REFERENCE:

1. Encyclopaedia Britannica, Thomas O.Mason (1998, Oct 19), “Traditional ceramics” , retrieved form https://www.britannica.com/technology/traditional-ceramics

Reference :

1.     J. Gabriel, E.Fotenele, U.Carvalho et al. 2008 page 119-124

2.     https://depts.washington.edu/matseed/mse_resources/Webpage/Ceramics/ceramicprocessing.htm

 In traditional ceramic, the powders are usually mixed with water to temporarily bind the particles together for example wet mixing to achieved the proper consistency for shaping in shaping process. 

To form the ceramic particles into a desired shape, this is accomplished by the addition of water and/or additives such as binders, followed by a shape forming process. Some of the most common forming methods for ceramics include extrusion, slip casting, pressing and injection molding.
 

Reference:
1. http://www.qualicer.org/recopilatorio/ponencias/pdfs/0832230e.pdf

References: 

i. 2002 John Wiley & Sons,Inc. M P Groover, “Fundamentals of Modern Manufacturing 2/e”   , Page 139-142.
ii.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramic_forming_techniques

 
 Furthermore, there are ongoing research regarding water that acts as a pore inducer in ceramic materials. Water can induce the formation of aquaporins in ceramic materials which makes the ceramic to have a filtration system. 

**REFERENCES**
1.  Ryan, W. "Properties of Ceramic Raw Materials" Pergamon Press, pp. 21-36, pp. 43-82 (1978)
2.  Kozumi, T., & Kitagawa, Y. (2016). Water structure changes induced by ceramics can be detected by increased permeability through aquaporin. Biochemistry and Biophysics Reports,5, 353-358. doi:10.1016/j.bbrep.2016.01.002 

References:

1.       Daniel J. Shanefield. Organic Additives and Ceramic Processing. Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 1995.

2.       Thomas O. Mason. Traditional Ceramics. Encyclopaedia Britannica. 2016.

https://www.britannica.com/technology/traditional-ceramics (Accessed 2018-09-17)

pg 345 

2.
The importance of water/cement ratio in concrete countertop mix design. (n.d.). Retrieved September 17, 2018, from http://www.concretecountertopinstitute.com/blog/2011/07/the-importance-of-watercement-ratio-in-concrete-countertop-mix-design/
3.
https://www.mpo.cz/assets/cz/prumysl/prumysl-a-zivotni-prostredi/ippc-integrovana-prevence-a-omezovani-znecisteni/referencni-dokumenty-bref/2016/12/cer_bref_0807.pdf

Ceramics are typically produced by the application of heat upon processed clays and other natural raw materials to form a rigid product. Ceramic products that use naturally occurring rocks and minerals as a starting material must undergo special processing in order to control purity, particle size, particle size distribution, and heterogeneity. These attributes play a big role in the final properties of the finished ceramic. Chemically prepared powders also are used as starting materials for some ceramic products. These synthetic materials can be controlled to produce powders with precise chemical compositions and particle size.

The next step is to form the ceramic particles into a desired shape. This is accomplished by the addition of water and/or additives such as binders, followed by a shape forming process. Some of the most common forming methods for ceramics include extrusion, slip casting, pressing, tape casting and injection molding. After the particles are formed, these "green" ceramics undergo a heat-treatment (called firing or sintering) to produce a rigid, finished product. Some ceramic products such as electrical insulators, dinnerware and tile may then undergo a glazing process. Some ceramics for advanced applications may undergo a machining and/or polishing step in order meet specific engineering design criteria.

The next step is to form the ceramic particles into a desired shape, addition of water and/or additives such as binders, followed by a shape forming process. Some of the most common forming methods for ceramics include extrusion, slip casting, pressing, tape casting and injection molding. After the particles are formed, these "green" ceramics undergo a heat-treatment (called firing or sintering) to produce a rigid, finished product.

Reference

https://depts.washington.edu/matseed/mse_resources/Webpage/Ceramics/ceramicprocessing.htm

To form the ceramic particles into a desired shape. This is accomplished by the addition of water and/or additives such as binders, followed by a shape forming process. Some of the most common forming methods for ceramics include extrusion, slip casting, pressing, tape casting and injection molding. After the particles are formed, these "green" ceramics undergo a heat-treatment (called firing or sintering) to produce a rigid, finished product. Some ceramic products such as electrical insulators, dinnerware and tile may then undergo a glazing process. Some ceramics for advanced applications may undergo a machining and/or polishing step in order meet specific engineering design criteria.

To form the ceramic particles into a desired shape, addition of water and/or additives such as binders, followed by a shape forming process. Some of the most common forming methods for ceramics include extrusion, slip casting, pressing, tape casting and injection molding. After the particles are formed, these "green" ceramics undergo a heat-treatment (called firing or sintering) to produce a rigid, finished product.

Reference:

1.       http://www.qualicer.org/recopilatorio/ponencias/pdfs/0832230e.pdf

2.       http://www.qualicer.org/recopilatorio/ponencias/pdfs/0832230e.pdf

3.       http://ceramics.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Slip-Casting-Lesson-111.pdf

Slip casting involves the pouring of a liquid clay (slurry with 25% to 40% wateer) body slip into plaster moulds. The water in the slip is drawn out of the slip by the plaster, leaving an inside layer of solid clay.  

Water allows the clay to be shaped. The amount of water in the clay determines the viscosity of the clay. High amount of water increases its plasticity and makes it hard to retain its shape.  

Water is present in between the clay particles; clay experiences shrinkage and becomes stiffer when it is dried since water contributes volume to the ceramics. 

References: 

 Water creates clay-water mixture with suitable plasticity for shaping and affecting the rheological behaviour of ceramic suspensions by the viscosity and thixotropy. The cations are responsible for coagulation of the negatively charged clay mineral particles, while anions counterbalance the coagulating power of the cations. To form the ceramic particles into a desired shape, water are added with additives and amount of water affect the viscosity by increase the plasticity.


References:
1. https://www.slideshare.net/aliraza62742/ceramic-materials-their-processing
2. http://www.qualicer.org/recopilatorio/ponencias/pdfs/0832230e.pdf

References:

1.      Ceramic Materials, Processes, Properties and Application edited by Philippe Boch and Jean-Claude Niepce, ISTE Ltd, 2007, HERMES Science Europe Ltd 2001.

2.      Influence Of Processing Water On Ceramic Suspension Viscosity, Adachi, N.; Hashiba, M.; Saturada, O. Ceramics International 30 (6) (2004) 1055-1058.

3.      https://www.slideshare.net/aliraza62742/ceramic-materials-their-processing

Refrences 

1.       https://www.britannica.com/technology/traditional-ceramics#ref76567

2.       https://depts.washington.edu/matseed/mse_resources/Webpage/Ceramics/ceramicprocessing.htm

3.       https://www.slideshare.net/aliraza62742/ceramic-materials-their-processing

Ceramic products that are diverse in many aspects such as in size, shape, complexity, and material composition are produced from ceramic processing. Its purpose is to increase the ability to refine, develop, and characterize ceramic materials (1). In ceramic processing, water plays important role. Water are used to bind the powder of traditional ceramics to achieve proper consistency for shaping (2).  By adding water, the particles exhibit unusual rheology or flow under pressure where it allows different processing method. Furthermore, the amount of the addition of water, clay-water bodies can be stiff or plastic (3). Plus, rheology has held as important role in quality control and productivity (4).   (108 words) 

 

1.       Retrieved from https://depts.washington.edu/matseed/mse_resources/Webpage/Ceramics/ceramicprocessing.htm (18^th September 2018) 

2.       Retrieved from https://www.slideshare.net/klivsie/ch17-9297719?next_slideshow=1 (18^th September 2018) 

3.       Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/technology/traditional-ceramics  (19^th September 2018) 

4.       Retrieved from http://www.qualicer.org/recopilatorio/ponencias/pdfs/0832230e.pdf  (19^th September 2018) 

2) https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405580816000030

Reference :

1.     J. Gabriel, E.Fotenele, U.Carvalho et al. 2008 page 119-124

2.     https://depts.washington.edu/matseed/mse_resources/Webpage/Ceramics/ceramicprocessing.htm

Water holds an exceptionally crucial roles in ceramic processing. For an instance, water's main role is always to act as the temporary binder of the materials as it is used through out the mixing and shaping processes . When added to the raw materials, water bind the material, giving the mixture a good flow as it is mixed and formed into paste or slurry, which  give the green body an insufficient mechanical strength which enable handling as to shaping or forming the bodies into desired shape with different technique. Besides, the techniques choose to form the bodies also depend to the quantity of water as it might different percentages of water in a bodies will suit different technique and it is important to choose a suitable technique to match with the percentages of water. Water also provide a suitable level of homogeneity to the raw material. It make sure that all the composition of material is balanced and homogeneous through out the paste or slurry.

reference
1. retrieved from
https://www.mpo.cz/assets/cz/prumysl/prumysl-a-zivotni-prostredi/ippc-integrovana-prevence-a-omezovani-znecisteni/referencni-dokumenty-bref/2016/12/cer_bref_0807.pdf

2.retrieved from
https://depts.washington.edu/matseed/mse_resources/Webpage/Ceramics/ceramicprocessing.htm