A&P (Extra Credit) by Bea Lontoc https://padlet.com/lontocbea13/wuwmrbjes2xl BIOL - 2401 5019 (Isabella Lontoc) en-us 2018-11-25 05:14:10 UTC 2025-11-06 11:21:12 UTC hello@padlet.com https://padlet-assets.s3.amazonaws.com/icons/File.png CELLS lontocbea13 https://padlet.com/lontocbea13/wuwmrbjes2xl/wish/307463453 CELL THEORY
EXTRACELLULAR MATERIALS
PLASMA MEMBRANE
  • Membrane Lipids
  • Membrane Proteins
  • Membrane Carbohydrates and the Glycocalyx
  • Cell Junctions
        - Tight Junctions
        - Desmosomes
        - Gap Junctions
PASSIVE MEMBRANE TRANSPORT
  • Simple Diffusion
  • Facilitated Diffusion
  • Osmosis
        - Tonicity
  (Isotonic, Hypertonic & Hypotonic)
ACTIVE MEMBRANE TRANSPORT
  • Active Tranport
        - Primary Active Transport
        - Secondary Active Transport
  • Vesicular Transport
       - Endocytosis
       - Exocytosis
RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL
CELL ADHESION MOLECULES
  • CAMs
  • Plasma Membrane Receptors
CYTOPLASM AND ORGANELLES
  • Cytoplasm
  • Mitochondria
  • Ribosomes
  • Smooth/Rough ER
  • Golgi Apparatus
  • Peroxisomes
  • Lysosomes
  • Endomembrane System
  • Cytoskeleton
       - Myofilaments
       - Intermediate Filaments
       - Microtubules
  • Centrosome and Centrioles
CELLULAR EXTENSIONS
  • Cilia
  • Microvilli
NUCLEUS
  • Nuclear Envelope
  • Nucleoli
  • Chromatin
CELL CYCLE
  • Interphase ( G1, S Phase, G2)
  • Mitosis (PMAT and Cytokinesis)
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
  • Translation
  • Transcription
]]> 2018-11-25 05:33:04 UTC https://padlet.com/lontocbea13/wuwmrbjes2xl/wish/307463453 TISSUES lontocbea13 https://padlet.com/lontocbea13/wuwmrbjes2xl/wish/307463488 EPITHELIAL TISSUE
  • Characteristics
        - Polarity
        - Specialized Contacts
        - Connective Tissue support
        - Avascular but Innervated
        - Regeneration
  • Classifications
        - Simple epithelia
           - Squamous
           - Cuboidal
           - Columnar
           - Pseudostratified Columnar
        - Stratified epithelia
           - Squamous
           - Cuboidal
           - Columnar
           - Transitional
GLANDULAR EPITHELIA
  • Endocrine Glands
  • Exocrine Glands
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
  • Characteristics
        - Extracellular matrix
        - Common origin
  • Structural Components        
        - Ground Substance
           > Interstitial fluid
           > Cell adhesion proteins
           > Proteoglycans
  • Connective Tissue Fibers
        - Collagen fibers
        - Elastic Fibers
        - Reticular Fibers
  • Connective Tissue Cells
        - Fibroblasts
        - Chondroblasts
        - Osteoblasts
        - Adipocytes
        - White blood cells
        - Mast cells
        - Macrophages
  • Types of Connective Tissue
       - Connective Tissue Proper
           > Loose Connective Tissue
              + Areolar
              + Adipose
              + Reticular
          > Dense Connective Tissue
              + Regular 
              + Irregular 
              + Elastic
       - Cartilage
          > Hyaline Cartilage
          > Elastic Cartilage
          > Fibrocartilage
       - Bone Tissue
          > Compact bone
          > Spongy bone
       - Blood
MUSCLE TISSUE
  • Skeletal Muscle
  • Cardiac Muscle
  • Smooth Muscle
NERVOUS TISSUE
  • Neurons
LINING MEMBRANES
  • Cutaneous Membrane
  • Mucous Membrane
  • Serous Membrane
TISSUE REPAIR
  • Regeneration
  • Fibrosis
]]> 2018-11-25 05:33:37 UTC https://padlet.com/lontocbea13/wuwmrbjes2xl/wish/307463488 INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM lontocbea13 https://padlet.com/lontocbea13/wuwmrbjes2xl/wish/307463507 LAYERS OF THE SKIN
  • Epidermis
  • Dermis
        - Hypodermis
CELLS OF EPIDERMIS
  • Keratinocytes
  • Melanocytes
  • Dendritic Cells
  • Tactile Epithelial Cells
LAYERS OF EPIDERMIS
  • Stratum Basale
  • Stratum Spinosum
  • Stratum Granulosum
  • Stratum Lucidum
  • Stratum Corneum
LAYERS OF DERMIS
  • Papillary Dermis
  • Reticular Dermis
FACTORS OF SKIN COLOR
  • Melanin
  • Carotene
  • Hemoglobin
HAIR STRUCTURE 
  • Root
  • Shaft
LAYERS OF HAIR
  • Medulla
  • Cortex
  • Cuticle
HAIR FOLLICLE STRUCTURE
  • Hair bulb
  • Root hair plexus
WALL OF HAIR FOLLICLE
  • Peripheral Connective Tissue Sheath
  • Glassy Membrane
  • Epithelial Root Sheath
TYPES AND GROWTH OF HAIR
  • Vellus hair
  • Terminal hair
STRUCTURE OF NAILS
  • Root
  • Nail plate
  • Free edge
  • Nail bed
  • Nail matrix
  • Lunule
  • Nail folds
  • Cuticle / Eponychium
  • Hyponychium
GLANDS
  • Sweat Glands
        - Eccrine sweat glands 
        - Apocrine sweat glands
           > Ceruminous glands
           > Mammary glands
  • Sebaceous Glands
FUNCTIONS OF THE SKIN
  • Protection
  • Body Temperature Regulation
  • Cutaneous Sensation
  • Metabolic Functions
  • Blood Reservoir
  • Excretion
SKIN CANCER
  • Basal Cell Carcinoma
  • Squamous Cell Carcinoma
  • Melanoma
BURNS
  • First-degree burns
  • Second-degree burns
  • Third-degree burns
]]> 2018-11-25 05:33:52 UTC https://padlet.com/lontocbea13/wuwmrbjes2xl/wish/307463507 SKELETAL SYSTEM lontocbea13 https://padlet.com/lontocbea13/wuwmrbjes2xl/wish/307463525 SKELETAL CARTILAGES
  • Hyaline Cartilage
  • Elastic Cartilage
  • Fibrocartilage
GROWTH OF CARTILAGE
  • Appositional Growth
  • Interstitial Growth
FUNCTIONS OF THE BONES
  • Support
  • Protection
  • Anchorage
  • Mineral storage
  • Blood cell formation
  • Fat storage
  • Hormon Production
TWO GROUPS
  • Axial Skeleton
  • Appendicular Skeleton
CLASSIFICATIONS
  • Long bones
  • Short bones
  • Flat bones
  • Irregular bones
MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY OF THE BONE
  • Cells of Bone Tissue
        - Osteoprogenitor Cells
        - Osteoblasts
        - Osteocytes
        - Bone Lining Cells
        - Osteoclasts
  • Compact Bone
  • Spongy Bone
FORMATION OF BONY SKELETON
  • Endochondral Ossification
  • Intramembranous Ossification
BONE REMODELING
  • Bone Resorption
  • Bone Deposition
BONE DISORDERS
  • Osteomalacia and Rickets
  • Osteoporosis
  • Paget's Disease
                AXIAL SKELETON
SKULL
  • 8 Cranial Bones
  • 14 Facial Bones
VERTEBRAL COLUMN
  • General Characteristics
        - Regions and Curvatures
        - Ligaments
        - Intervertebral Discs
  • Regional Vertebral Characteristics
        - Cervical Vertebrae
        - Thoracic Vertebrae
        - Lumbar Vertebrae
        - Sacrum
        - Coccyx
      APPENDICULAR SKELETON
  • Clavicle
  • Scapulae
  • Upper Limbs
  • Lower Limbs
  • Hip Bones
JOINTS FUNCTIONAL CATEGORIES
  • Fibrous Joints
        - Suture
        - Syndesmosis
        - Gomphosis
  • Cartilaginous Joints
        - Synchondroses
        - Symphyses
  • Synovial Joints
        - Factors Influencing Stability
           > Articular Surfaces
           > Ligaments
        - Movements Allowed
           > Gliding Movements
           > Angular Movements
              ~ Flexion
              ~ Extension
              ~ Abduction
              ~ Adduction
              ~ Circumduction
              ~ Rotation
        - Types of Synovial Joints
            > Plane Joints
            > Hinge Joints
            > Pivot Joints
            > Condylar Joints
            > Saddle Joints
            > Ball-and-socket Joints
COMMON JOINT INJURIES
  • Cartilage Tears
  • Sprains
  • Dislocations
INFLAMMATORY AND DEGENERATIVE CONDITIONS
  • Bursitis and Tendonitis
  • Arthritis
  • Osteoarthritis
  • Rheumatoid Arthritis
  • Lyme Disease
]]> 2018-11-25 05:34:13 UTC https://padlet.com/lontocbea13/wuwmrbjes2xl/wish/307463525 MUSCULAR SYSTEM lontocbea13 https://padlet.com/lontocbea13/wuwmrbjes2xl/wish/307463539 TYPES OF MUSCLE TISSUES
  • Skeletal muscle tissue
  • Cardiac muscle tissue
  • Smooth muscle tissue
CHARACTERISTICS
  • Excitability
  • Contractility
  • Extensibility
  • Elasticity
MUSCLE FUNCTIONS
  • Produce movement
  • Maintain posture and body position
  • Stabilize joints
  • Generate heat
SKELETAL MUSCLE
  • Connective Tissue Sheaths
        - Epimysium
        - Perimysium
        - Endomysium
  • Attachments 
        - Insertion/origin
        - Direct/Indirect
  • Structure
        - Sarcolemma
        - Sarcoplasm
        - Myofibrils
           > Striations
           > Sarcomeres 
           > Myofilaments 
        - Sarcoplasmic reticulum
        - T Tubules
  • Skeletal muscle contractions
        - Motor unit
        - Muscle twitch
           > Latent period
           > Period of contraction
           > Period of relaxation
        - Muscle tone
        - Isotonic/Isometric
  • Energy for contractions
        - Creatine Phosphate
        - Anaerobic Pathway (glycolysis and lactic acid formation
        - Aerobic Respiration
  • Force of muscle contraction
        - Frequency of stimulation
        - # of muscle fibers recruited
        - Size of muscle fibers
        - Degree of muscle stretch
  • Velocity and duration of contraction
        - Muscle fiber type
           > Speed of contraction
           > Major pathways for ATP
        - Load and recruitment
SMOOTH MUSCLE
  • Contraction of Smooth Muscle
        - Response to Stretch
           > stress-relaxation respons
        - Length and Tension Changes
  • Types of Smooth Muscle
        - Urinary Smooth Muscle
- Multi Unit Smooth Muscle
MUSCLE MOVEMENTS
  • Prime move (agonist)
  • Antagonists
  • Synergists
NAMING SKELETAL MUSCLES
  • Muscle location
  • Muscle shape
  • Muscle size
  • Direction of muscle fibers
  • Number of origins
  • Attachment's location
  • Muscle action
FASCICLE ARRANGMENTS
  • Circular
  • Convergent
  • Parallel
  • Pennate
]]> 2018-11-25 05:34:26 UTC https://padlet.com/lontocbea13/wuwmrbjes2xl/wish/307463539 NERVOUS SYSTEM lontocbea13 https://padlet.com/lontocbea13/wuwmrbjes2xl/wish/307463561 FUNCTIONS
  • Sensory Input
  • Integration
  • Motor Output
TWO MAJOR DIVISIONS
  • Central Nervous System
  • Peripheral Nervous System
       - Sensory Division (afferent)
       - Motor Division (efferent)
            > Somatic Nervous System
            > Autonomic Nervous System
                + Sympathetic Division
                + Parasympathetic Division
NEUROGLIA IN THE CNS
  • Astrocytes
  • Microglial Cells
  • Ependymal Cells
  • Oligodendrocytes
NEUROGLIA IN THE PNS
  • Satellite Cells
  • Schwann Cells
NEURON CELL BODY
  • Perikaryon/Soma
  • Chromatophilic Substance
  • Cytoskeletal Elements
         - Microtubules
         - Neurofibrils
  • Pigment Inclusions
NEURON PROCESSES
  • Dendrites
  • Axon 
AXON STRUCTURE
  •  Axon Hillock
  • Nerve fiber (long axon)
  • Tracts (axon bundles in CNS)
  • Nerves (axon bundles in PNS)
  • Axon Collaterals
  •  Terminal Branches
  • Axon Terminals
AXON FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS
  • Conducting Region
  • Secretory Region
AXONAL TRANSPORT
  • Anterograde movement
  • Retrograde movement
CLASSIFICATION OF NEURONS
  • Multipolar Neurons
  • Bipolar Neurons
  • Unipolar Neurons
FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION
  • Sensory (Afferent) Neurons
  • Motor (Efferent) Neurons
  • Interneurons
RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL
  • Role of Membrane Ion Channels
       - Chemically gated channels
       - Voltage-gated channels
       - Mechanically gated channels
  • Changing the RMP
       - Depolarization
       - Hyperpolarization
GRADED POTENTIALS
  • Receptor Potential
  • Postsynaptic Potential
ACTION POTENTIAL GENERATION
  • Resting State
  • Depolarization 
        - threshold (all/none)
  • Repolarization
  • Hyperpolarization
CONDUCTION VELOCITY
  • Axon diameter
  • Degree of myelination
  • Continuous conduction
  • Saltatory conduction
SYNAPSES
  • Presynaptic Neuron
  • Postsynaptic Neuron
TYPES OF SYNAPSES
  • Electrical Synapses
  • Chemical Synapses
CLASSIFICATION OF NEUROTRANSMITTERS BY CHEMICAL STRUCTURE
  • Acetylcholine
  • Biogenic Amines
  • Amino Acids
  • Peptides
  • Purines
  • Gases and Lipids
CLASSIFICATION OF NEUROTRANSMITTERS BY FUNTCION
  • Effects - Excitatory vs. Inhibitory
  • Actions - Direct vs. Indirect
NEUROTRANSMITTER RECEPTORS
  • Channel-Linked Receptors
  • G Protein-Couples Receptors
PATTERNS OF NEURAL PROCESSING
  • Serial Processing
  • Reflexes
  • Parallel Processing
]]> 2018-11-25 05:34:48 UTC https://padlet.com/lontocbea13/wuwmrbjes2xl/wish/307463561 CHEMISTRY lontocbea13 https://padlet.com/lontocbea13/wuwmrbjes2xl/wish/307464346 MATTER
  • States of Matter
ENERGY
  • Kinetic vs. Potential Energy
  • Forms of Energy
STRUCTURE OF ATOMS
IDENTIFYING ELEMENTS
  • Atomic #
  • Mass # and Isotopes
  • Atomic Weight
MIXTURES
  • Solutions (Concentrations)
CHEMICAL BONDING
  • Hydrogen Bonds
  • Ionic Bonds
  • Covalent Bonds
CHEMICAL EQUATIONS
  • Reactants and Products
CHEMICAL REACTIONS
  • Synthesis / Combination
  • Decomposition
  • Exchange
INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
  • Water
  • Salts
  • Acids and Bases
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
  • Carbohydrates
  • Lipids
  • Proteins
  • Nucleic Acids
]]> 2018-11-25 05:50:08 UTC https://padlet.com/lontocbea13/wuwmrbjes2xl/wish/307464346