(Sub)Order Platyrrhine by Kate Hickey

Major Characteristics

kh233 — 2017-05-30 16:56:52 UTC

Many new world monkeys share common characteristics. One thing they have in common in particular is their noses. The noses are flat and have nostrils that open far apart on the sides. The male monkeys are usually involved in raising the infant monkeys. The thumbs of the monkey's are in line with their other digits or fingers. The tympanic membrane on their ears are connected to the outside of their ears. The new world monkeys move in large groups and are most commonly found in large groups. New world swing from branch to branch and get around mainly by tree. They have a variety of niches so that they are able to survive in different areas and share resources with other species without directly competing. They live in areas with lots of trees that are relatively close so that it is easy for them to get from tree to tree.

Spider Monkey

kh233 — 2017-05-30 20:57:30 UTC

Kingdom - Animalia
Phylum - Chordata
Class - Mammalia
Order - Primate
Suborder - Platyrrhine
Family - Atelidae
Genus - Ateles
Species -Paniscus

Black Spider Monkeys primarily live in rainforests so they are able to move from tree to tree easily. They have a similar appearance to an ape with their long and shiny black hair. They are long and slender with typically round bellies. The tip of their tail is bald and wrinkly for use as a grip on the tree branches and trunk. They eat a large assortment of fruits. They move across trees by running, swinging, and jumping. Their hands are not used a lot when climbing so they are available to eat. The Black Spider Monkeys travel in groups of about 20-30 monkeys.

Howler Monkey

kh233 — 2017-05-30 21:18:26 UTC

Kingdom - Animalia
Phylum - Chordata
Class - Mammalia
Order - Primate
Suborder - Platyrrhine
Family - Atelidae
Genus - Alouatta
Species - Caraya

Howler Monkeys can be found in both primary and secondary rainforests. They are typically rather large and stocky. They are mainly black but there is a fringe of golden hairs on their flanks. Howler Monkey's have a bald spot on the tip of their tails to help grasp onto tree branches. Their face is naked but they have beards, which are usually longer on the males. Newborns come out a silvery- golden color. These monkeys have the ability to bark, grunt, and woof. They produce a howl as a sign of disturbance, typically around dawn or dusk.

Squirrel Monkey

kh233 — 2017-05-31 02:34:54 UTC

Kingdom-Animalia
Phylum - Chordata
Class- Mammalia
Order- Primate
Suborder- Platyrrhine
Family- Cebidae
Genus - Saimiri
Species - Sciureus

Squirrel Monkeys live in tropical lowland forests. There is a very distinctive white arch of fur over their eyes along with black fur around the mouth and chin. Certain subspecies have a golden orange back. They move across branches that are only about one inch in diameter and rarely come to the ground, unless it is to play or if there is not another branch in jumping distance.

Biochemistry - Evidence for Evolution

kh233 — 2017-06-01 01:41:15 UTC

The protein called PrPc is a prion protein that usually has 250 amino acids, with some variation between different species. PrPc is converted into PrPs. This process requires the sequences of three- dimensional conformation B- sheets. There are very large variations in the PrPc protein in New World Monkeys. There is an amino acid substitution that only occurs in New World Monkeys. This is distinctive because a different protein is produced than usual. This proves that the New World Monkeys are related because they all produce the same protein that is different from the norm. The protein produced is similar to the protein produced by humans, which can also show a relation in two different species.

Chromosomal Analysis- Evidence For Evolution

kh233 — 2017-06-01 02:25:29 UTC

Within the New World Monkey's, the amount of chromosomes ranges from 16 in the Titi Monkey to 62 in the Wolly. This shows that there is a wide range of evolutionary relationships between the New World Monkeys. However, most New World Monkeys have around the same chromosomal number, usually in around the forties. The Pygmy Marmoset, Silvery Marmoset, Squirrel Monkey, and Goeldi's Marmoset have 44-46 chromosomes. The very close similarity between these New World Monkeys help to prove that they are relates and evolved from the same animals.

DNA Analysis- Evidence for Evolution

kh233 — 2017-06-01 02:41:31 UTC

New World Monkeys carry a single M/L color pigment gene on their X chromosome. This affects the males color vision. The New World Monkey males are either dichromatic or monochromatic because of this gene. The females which are heterozygous are able to see trichromatic. Trichromatic is when the receptors in the eye are sensitive to green, blue, and red. This shows evolution through the monkeys because they all have the same color vision.

Anatomy - Evidence for Evolution

kh233 — 2017-06-01 02:50:48 UTC

New World Monkeys all have similar physical features. They have spaced out nostrils, long tails, a vonmeronasal organ, and very broad faces. This shows evolution between platyrrhines because these similar traits were passed down through evolution. The vonmeronasal organ is also helpful for evidence of evolution because it can prove animals that have the organ to be related.

Coevolution

kh233 — 2017-06-01 20:32:51 UTC

Coevolution is when two different species evolve in ways to adapt to each other and benefit from one another. Spider Monkeys were able to adapt to the fruit growing in the rain forests that they live in. They were able to learn how to use their sense of smell to determine whether or not the fruits were ripe. This benefited both species involved. The Spider Monkeys took in the most amount of nutrients when the fruits were ripe. Also, the fruits should be eaten when the seeds inside are the most spread out.

Genetic Drift

kh233 — 2017-06-01 20:38:07 UTC

Genetic drift could be a sufficient explanation for morphological diversification in New World Monkeys. Genetic drift was compared to natural selection on New World Monkeys. It was found that natural selection was the primary source of the morphological diversification in the monkeys. The diversity was examined from species within genera to families that were within super- families. Although genetic drift was not the primary source, it is proven to be sufficient in the evolution of New World Monkeys.

Microevolution

kh233 — 2017-06-01 21:49:36 UTC

Mammals always had a connection between their teeth and their diet and feeding habits. Mantled Howler Monkeys from Barro Colorado Island, Panama were studied on their heads. It was found that almost all that died died of natural causes. Age of the monkeys was a reflection of their fitness or what shape they were in. The only thing that directly lined up with how fit they were was their eating. This indicated that their teeth affected their survival. The monkeys that died were the ones with smaller molars in the back while the ones with larger molars survived and were able to eat the food they needed to survive and evolve.

Speciation

kh233 — 2017-06-02 00:36:53 UTC

The spider monkey speciation occurred during the Pliocene and the very beginning of the Pleistocene. The speciation was mainly a result of disturbances such as the final uplift of the Andes Mountains and the development of llanos savannas. This is considered gradual. It is gradual because these processes took a very slow process. This is only a small portion of the the speciation of spider monkeys.

Phylogenetic Tree

kh233 — 2017-06-02 00:50:46 UTC

Karyotype

kh233 — 2017-06-02 01:03:33 UTC

These are the karyotypes a four similar New World Monkeys.
a- Silvery Marmoset
b-Pygmy Marmoset
c-Goeldi's Marmoset
d-Squirrel Monkey

The PrPc Prion Protein

kh233 — 2017-06-02 01:14:06 UTC

This is what the original PrPc protein looks like.

A Male New World Monkey's Vision

kh233 — 2017-06-02 01:27:37 UTC

This is the rain forest from a monochromatic perspective.

Vonmeronasal Organ

kh233 — 2017-06-02 01:30:35 UTC

Diagram of the vonmeronasal organ.

Wolly Monkey Karyotype

kh233 — 2017-06-02 01:38:48 UTC

Descent with Modification

kh233 — 2017-06-02 01:53:22 UTC

Platyrrhines descend with modification so that the newer evolved species of monkeys have the traits that are best fit to survive in the habitat they are living in. The New World Monkeys passed down the best traits to survive. They passed down the long tail, wide nostrils, and long limbs. These all contribute to the monkeys' survival and what traits are passed down to their offspring.

Natural Selection

kh233 — 2017-06-02 02:17:45 UTC

Stabilizing-
Squirrel Monkeys have light brown fur. This is an example of stabilizing natural selection because it isn't an extreme version of the fur color trait. It is the middle. The extremes would be jet black and pure white.
Directional-
An example of directional natural selection would be the Spider Monkey's long tails. This is an extreme version of the tail trait which makes it directional.

Branisella boliviana- jaw fragments

kh233 — 2017-06-02 02:40:36 UTC

Late Oligocene ≅ 26 Ma

Paleogene Period

34-23 million years ago

Homunculus patagonicus- partial skeleton

kh233 — 2017-06-02 02:42:50 UTC

Middle Miocene ≅ 17 Ma

15.97 ± 0.05 Ma to 11.608 ± 0.005 Ma

Protopithecus brasiliensis- full skeleton

kh233 — 2017-06-02 02:46:23 UTC

Pleistocene < 500 000 BP

126,000 ± 5,000 years ago

Stirtonia spp - detition

kh233 — 2017-06-02 02:50:23 UTC

Middle Miocene ≅ 9–14 Ma
15.97 ± 0.05 Ma to 11.608 ± 0.005 Ma

Micodon kiotensis- Isolated teeth

kh233 — 2017-06-02 02:54:30 UTC

Middle Miocene ≅ 9–14 Ma
15.97 ± 0.05 Ma to 11.608 ± 0.005 Ma

Fossils

kh233 — 2017-06-02 03:00:27 UTC

Anatomy and Physiology

kh233 — 2017-06-02 03:02:20 UTC

Marmoset Physiology

kh233 — 2017-06-02 03:03:28 UTC

Marmoset Head

Woolly Monkey Anatomy

kh233 — 2017-06-02 03:08:44 UTC

Skeleton of a Woolly Monkey

Evidence for Evolution

kh233 — 2017-06-02 03:11:23 UTC