered and the primer sequence is able to anneal to the desired DNA strand. 
 
]]> 2017-01-05 15:53:07 UTC https://padlet.com/sgilbert10/wzt0gks9xm95/wish/145516105 This is a gel chamber! sgilbert10 https://padlet.com/sgilbert10/wzt0gks9xm95/wish/145590554 You can see the power supply plugged in which makes the DNA move the way it does]]> 2017-01-05 19:51:47 UTC https://padlet.com/sgilbert10/wzt0gks9xm95/wish/145590554 This is what the gel looks like! sgilbert10 https://padlet.com/sgilbert10/wzt0gks9xm95/wish/145590631 You can see the genetic markers lined up as a kind of control to compare the DNA to. ]]> 2017-01-05 19:52:05 UTC https://padlet.com/sgilbert10/wzt0gks9xm95/wish/145590631 How does PCR work again? sgilbert10 https://padlet.com/sgilbert10/wzt0gks9xm95/wish/145730923
First we go through a similar process of PCR however they in addition to regular nucleotides, DNA sequencing uses nucleotides that terminate the dna sequence.
This multiple and different sizes pieces are and placed into a gel and go through the process of Gel Electrophoresis. 
We take this gel and place into a DNA sequencer that color codes the terminating nucleotide in order to show the different frequency they appear at. The machine creates a graph that shows four different colored lines at different sequencing called a chromatogram. Each different color line represent the four basic nucleotides that make up our DNA. Chromatograms are charts that show the individual order of nucleotide bases. Because Chromatograms show the order of the base they can show mutation of the specific bases. ]]> 2017-01-06 16:43:19 UTC https://padlet.com/sgilbert10/wzt0gks9xm95/wish/145730923 More about Gel Electrophoresis sgilbert10 https://padlet.com/sgilbert10/wzt0gks9xm95/wish/145734521 Gel electrophoresis is the process of separating DNA fragments. This is done through the use of electric currents which spilt varying sized molecules into a porous gel mold.This process can separate DNA that contains over 10,000 nucleotides.The separated DNA, in addition to a control, is dyed and  placed into the gel, which is submerged into a salt solution. The gel and salt solution are placed into a gel chamber. The gel is hooked up to a power supply which provides an electric current which moves negatively charged DNA towards the positive pole of the gel. Because the gel is porous the negatively charged DNA is able to move through the gel.]]> 2017-01-06 16:57:38 UTC https://padlet.com/sgilbert10/wzt0gks9xm95/wish/145734521 This is what a Chromatogram looks like! sgilbert10 https://padlet.com/sgilbert10/wzt0gks9xm95/wish/145737956 You can see that each tick mark represents one nucleotide]]> 2017-01-06 17:11:13 UTC https://padlet.com/sgilbert10/wzt0gks9xm95/wish/145737956 What is the Difference between PCR and DNA Sequencing? sgilbert10 https://padlet.com/sgilbert10/wzt0gks9xm95/wish/145744408 There is not a huge difference! The process is identical in almost everything expect for the use of terminating nucleotides. These nucleotides differ from regular nucleotides as they terminate the DNA strand.  These nucleotides are mixed together so it is only by chance that the enzyme picks a terminator nucleotide vs a regular nucleotide. Because of this, when the cycles continue, much like PCR, the terminating nucleotides make the newer DNA strand different sizes ]]> 2017-01-06 17:34:31 UTC https://padlet.com/sgilbert10/wzt0gks9xm95/wish/145744408 What is Lyme disease? sgilbert10 https://padlet.com/sgilbert10/wzt0gks9xm95/wish/167715878 Lyme disease is caused four different kinds of bacteria but in the United Sates the most common bacteria is Borrelia burgdorferi. Borrelia burgdorferi is found in black legged ticks (deer tick) and can be transferred to animals and humans when the tick attaches to them. Lyme is very common in heavy wooden places ]]> 2017-04-23 22:59:34 UTC https://padlet.com/sgilbert10/wzt0gks9xm95/wish/167715878 A Black Legged Tick sgilbert10 https://padlet.com/sgilbert10/wzt0gks9xm95/wish/167823713 https://cdn1.pri.org/sites/default/files/story/images/7663_lores.jpg

]]> 2017-04-24 13:35:25 UTC https://padlet.com/sgilbert10/wzt0gks9xm95/wish/167823713 sgilbert10 https://padlet.com/sgilbert10/wzt0gks9xm95/wish/167830372 2017-04-24 13:52:13 UTC https://padlet.com/sgilbert10/wzt0gks9xm95/wish/167830372 sgilbert10 https://padlet.com/sgilbert10/wzt0gks9xm95/wish/167830467 2017-04-24 13:52:29 UTC https://padlet.com/sgilbert10/wzt0gks9xm95/wish/167830467 What are the symptoms of Lyme? sgilbert10 https://padlet.com/sgilbert10/wzt0gks9xm95/wish/167832515 There are two different stages of Lyme: Early and Late. The symptoms of early lyme symptoms include a distinct rash and flu like symptoms.The symptoms of late lyme are hard to detect. These symptoms include constant migraine, severe fatigue, neurological problems and joint problems.]]> 2017-04-24 13:57:00 UTC https://padlet.com/sgilbert10/wzt0gks9xm95/wish/167832515 The "Bull's Eye Rash" sgilbert10 https://padlet.com/sgilbert10/wzt0gks9xm95/wish/167834285 2017-04-24 14:01:05 UTC https://padlet.com/sgilbert10/wzt0gks9xm95/wish/167834285 How to test for Lyme? sgilbert10 https://padlet.com/sgilbert10/wzt0gks9xm95/wish/167835982 For early lyme the signs are usually clear and can be confirmed through blood test. For late lyme the only way to determine the presence of the disease is through blood test.]]> 2017-04-24 14:04:53 UTC https://padlet.com/sgilbert10/wzt0gks9xm95/wish/167835982 Citations sgilbert10 https://padlet.com/sgilbert10/wzt0gks9xm95/wish/168256571 https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/All-Disorders/Neurological-Complications-Lyme-Disease-Information-Page
http://www.columbia-lyme.org/patients/ld_lyme_symptoms.html
http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199011223232102#t=article
http://www.lymepa.org/03%20Neurologic%20complications%20of%20Lyme%20disease,%20dilemmas%20in%20diagnosis%20and%20treatment.pdf
https://www.cdc.gov/lyme/stats/graphs.html
https://wwwn.cdc.gov/nndss/conditions/lyme-disease/case-definition/2017/
http://www.foxnews.com/health/2015/07/31/in-lyme-light-10-celebrities-diagnosed-with-painful-tick-borne-disease.html
https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/chronic-lyme-disease-another-negative-study/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4599520/
https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/Patient-Caregiver-Education/Fact-Sheets/Bells-Palsy-Fact-Sheet
http://www.amenclinics.com/blog/the-cdc-reveals-the-truth-about-lyme-disease/
http://www.ucdmc.ucdavis.edu/neurology/newsroom/white_matter_feature.html


]]> 2017-04-26 00:26:46 UTC https://padlet.com/sgilbert10/wzt0gks9xm95/wish/168256571 sgilbert10 https://padlet.com/sgilbert10/wzt0gks9xm95/wish/168256972 2017-04-26 00:31:28 UTC https://padlet.com/sgilbert10/wzt0gks9xm95/wish/168256972 Fun Facts! sgilbert10 https://padlet.com/sgilbert10/wzt0gks9xm95/wish/168257106 Here are some famous people who have Lyme. ]]> 2017-04-26 00:32:59 UTC https://padlet.com/sgilbert10/wzt0gks9xm95/wish/168257106 Testing and Neurology sgilbert10 https://padlet.com/sgilbert10/wzt0gks9xm95/wish/168770494 There are a few ways to test the effect of Lyme on the brain. There is a Spinal Fluid Test, MRI and SPECT imagining. The Spinal fluid test examines the Cerebral Spiral Fluid for cell count, protein, and glucose levelsIn addition. The CSF is also examined  Bb PCR. The ratio of the Bb is compared to the  immunoglobulin levels, when there are more Bb than immunoglobulin it suggest there is a strong invasion of the a central nervous system. The ratio will remain unequal for the most part of the infection until the body can raise the immunogolubuilin levels and fight off the infection. This testing can diagnose patients effectively however, the process of a Lumbar puncture to acquire the CSF is a quite painful. ]]> 2017-04-27 22:55:13 UTC https://padlet.com/sgilbert10/wzt0gks9xm95/wish/168770494 What is Bb PCR? sgilbert10 https://padlet.com/sgilbert10/wzt0gks9xm95/wish/168770692 Bb PCR stands for Borrelia burgdorferi Polymerase chain reaction. This is the process of the Lyme DNA bacteria being multiplied and amplified for a certain section of DNA code. ]]> 2017-04-27 22:59:40 UTC https://padlet.com/sgilbert10/wzt0gks9xm95/wish/168770692 How does PCR Work? sgilbert10 https://padlet.com/sgilbert10/wzt0gks9xm95/wish/168770907 This video displays the process of PCR and how it can test DNA. ]]> 2017-04-27 23:04:06 UTC https://padlet.com/sgilbert10/wzt0gks9xm95/wish/168770907 sgilbert10 https://padlet.com/sgilbert10/wzt0gks9xm95/wish/168771447 The graph to the left, illustrates the precent of symptoms that dominate lyme patients. It can be seen that Erythema Migraines are the most common symptom. ]]> 2017-04-27 23:12:49 UTC https://padlet.com/sgilbert10/wzt0gks9xm95/wish/168771447 sgilbert10 https://padlet.com/sgilbert10/wzt0gks9xm95/wish/168771927 This increase of Lyme Cases in the summer may be due to the weather. While the weather is nice more people tend to go outside and have more exposure to the wooded areas and ticks.]]> 2017-04-27 23:18:53 UTC https://padlet.com/sgilbert10/wzt0gks9xm95/wish/168771927 sgilbert10 https://padlet.com/sgilbert10/wzt0gks9xm95/wish/168771947 This graph show an increase in Lyme cases throughout the year. It is interesting that since 2008 there has been a start of probable cases. Doctors believe the number of Lyme cases will continue to increase as the heat continues to increase. ]]> 2017-04-27 23:19:05 UTC https://padlet.com/sgilbert10/wzt0gks9xm95/wish/168771947 sgilbert10 https://padlet.com/sgilbert10/wzt0gks9xm95/wish/168771978 This Graph shows the age and gender range of variations of lyme cases. Boy around the age 5-10 are the most likely to contract lyme according to this graph.]]> 2017-04-27 23:19:29 UTC https://padlet.com/sgilbert10/wzt0gks9xm95/wish/168771978 sgilbert10 https://padlet.com/sgilbert10/wzt0gks9xm95/wish/168772649 2017-04-27 23:29:26 UTC https://padlet.com/sgilbert10/wzt0gks9xm95/wish/168772649 sgilbert10 https://padlet.com/sgilbert10/wzt0gks9xm95/wish/168772684 2017-04-27 23:29:41 UTC https://padlet.com/sgilbert10/wzt0gks9xm95/wish/168772684 sgilbert10 https://padlet.com/sgilbert10/wzt0gks9xm95/wish/168772704 2017-04-27 23:29:57 UTC https://padlet.com/sgilbert10/wzt0gks9xm95/wish/168772704 sgilbert10 https://padlet.com/sgilbert10/wzt0gks9xm95/wish/168772724 2017-04-27 23:30:11 UTC https://padlet.com/sgilbert10/wzt0gks9xm95/wish/168772724 sgilbert10 https://padlet.com/sgilbert10/wzt0gks9xm95/wish/168772734 2017-04-27 23:30:17 UTC https://padlet.com/sgilbert10/wzt0gks9xm95/wish/168772734 Testing: MRI sgilbert10 https://padlet.com/sgilbert10/wzt0gks9xm95/wish/168772913 The MRI is able to obtain a image of the physical structure of there brain. With MRI, doctors can view inflamed brain matter. These MRIs to the Right display small white matter hyperintesities. These WHM show up on the MRI and can be an indication of Lyme. The brain MRI on the right is a patient with fully positive Lyme Western. ]]> 2017-04-27 23:32:37 UTC https://padlet.com/sgilbert10/wzt0gks9xm95/wish/168772913 sgilbert10 https://padlet.com/sgilbert10/wzt0gks9xm95/wish/168772921 2017-04-27 23:32:42 UTC https://padlet.com/sgilbert10/wzt0gks9xm95/wish/168772921 sgilbert10 https://padlet.com/sgilbert10/wzt0gks9xm95/wish/168772930 2017-04-27 23:32:49 UTC https://padlet.com/sgilbert10/wzt0gks9xm95/wish/168772930 What are White matter Hyperintensities? sgilbert10 https://padlet.com/sgilbert10/wzt0gks9xm95/wish/168773126 White Matter Hyperintensities are common in patient with dementia or stroke. They were discovered from subjects postmortem. WMH are small areas in the brain where the fluid mobility is inhibited. It is unclear if WMH are reversible. ]]> 2017-04-27 23:35:12 UTC https://padlet.com/sgilbert10/wzt0gks9xm95/wish/168773126 Testing: SPECT Imaging sgilbert10 https://padlet.com/sgilbert10/wzt0gks9xm95/wish/168773614 SPECT imaging or Single Photo Emission Computerized Tomography is a process that provides and image of the activity of the brain. The SPECT shows the acidity so doctors and evaluate if there is overactivity in parts in the brain where there shouldn't be and if there is a lack of activity in the basic areas of the brain. To the Right there are several SPECT images displaying the brain activity of serval different patients. ]]> 2017-04-27 23:41:47 UTC https://padlet.com/sgilbert10/wzt0gks9xm95/wish/168773614 sgilbert10 https://padlet.com/sgilbert10/wzt0gks9xm95/wish/168773635 A. Alzheimer's disease
B. Cerebral Vasculitis
C1. Lyme Disease before treatment
C2. Lyme Disease following treatment with good results
D1. Lyme Disease before to treatment
D2. Lyme Disease with treatment with bad results]]> 2017-04-27 23:42:04 UTC https://padlet.com/sgilbert10/wzt0gks9xm95/wish/168773635 Symptoms sgilbert10 https://padlet.com/sgilbert10/wzt0gks9xm95/wish/168774477 The symptoms of lyme can be very similar Meningitis. Meningitis symptoms include headaches, vomiting, light sensitivity, neck stiffness, or pain on eye motion. Meningitis can be tested through a spinal tap and through an examination of CSF.]]> 2017-04-27 23:52:36 UTC https://padlet.com/sgilbert10/wzt0gks9xm95/wish/168774477 Encephalitis sgilbert10 https://padlet.com/sgilbert10/wzt0gks9xm95/wish/168774912  The symptoms of Encephalitis include sleepiness, mood swings and irritability, personality change, cognitive problems, and balance problems. These symptoms can be tested and ovulated using an MRI. The MRI will show WMH displaying a problem with the fluid connectivity. ]]> 2017-04-27 23:57:16 UTC https://padlet.com/sgilbert10/wzt0gks9xm95/wish/168774912 sgilbert10 https://padlet.com/sgilbert10/wzt0gks9xm95/wish/168775243 2017-04-28 00:00:23 UTC https://padlet.com/sgilbert10/wzt0gks9xm95/wish/168775243 Facial Pasly sgilbert10 https://padlet.com/sgilbert10/wzt0gks9xm95/wish/168775936 Facial Pasly is facial paralysis that occurs from damage to the facial nerves. This nerve is affected because it is located in the skull, beneath the ear. If lyme is present in the CFS it is near enough to the spinal chord to travel to the nervous system and attack the facial nerves

]]> 2017-04-28 00:07:26 UTC https://padlet.com/sgilbert10/wzt0gks9xm95/wish/168775936 Why Lyme? sgilbert10 https://padlet.com/sgilbert10/wzt0gks9xm95/wish/168776265 As someone diagnosed with Lyme, I am familiar with the disease. However, I wanted to know the science behind the symptoms. I wanted to know specifically how Lyme disease affects the Brain.  I hypothesis that Lyme disease leads to swelling in the brain which leads the numerous symptoms. ]]> 2017-04-28 00:11:53 UTC https://padlet.com/sgilbert10/wzt0gks9xm95/wish/168776265 More on White Matter Hyperintensities and Research sgilbert10 https://padlet.com/sgilbert10/wzt0gks9xm95/wish/168778108 In a research project at UMD Director Charles DeCarli of the UC Davis Alzheimer's Disease Center explains, "White matter is that part of the brain made of cells called ‘axons' that connect one to the other so that nerves can communicate, White matter enables the brain to operate intact." The white matter is full of the myelin sheath that helps the nerves impulses travel faster. The sheath is white and gets the name white matter. If this area of the brain is damage or inhibited in any, the communication between the brain and the nervous system ins compromised. Many of the symptoms present in lyme are a consequence of this lack of communication. This cause a lack of blood flow. These Hyperintensities seem to effect the frontal lobe of the brain where the memory center is located. With this information many doctor are beginning to use this information to investigate and find a cure for Alzheimers' as many Lyme Patient and Alzheimer's patients show the same Hyperintensities on the MRIs.  

]]> 2017-04-28 00:30:24 UTC https://padlet.com/sgilbert10/wzt0gks9xm95/wish/168778108 sgilbert10 https://padlet.com/sgilbert10/wzt0gks9xm95/wish/168778582 2017-04-28 00:36:10 UTC https://padlet.com/sgilbert10/wzt0gks9xm95/wish/168778582 sgilbert10 https://padlet.com/sgilbert10/wzt0gks9xm95/wish/168778895 2017-04-28 00:40:28 UTC https://padlet.com/sgilbert10/wzt0gks9xm95/wish/168778895 Lyme and the Nervous system. sgilbert10 https://padlet.com/sgilbert10/wzt0gks9xm95/wish/168779038 Because Lyme is present in the CSF, it effects the Autonomic nervous system, sympathetic and parasympathetic. ]]> 2017-04-28 00:42:32 UTC https://padlet.com/sgilbert10/wzt0gks9xm95/wish/168779038 sgilbert10 https://padlet.com/sgilbert10/wzt0gks9xm95/wish/168779170
]]> 2017-04-28 00:43:59 UTC https://padlet.com/sgilbert10/wzt0gks9xm95/wish/168779170 Ependymal Cells sgilbert10 https://padlet.com/sgilbert10/wzt0gks9xm95/wish/168779385 The cells that are responsible for the Bb traveling through the blood system are the Ependymal cells. They are a part of the CNS. They form a barrier between the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) and interstitial fluid They transport nutrients and other substances to the neurons. They are responsible for secreting CSF. They line the ventricles in brain and the central canal of the spinal cor

]]> 2017-04-28 00:46:15 UTC https://padlet.com/sgilbert10/wzt0gks9xm95/wish/168779385 sgilbert10 https://padlet.com/sgilbert10/wzt0gks9xm95/wish/168779551
]]> 2017-04-28 00:48:18 UTC https://padlet.com/sgilbert10/wzt0gks9xm95/wish/168779551 sgilbert10 https://padlet.com/sgilbert10/wzt0gks9xm95/wish/168779701
]]> 2017-04-28 00:50:03 UTC https://padlet.com/sgilbert10/wzt0gks9xm95/wish/168779701 Schwann Cells. sgilbert10 https://padlet.com/sgilbert10/wzt0gks9xm95/wish/168779737 The Schwann Cells are effected most by Lyme. Because the White Matter is where the  Hyperintensities  take place. The Schwann Cells Myelinates the individual axons and Necessary for sending correct electrical singles across the nervous system. Lyme inhibits the flow in the axons, limiting communication. The Schwann cells are essential for regeneration and are most likely effected the most by the lyme.


]]> 2017-04-28 00:50:26 UTC https://padlet.com/sgilbert10/wzt0gks9xm95/wish/168779737