During this period Arabs lived in the Iberian Peninsula (modern-day Spain and Portugal) in the same time the Crusades were off making a mess of things in the far eastern end of the Mediterranean, the West looked remarkably different Christians and Jews lived alongside Muslims in this Islamic Kingdom sharing art and knowledge and even speaking the same language for five hundred years.

Language Transmission: Arabic became a crucial vehicle for carrying Arab-Islamic culture from the Middle East to Europe during the Dark Ages.

Scientific Language: From the 8th to the 12th centuries, Arabic became the scientific language of mankind. Ambitious individuals who wanted to advance in the world and become skilled and learned had to study Arabic.

Arabic has had a great influence on other languages, especially in vocabulary. The influence of Arabic has been most profound in those countries visited by Islam or Islamic power.

Arabic loanwords have made into many languages as diverse as Amharic, Albanian, Armenian, Azerbaijani, Balochi, Bengali, Berber, Bosnian, Bulgarian, Catalan, Chaldean, Chechen, Croatian, Dagestani, English, French, Georgian, German, Greek, Gujarati, Hausa, Hebrew, Hindi, Indonesian, Italian, Kazakh, Kurdish, Kutchi, Kyrgyz, Macedonian, Malaysian, Odia, Pashto, Persian, Portuguese, Punjabi, Romanian, Serbian, Sicilian, Spanish, Sindhi, Somali, Swahili, Tagalog, Tigrinya, Turkish, Turkmen, Urdu, Uyghur, Uzbek, Visayan and Wolof as well as other languages in countries where these languages are spoken. Other languages such as Maltese[1] and Nubi derive from Arabic, rather than merely borrowing vocabulary. Spanish has one of the largest Arabic-influenced vocabularies of any European language, around 8 percent, due to Arab rule mainly in the Southern Iberia from 711 until 1492 known as Al-Andalus, however Spain's re-Christianization and resulting loss of contact with Arabic culture has led to a significant shift in both meaning and pronunciation of Spanish words of Arabic etymology.

The terms borrowed range from religious terminology (like Berber taẓallit, "prayer" < salat), academic terms (like Persian manteq, "logic"), to everyday conjunctions (like Hindi/Urdu lekin, "but"). Most Berber varieties (such as Kabyle), along with Swahili, borrow numbers from Arabic. Most religious terms used by Muslims around the world are direct borrowings from Arabic, such as ṣalāt, 'prayer' and imām, 'prayer leader'. In languages not directly in contact with the Arab world, Arabic loanwords are often mediated by other languages rather than being transferred directly from Arabic; for example many older Arabic loanwords in Hausa were borrowed from Kanuri.

Reciprocal Impact Between Arabic and English:

• A study titled “The Dialectic of Reciprocal Impact between Arabic and English: Egyptian Colloquial Arabic as a Model” investigates the reciprocal influence between these two languages¹.

• It sheds light on why English stopped being inspired by Arabic and explores the effect of “Englishization” on culture-specific words in Egyptian society.

• The study raises questions about the continuous injection of English words into the Egyptian spoken language and its impact on cultural identity.

Additionally, it considers whether English dominance in its homeland affects Western speakers who cherish their language.

Reference:

https://jssa.journals.ekb.eg/article_138974_a17d3f79cf52a2a9d0a81e180395370e.pdf

Crusades:

The Crusades, brought Europeans into contact with Arabic-speaking societies in the Levant (modern-day Syria, Lebanon, and Palestine).

Military campaigns, diplomatic missions, and trade routes facilitated cross-cultural interactions and linguistic exchange.

Intellectual Centers: Cities such as Baghdad, Cordoba, Cairo, and Damascus were intellectual centers during the Middle Ages, where scholars from different cultural and linguistic backgrounds converged to study and exchange ideas. Universities, libraries, and centers of learning played a crucial role in transmitting knowledge and language.

Scientific and Academic Exchange: Arabic-speaking scholars made significant contributions to various fields, including mathematics, astronomy, medicine, philosophy, and literature. Their works were translated into Latin and other European languages, introducing Arabic words, concepts, and terminology to European intellectuals and scholars.

Other words were transferred to English as a result of the cultural influence. There were more than a thousand Arabic words that entered the English language in many scientific fields; such as medicine, astronomy, chemistry, surgery, biology. It is worth mentioning here the role of Ibn alHaytham, the pioneer of optics who made great contributions in manufacturing the camera, which was called at that time " قمر "qamara which means in Arabic 'the dark room', and the English term "camera" was derived from it. A lot of words in English are from an Arabic origin like 'Admiral' أمرر البحرر āmir ālbiḥar, 'Cake' كعر kaʽk, 'cup' كرب kub, 'jar' جر "jarra, gypsum جربjibs, camel جمر jamal, 'mattress' مطر maṭraḥ, 'candle' قنرل qindil, 'massacre' مجرر majzara, 'artichoke' شرب الخ āl ḵarŠuf, 'carob' ب خر ḵarub, 'waist' بسر wisṭ, 'mirror' ة مر "mirʼah, 'castle" قصر "qaṣr, 'apricot' مشرم miŠmiŠ, "coffee" قهرب qahwa, 'sherbet' ار شر Šarbaat, 'orange' تقرر ا burtuqaal, 'lemon' كفر 'coffin ', ālfirdaws الفر وب 'paradise ',karawya ك اب ة 'caraway', laymun لرمبن kafan, 'sugar' سرر sukar, 'gazelle' غررا ḡazal, 'rice' ز أ urz 'Cotton' قطر quṭn, 'cipher' صرف ṣifr, 'racquet' الررل احرة raḥt ālyad ,'lute' العربو āl'ud, 'alcohol' الرحربālkuḥul, 'cut' قطر qaṭaʽ, 'gain' جنر yajni 'maneuver' منررب munawara, ''story'' اسرطب usṭura, "girl" رة جر jariya, "guess" جر jas "saffron" ان الرعفر ālzaʽfran "wrist" سرر risġ, "mummy" مبمرررر mumyaʼ, "octopus" اخطبررب .uḵṭubuṭ. etc. In colloquial Arabic, we can find words like " الرر "āliṭ from the English word "elite", "شة ب "warŠah from "workshop", "وبن "dun from "down" , "لرفة "life from "loofa", حشرشر ḥaŠaŠin from "assassins"...etc

Algebra: The term “algebra” traces its origins to the mathematician Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi. He was a Persian polymath who produced vastly influential Arabic-language works in mathematics, astronomy, and geography. Hailing from Khwarazm, he was appointed as the astronomer and head of the House of Wisdom in the city of Baghdad around 820 CE.

He coined the term in his book “Kitab al-jabr w’al-Muqabala” (Rule of Reintegration and Reduction). The word began to be used in English around the 15th century and likely came from Arab medical workers in Spain, where it was used to describe setting broken bones.

Source:

The Influence of Arabic upon the English Language - Creative Word

These borrowed words enrich the English language, reflecting the cultural exchange between Arabic-speaking and English-speaking societies.