AP Psych 6 by Savannah Julius https://padlet.com/8juliuss/appsych6 Chapter 6: Sensation and Perception en-us 2016-11-01 23:31:24 UTC 2023-02-21 12:00:37 UTC hello@padlet.com https://cdn2.iconfinder.com/data/icons/medical-specialties-2/256/Ophthalmology-512.png chapter 6 vocab 8juliuss https://padlet.com/8juliuss/appsych6/wish/135407152 https://quizlet.com/_2pmjxr ]]> 2016-11-04 15:06:09 UTC https://padlet.com/8juliuss/appsych6/wish/135407152 prosopagnosia v. phonagnosia  8juliuss https://padlet.com/8juliuss/appsych6/wish/135407475 inability to recognize faces v. inability to recognize voices]]> 2016-11-04 15:06:49 UTC https://padlet.com/8juliuss/appsych6/wish/135407475 sensation = bottom-up processing                                        perception = top-down processing 8juliuss https://padlet.com/8juliuss/appsych6/wish/135407768 2016-11-04 15:07:25 UTC https://padlet.com/8juliuss/appsych6/wish/135407768 all senses... 8juliuss https://padlet.com/8juliuss/appsych6/wish/135408101 1. receive sensory stimulation
2. transform stimuli into neural impulses (transduction)
3. deliver neural information to the brain]]> 2016-11-04 15:08:06 UTC https://padlet.com/8juliuss/appsych6/wish/135408101 threshold 8juliuss https://padlet.com/8juliuss/appsych6/wish/135408508 absolute threshold - detect stim 50% of time
  • subliminal = below absolute threshold
    • prime - predisposition of perception/memory/response 
      • masking stimulus

]]> 2016-11-04 15:09:01 UTC https://padlet.com/8juliuss/appsych6/wish/135408508 difference threshold links to Weber's law 8juliuss https://padlet.com/8juliuss/appsych6/wish/135409212 just noticeable difference proved by weber's law

for average person to perceive a difference, the two stimuli must differ by constant minimum percentage (Weber's law) and this minimum difference is required to detect the just noticeable difference between the two stimuli (diff. threshold)]]> 2016-11-04 15:10:53 UTC https://padlet.com/8juliuss/appsych6/wish/135409212 sensory adaption can occur for all senses besides vision 8juliuss https://padlet.com/8juliuss/appsych6/wish/135409964 touch: don't "feel" the watch on your wrist all of the time
smell: your house has no odor but to others it does
hear: the buzzing noise of the air conditioning goes unnoticed
taste: the taste of your mouth doesn't necessarily have a taste....

***doesn't occur for vision b/c eyes always moving]]> 2016-11-04 15:12:50 UTC https://padlet.com/8juliuss/appsych6/wish/135409964 b/c of sensory adaptation, good film creators have the frames change a lot and often so viewers don't become bored 8juliuss https://padlet.com/8juliuss/appsych6/wish/135410737 2016-11-04 15:14:37 UTC https://padlet.com/8juliuss/appsych6/wish/135410737 perceptual set all relies on EXPECTATIONS 8juliuss https://padlet.com/8juliuss/appsych6/wish/135410940 it's a top-down process
  • outside information and directions in our head from previous experience and assumptions influence perception
schemas = those previous experiences/concepts... evil little things
perceptual set unique for each person
]]> 2016-11-04 15:15:08 UTC https://padlet.com/8juliuss/appsych6/wish/135410940 perceptual set relies on expectations which include CONTEXT EFFECTS 8juliuss https://padlet.com/8juliuss/appsych6/wish/135411654 differs by culture
differs by mood and emotion
differs by motivation

information surrounding presentation]]> 2016-11-04 15:16:44 UTC https://padlet.com/8juliuss/appsych6/wish/135411654 seeing color is actually just perceiving electromagnetic energy as color 8juliuss https://padlet.com/8juliuss/appsych6/wish/135412165 color is a concept of the mind]]> 2016-11-04 15:17:57 UTC https://padlet.com/8juliuss/appsych6/wish/135412165 color spectrum runs from short gamma to long radio waves 8juliuss https://padlet.com/8juliuss/appsych6/wish/135412387 2016-11-04 15:18:34 UTC https://padlet.com/8juliuss/appsych6/wish/135412387 color: wavelength, hue, intensity 8juliuss https://padlet.com/8juliuss/appsych6/wish/135412570 2016-11-04 15:18:56 UTC https://padlet.com/8juliuss/appsych6/wish/135412570 eye 8juliuss https://padlet.com/8juliuss/appsych6/wish/135412607 pupil --> iris and lens
lens --> retina]]> 2016-11-04 15:19:00 UTC https://padlet.com/8juliuss/appsych6/wish/135412607 process of lens changing focus to help out the retina = accomodation 8juliuss https://padlet.com/8juliuss/appsych6/wish/135412801 2016-11-04 15:19:28 UTC https://padlet.com/8juliuss/appsych6/wish/135412801 transduction of visual stimuli (light) 8juliuss https://padlet.com/8juliuss/appsych6/wish/135413039
  • light energy enters eye through the retina
  • light energy encounters rods and cones
  • a chemical reaction occurs in order to turn light energy into neural signals
  • bipolar cells are activated
  • in turn activate neighboring ganglion cells
  • axons from ganglion cells bind together to form the optic nerve
  • the information on the optic nerve travels along optic track; to the thalamus then to the occipital lobes to distribute information

    • ]]>     2016-11-04 15:19:59 UTC https://padlet.com/8juliuss/appsych6/wish/135413039     rods; black and white, periphery and dim light 8juliuss https://padlet.com/8juliuss/appsych6/wish/137424654 2016-11-14 16:11:35 UTC https://padlet.com/8juliuss/appsych6/wish/137424654 cones; color and detail, daylight 8juliuss https://padlet.com/8juliuss/appsych6/wish/137424811 cones concentrate near center of retina in fovea]]> 2016-11-14 16:11:58 UTC https://padlet.com/8juliuss/appsych6/wish/137424811 color only exists in our brain?! 8juliuss https://padlet.com/8juliuss/appsych6/wish/137425098 wavelengths themselves have no color --> it's reflected light]]> 2016-11-14 16:12:36 UTC https://padlet.com/8juliuss/appsych6/wish/137425098 seeing color theories 8juliuss https://padlet.com/8juliuss/appsych6/wish/137425324 Young-Helmoltz Trichromatic theory: retina contains color receptors of red, blue, green --> combine them to see all colors
    • all colors combo = black
    • no colors = white

    opponent-process theory (Hering); opposing retina processes of red-green, yellow-blue, black-white, enable color vision
    • explains afterimages 
    ]]>     2016-11-14 16:13:03 UTC https://padlet.com/8juliuss/appsych6/wish/137425324     hubel and wiesel discovered feature detectors 8juliuss https://padlet.com/8juliuss/appsych6/wish/137426494 feature detectors see shape, angle and movement
    (not color though!)
    ...in order to recognize movement, faces and objects]]>     2016-11-14 16:15:16 UTC https://padlet.com/8juliuss/appsych6/wish/137426494     parallel processing: take in motion, form, depth, and color through vision and process it all at once 8juliuss https://padlet.com/8juliuss/appsych6/wish/137427084 this takes a lot b/c vision is out primary sense [vision capture]
    30% of cortex devoted to vision]]>     2016-11-14 16:16:31 UTC https://padlet.com/8juliuss/appsych6/wish/137427084     gestalt = want to perceive things as a whole 8juliuss https://padlet.com/8juliuss/appsych6/wish/137427652 all of those optical illusions!!!
    including subliminal logos]]>     2016-11-14 16:17:38 UTC https://padlet.com/8juliuss/appsych6/wish/137427652     gestalt principles 8juliuss https://padlet.com/8juliuss/appsych6/wish/137427851 figure-ground relationship
    grouping:
    • proximity 
    • continuity
    • closure
    • similarity
    • connectedness
    ]]>     2016-11-14 16:18:00 UTC https://padlet.com/8juliuss/appsych6/wish/137427851     depth perception is innate 8juliuss https://padlet.com/8juliuss/appsych6/wish/137428376 from Gibson and Walk, 1960
    w/ their creepy and effective visual cliff

    creepy af]]>     2016-11-14 16:19:03 UTC https://padlet.com/8juliuss/appsych6/wish/137428376     depth perception: binocular cues 8juliuss https://padlet.com/8juliuss/appsych6/wish/137428641 retinal disparity - like using 2 cameras for 3D movie
    convergence: the rate or degree your eyes turn inward to depict distance
    • cross-eyed = object REALLY CLOSE... duh

    image: 
    focusing on finger = two trees
    focusing one tree = two fingers
    ]]>     2016-11-14 16:19:32 UTC https://padlet.com/8juliuss/appsych6/wish/137428641     depth perception: monocular cues 8juliuss https://padlet.com/8juliuss/appsych6/wish/137428912 relative height
    relative motion
    relative size
    interposition
    relative clarity
    texture gradient
    linear perspective
    relative brightness / light and shadow]]>     2016-11-14 16:20:01 UTC https://padlet.com/8juliuss/appsych6/wish/137428912     motion perception 8juliuss https://padlet.com/8juliuss/appsych6/wish/137597508 phi phenomena
    stroboscopic movement -- like flip book!


    ]]>     2016-11-15 02:02:55 UTC https://padlet.com/8juliuss/appsych6/wish/137597508     perceptual constancy 8juliuss https://padlet.com/8juliuss/appsych6/wish/137598317 color and brightness constancy
    shape and size constancy

    relationship between identifying objects based on color, brightness, shape and how DISTANT we perceive them to be]]>     2016-11-15 02:10:43 UTC https://padlet.com/8juliuss/appsych6/wish/137598317     perceptual interpretation 8juliuss https://padlet.com/8juliuss/appsych6/wish/137598437 Kant, "perception is innate!"
    Locke, "perception is learned!"
    • those born blind and can now see could not identify by visual shape of objects, even if they were in contact with them before
    ]]>     2016-11-15 02:11:56 UTC https://padlet.com/8juliuss/appsych6/wish/137598437     sensory restriction 8juliuss https://padlet.com/8juliuss/appsych6/wish/137598596 there is a critical period when exposure to stimuli is required in infancy and childhood
    visual experience matters!]]>     2016-11-15 02:13:53 UTC https://padlet.com/8juliuss/appsych6/wish/137598596     we can adapt our perception to a vision that has been inverted 8juliuss https://padlet.com/8juliuss/appsych6/wish/137598737 we can adapt to those inverted or shifted goggles - we would still see that specific image but we would accommodate with it and perceive it as normal eventually

    **PERCEPTUAL ADAPTATION]]>     2016-11-15 02:15:39 UTC https://padlet.com/8juliuss/appsych6/wish/137598737     human factors psychologists study how we perceive helping people in order to design machines, to reduce injury! 8juliuss https://padlet.com/8juliuss/appsych6/wish/137598828 2016-11-15 02:16:39 UTC https://padlet.com/8juliuss/appsych6/wish/137598828 transduction of hearing soundwaves 8juliuss https://padlet.com/8juliuss/appsych6/wish/137598911
  • sound waves enters outer ear
  • waves travel through auditory canal
  • waves hit and vibrate eardrum
  • middle ear concentrates vibrations of eardrum onto window of cochlea --> transmits vibrations to cochlea in inner ear
  • fluids in cochlea vibrate
  • basilar membrane ripples
  • hair cells bend
  • nerve cells triggered
  • auditory nerve forms
  • neural message is sent to auditory cortex in temporal lobe via the thalamus
    • ]]>     2016-11-15 02:17:38 UTC https://padlet.com/8juliuss/appsych6/wish/137598911     types of hearing loss 8juliuss https://padlet.com/8juliuss/appsych6/wish/137599230 sensorineural: aka nerve deafness, more common, damage to cochlea's receptor cells or auditory nerves
    • overexposure to loud noises
    • illness

    conduction: less common, damage to mechanical system that conducts sound waves to cochlea

    channel switching: deficiency in one sense which heightens your focus on others
    • lose hearing, see better!?
    ]]>     2016-11-15 02:20:42 UTC https://padlet.com/8juliuss/appsych6/wish/137599230     can get cochlear implant to reverse hearing loss 8juliuss https://padlet.com/8juliuss/appsych6/wish/137599437 converts sound into electrical signals that stimulate auditory nerve through electrodes]]> 2016-11-15 02:22:42 UTC https://padlet.com/8juliuss/appsych6/wish/137599437 how/why we hear different pitches? THEORIES 8juliuss https://padlet.com/8juliuss/appsych6/wish/137599525 place theory: more accepted, usually used to explain high pitched sounds, form Helmoltz

    frequency theory: aka temporal theory, more far-fetched and less accepted, usually used to explain low pitched sounds]]>     2016-11-15 02:23:30 UTC https://padlet.com/8juliuss/appsych6/wish/137599525     touch 8juliuss https://padlet.com/8juliuss/appsych6/wish/137599847 through skin receptors to sensory strip in parietal lobe

    necessary for mental and physical growth!!]]>     2016-11-15 02:26:14 UTC https://padlet.com/8juliuss/appsych6/wish/137599847     touch is sensitive to... 8juliuss https://padlet.com/8juliuss/appsych6/wish/137599934 1. pressure
    2. warmth
    3. cold
    4. pain]]>     2016-11-15 02:26:52 UTC https://padlet.com/8juliuss/appsych6/wish/137599934     pain 8juliuss https://padlet.com/8juliuss/appsych6/wish/137599969 essential to survival
    a top-down process
    • can block pain with distraction (including hypnosis)
    • placebo effect on pain
    • gate-control theory
    pain = bio-psycho-social concept
    ]]>     2016-11-15 02:27:08 UTC https://padlet.com/8juliuss/appsych6/wish/137599969     phantom limb sensations can occur after amputation; feeling of pain in a limb that is no longer there! 8juliuss https://padlet.com/8juliuss/appsych6/wish/137600150 2016-11-15 02:28:20 UTC https://padlet.com/8juliuss/appsych6/wish/137600150 taste 8juliuss https://padlet.com/8juliuss/appsych6/wish/137600228 responsive to these 5 sensations
    1. sweet
    2. salty
    3. bitter
    4. sour
    5. unami (savory)

    our brain "lights up" in different places depending on if we are experiencing different sensations of taste]]>     2016-11-15 02:29:02 UTC https://padlet.com/8juliuss/appsych6/wish/137600228     taste is a primal sense 8juliuss https://padlet.com/8juliuss/appsych6/wish/137600316 used for survival, what was good to eat and what wasn't

    linked with smell!!!
    ***SENSORY INTERACTION***]]>     2016-11-15 02:29:58 UTC https://padlet.com/8juliuss/appsych6/wish/137600316     smell (primitive sense) 8juliuss https://padlet.com/8juliuss/appsych6/wish/137600370 molecules of object being SNIFFED go into nose and hit olfactory bulbs
    • smell = only sense that it's sensory information is processed outside of a lobe first (inside the olfactory bulbs) 
    olfactory bulbs are like our nose brain
    ]]>     2016-11-15 02:30:36 UTC https://padlet.com/8juliuss/appsych6/wish/137600370     both taste and smell are chemical senses 8juliuss https://padlet.com/8juliuss/appsych6/wish/137600537 2016-11-15 02:32:28 UTC https://padlet.com/8juliuss/appsych6/wish/137600537 body position and movement 8juliuss https://padlet.com/8juliuss/appsych6/wish/137600557 kinesthesia: sensing one's position and movement of individual body parts
    • athletes more acute to this / have better sense of this

    vestibular sense: semicircular canals and vestibular sacs in ears have fluid in them that moves when your head moves, activating receptor cells, which allows us to maintain our balance

    the vestibular sense works with the cerebellum, the motor strip, and the semicircular canals
    vestibular sense = faster than sense of vision! 
    ]]>     2016-11-15 02:32:39 UTC https://padlet.com/8juliuss/appsych6/wish/137600557     ESP - perception can occur apart from sensory input 8juliuss https://padlet.com/8juliuss/appsych6/wish/137600740 psychokinesis = ability to move objects with mind
    telepathy = mind to mind communication
    clairvoyance = perception of remote/distant objects
    precognition = That's So Raven, able to see into future]]>     2016-11-15 02:34:47 UTC https://padlet.com/8juliuss/appsych6/wish/137600740     the senses, their sources, and their receptors 8juliuss https://padlet.com/8juliuss/appsych6/wish/137601676 2016-11-15 02:43:01 UTC https://padlet.com/8juliuss/appsych6/wish/137601676 simplified transduction of sound waves 8juliuss https://padlet.com/8juliuss/appsych6/wish/138099569 1. outer ear = catches sound
    2. middle ear = amplifies sound
    3. inner ear = transducts sound]]>     2016-11-16 15:12:00 UTC https://padlet.com/8juliuss/appsych6/wish/138099569     types of structures in ear 8juliuss https://padlet.com/8juliuss/appsych6/wish/138100846 outer ear 
    • pinna: funnels sound into auditory canal
    inner ear
    • stirrup: begins the inner ear
    • cochlea
      • basilar membrane
    • semicircular canals
    ]]>     2016-11-16 15:14:26 UTC https://padlet.com/8juliuss/appsych6/wish/138100846     why do we have 2 ears? 8juliuss https://padlet.com/8juliuss/appsych6/wish/138106266 to detect location of sound]]> 2016-11-16 15:23:15 UTC https://padlet.com/8juliuss/appsych6/wish/138106266 smell and taste declines with age as well 8juliuss https://padlet.com/8juliuss/appsych6/wish/138108222 eat more nasty foods as we get older

    smell:
    sense of smell peaks in early 30s
    women slightly better at sense, especially when pregnant

    ]]>     2016-11-16 15:25:58 UTC https://padlet.com/8juliuss/appsych6/wish/138108222