My artistic wall by Lai Lai Liu https://padlet.com/lailai_liu/wz2xqe1jwj4g Made with joy en-us 2017-12-04 01:32:42 UTC 2017-12-04 01:42:23 UTC hello@padlet.com Causes of the Mukden Incident/Manchurian Crisis (1928-32) lailai_liu https://padlet.com/lailai_liu/wz2xqe1jwj4g/wish/212686236 Nationalism: 
  • Treaty of Portsmouth - 1905. Ended the Russo-Japanese War, raised public pride in military 
  • 21 Demands - 1915: Rebuke from western powers also helped ingrain the Greater East Asian Co-prosperity Sphere and spur on Japanese nationalism.
Militarism
  • Kwangtung Army
  • Kodo-ha or “Imperial Way” faction → advocating the violent overthrow of the civilian government to bring about a military dictatorship
Political Situation in Japan
  • There were tensions between Kwantung Army and government. By 1929-1930, it was clear the army could undermine and ignore the government.
  • Todo-ha or “Control Way” faction → rose as a response to the Kodo-ha, illustrates the internal political tensions in Japan.
  • Kwantung Army went against Emperor Hirohito and Prime Minister Watasuki, hatching and executing their own plan (Mukden Incident). 
Situation in China
  • 21 Demands - 1915: Evoked national anger in China; contributed to the May 4th Movement and hostilities against Japan 
  • National boycott against Japanese products in China
  • United Front, Northern Expedition
Actions of the West
  • Wall Street Crash 1929, Smooth Hawley Tariff - Japan was dependent on world trade, so exports fell drastically with tariffs being put up
  • 21 Demands - 1915: Japan's demands for greater control over Manchuria and China's economy was denied by US and UK; created mistrust between the states
Conclusions
  • As economic hardships brought by the Wall Street Crash and tariffs, Japan increasingly needed Manchuria's resources and market. The desire was fuelled by nationalism that had existed for decades, and executed by the Kwantung Army after years of political instability and growing militarism in Japan. Furthermore, political instability in China (despite the Northern Expedition) encouraged Japanese leaders to attack.

]]> 2017-12-04 01:33:43 UTC https://padlet.com/lailai_liu/wz2xqe1jwj4g/wish/212686236 Causes of the Second Sino-Japanese War (examine time period 1932-37) lailai_liu https://padlet.com/lailai_liu/wz2xqe1jwj4g/wish/212686502 Nationalism:
  • Manchurian Crisis: The invasion and occupation of Manchuria was widely seen as a success in Japan and was viewed as an “economic lifeline” due to its vast resources. The occupation cast Japan in a “war-fever.”
Militarism:
  • Washington Treaty - restricted Japanese naval power, directly conflicted with Japan's policy to expand to secure raw materials
  • Marco Polo Bridge Incident (? idk because Marco Polo was the start of the 2nd sino-japanese war. didn't cause it)
  • Manchurian Crisis: Signaled the end of Japan solely seeking territory through diplomatic means. The militaristic approach to ensuring Manchuria and the powerlessness of the LoN showed Japan's new foreign policy. 
  • May 15th Incident (1932) enhanced influence of the army and further undermined democratic government after years of internal fighting
Political Situation in Japan
  • Smoot Hawley Tariff - major blow to Japan's economy + deepened political isolation of Japan
  • Koda-ha faction and Tosei-ha faction: 1936, when Tosei-ha more or less came out on top. Their objective was conquest of China, modernization of the army and industry, and mobilization of entire nation.
  • Anti-Comintern pact: The anti-comintern pact sought to generate anti-communist tendencies and propel the fight against the Kuomintang in China. The pact served to strenghthen German-Japanese relations and was signed in hopes of China's complete submission to Japan.
Situation in China
  • Largely controlled by Kuomintang (after Qing Dynasty was overthrown in Xinhai Revolution)
  • First stage of Chinese Civil War (which was between 1927 and 1937). Communist Party was gaining popularity.
Actions of the West
  • Lytton Report - 1932: League of Nations concluded that the Japanese invasion of Manchuria was unwarranted and unjustified; Japan walks out in anger. Incident is supposedly a turning point where friendly relations between most Western states deteriorate. 
  • Stimson Doctrine (1932) - policy of nonrecognition did not harm Japan, allowed them to carry on without regard for international law. Moreover, (again) further politically isolated Japan (symbolically) — opportunity to rally nationalism within Japan
Conclusions
  • The Japanese military and nationalism were growing thanks to the “success” of the Manchurian Crisis, fuelling Japanese expansion in Asia as a leader. Due to political instability from 1932-36, the Tosei-ha largely took over and aimed to modernize the army, and conquer Manchuria in China. Furthermore, Japan was still recovering from the Depression, and needed resources as well as a market in Manchuria. The West - League of Nations, US - took very cautious steps in dealing with Japan, as seen through the Lytton Report and Stimson Doctrine. These actions (spurred by isolationism in the US) criticized Japan verbally, but allowed Japan to carry on its aggressions, and allowed it to rally nationalism through a sense of political isolation

]]> 2017-12-04 01:35:07 UTC https://padlet.com/lailai_liu/wz2xqe1jwj4g/wish/212686502 Causes of Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor (1938-41)* Nationalism: * * Militarism: * One incentive for the attack on Pearl Harbour was to keep the US Pacific Fleet from interfering in naval warfare in Asia (where Japan was dominant)* Political Situation in Japan: * Anti-Comintern Pact → tightened relations between Nazi Germany and Japan, encouraged/reassured Japan that they would receive support because of their ideological similarities. * Tripartite Pact - gave Japan assurance that if they entered into war with US, there would be support from Germany and Italy, and that if the Axis prevailed, Japan would be given East Asia. Spurred the attack and declaration of war.* Situation in China: * In 1940 and 1941, President Franklin D. Roosevelt formalized US aid to China* Actions of the West: * Stimson Doctrine, which didn't recognize any trading policies between China and Japan as legitimate (+ later US grew concerned that Japanese involvement in China would prohibit China's Open Door Policy). Started political tensions between Japan and US * FDR tightened restrictions on trade with Japan - Oil embargo * Impending Vinson Walsh act (late July in 1940, which would increase US naval power by 70%) led Japan to conduct a preemptive strike before the act was passed (hence * Conclusions: * Japan had the security of their alliance with Nazi Germany and Italy, strengthened by the Anti-Comintern Pact and Tripartite Pact. This allowed them to attack the US with assurance that in war, they would be supported, and that when war ended, they would be dominion of East Asia. Attacking Pearl Harbour was an attempt to destroy the US Pacific fleet - a response to the oil embargo Roosevelt imposed on Japan (Japan wouldn't be able to sustain war in China if key war supplies were cut off). The deadlock in negotiations meant Japan needed to take action. lailai_liu https://padlet.com/lailai_liu/wz2xqe1jwj4g/wish/212687388 Nationalism:
Militarism:
  • One incentive for the attack on Pearl Harbour was to keep the US Pacific Fleet from interfering in naval warfare in Asia (where Japan was dominant)
Political Situation in Japan:
  • Anti-Comintern Pact → tightened relations between Nazi Germany and Japan, encouraged/reassured Japan that they would receive support because of their ideological similarities.
  • Tripartite Pact - gave Japan assurance that if they entered into war with US, there would be support from Germany and Italy, and that if the Axis prevailed, Japan would be given East Asia. Spurred the attack and declaration of war.
Situation in China:
  • In 1940 and 1941, President Franklin D. Roosevelt formalized US aid to China
Actions of the West:
  • Stimson Doctrine, which didn't recognize any trading policies between China and Japan as legitimate (+ later US grew concerned that Japanese involvement in China would prohibit China's Open Door Policy). Started political tensions between Japan and US
  • FDR tightened restrictions on trade with Japan - Oil embargo
  • Impending Vinson Walsh act (late July in 1940, which would increase US naval power by 70%) led Japan to conduct a preemptive strike before the act was passed (hence, Pearl Harbour)
Conclusions:
  • Japan had the security of their alliance with Nazi Germany and Italy, strengthened by the Anti-Comintern Pact and Tripartite Pact. This allowed them to attack the US with assurance that in war, they would be supported, and that when war ended, they would be dominion of East Asia. Attacking Pearl Harbour was an attempt to destroy the US Pacific fleet - a response to the oil embargo Roosevelt imposed on Japan (Japan wouldn't be able to sustain war in China if key war supplies were cut off). The deadlock in negotiations meant Japan needed to take action.
]]> 2017-12-04 01:41:49 UTC https://padlet.com/lailai_liu/wz2xqe1jwj4g/wish/212687388