16519517-ilyas irfan

16519499- putra rafii pradana

16519391- Muhammad Tito Prakasa

16519163- Arjuna Marcelino

16519271- Parnaek R. Siagian

Johannes Gutenberg was born in Mainz, Germany. His early life is a mystery, but historian believed that he studied at University of Erfurt in 1418. He spent his young adult life becoming a goldsmith. In 1439, he borrowed money from investors and ended up having a financial trouble. (Paragraph 2)

The town in which Gutenberg resided, planned to display its big collection from Emperoe Charlemagne in a exhibit. The exhibit was required to carry numerous guests to the town, so Gutenberg made an investment to create a cleaned metal mirrors.  Gutenberg wants to sold it well, but the event was postponed one year later because of a flooding. The investors requested Gutenberg to return their investment, but he already spent all the cash to made a cleaned metal mirrors. In this time, he was very confused. And he decided to share his secret to them. (Paragraph 3)

Gutenberg's idea was one of the greatest that would lead the spread of countless other. His idea would change the world and would bring learning to the masses by creating mechanical printing press with movable type. (Paragraph 4)

Before Gutenberg's invention came to spread, all books and literature were handwritten, including copies of bible and its 73 books. So creating one copy of a bible (or any literature) could take years to finish. For that reason, during those times, books became rare and valuable. Because of its rarity, many common people chose not to learn how to read or write. But after Gutenberg's invention was spread (i.e. his mechanical printing press), all books and literature could be mass produced as his moving metal type can be arranged to print a page in a much shorter timeframe than that of a handwritten one. (Paragraph 5)

Because of his clumsiness in a large and risky investment, Gutenberg was sued by one of his client for mismanagement of money. He was opposed by the courts and went bankrupt. Even though his briliant idea would soon change the world. (Paragraph 7)

2.  Johannes Gensfleich zur Laden zum Gutenberg or was well-known as Johannes Gutenberg, was born in Mainz, a city in German. Johannes Gutenberg had an unknown past, historians thought that he went studying in University of Erfurt in 1418 and then he practiced the profession of his father of goldsmithing for the rest of his young adult life. In 1439, Gutenberg was getting sponsored from investors and then he got into financial problem.

3. In 1439, the city where Gutenberg lived planned to exhibit its huge collection from Emperor Charlemagne (a well-known person who had united much of Western Europe around 800AD). The exhibit was to bring visitors into the town. Therefore, Gutenberg invested by creating polished metal mirrors and sold it to the visitors (people in that time believed that mirrors were able to capture holy light from religious relics).  Gutenberg’s mirror should be sold well, but because of severe flood, the event was delayed for a year. The impatient investors demanded Gutenberg to return their investment, but Gutenberg had already produced unsaleable mirrors from the money. He was in a bad time. Gutenberg then shared his big secret with them.

6. Gutenberg's first major success was selling the production of 42 lined copies of the bible. The copies were almost immediately sold for 30 florins each, this being relatively highly profitable at the time. The copies were mostly sold to universities and churches, with an exception of one being sold to an individual. Being in scarcity, a copy today is valued extremely high. In 1987, a copy was even sold for at the time the highest price ever paid for a book, valued at 4.9 million dollars.

7. The brilliant idea from Guttenberg would soon alter the world we knew. However, the idea he proposed became a double-edged investment for himself. His financial was in trouble once again and was sued by one of his investors for mismanaging money for the book production. He was stated guilty by the courts and lost the shop he created. After all that events, he was effectively bankrupt. 

8. Even though Gutenberg had failed in his financial life, his hard work was not wasted. The technologies that he had created spread rapidly around the world. As a result, news and books could travel faster than ever before. The world has not been the same since and become a much richer place.

2 Johannes Gutenberg, with full name Johannes Genfleisch Zur Laden Zum Gutenberg, has little known information about his early life. He was born in the German city of Mainz, spent his teenager practicing his father’s job as goldsmithing, and studied at the university of Erfurt in 1418. In the year 1439, Gutenberg borrowed money from investor and got financial problem—Muhamad Taruna 16519211

4. The world, all of history, and even the process of keeping history would forever be change by this secret. It's been contended with evidence that Gutenberg's idea was one of the most prominent of all mankind. This one idea would lead to the extent of many other ideas. The idea would play a fundamental role in the progress of the Renaissance, Reformation, the Age of Enlightenment, and the Scientific Revolution. This idea would bring education to a lot more people. Gutenberg had built the mechanical printing press with movable type.

6 The initial major of Gutenberg’s production was a 42-line copy of the bible. This copy soon sold out mostly to churches and universities, while one was sold to a privet individual. It was sold for 30 florins (about three year of clerk’s wage that time). It may seem very expensive, but much cheaper than a hand produced one and were a good investment in 1450s if able to maintain it. Scholars estimate that Gutenberg produced between 165 to 185 of these bibles, though only twenty-one that exist today and the last one was traded hands in 1987 for 4,9 million dollars, the highest price ever paid for a book at the time. 

7. Gutenberg had a world-changing idea, but soon he made a large and high-risk investment and caught himself in a financial trouble. One of his investors accused him of mismanaging money that was meant for books production and as a result, he lost his own bookshop and went bankrupt.

8 The technology that he created spread quickly even though he had failed as a businessman. News and books began travel much faster than before when this printing technology spread. Guttenberg has made the world a richer place even though he was financially failed.

               One of the mistake is the countries that receives the foreign aid is becoming more and more independent. For examples, America sent foreign aid to Asian and Latin American countries in 1960s to help the country to develop more productive crops  is making those countries become less dependent on America.  Actually aid is a crucial funding source that are key for health and economic growth. The better the country’s economic growth, the less dependent they are from other country’s aid.

       The first prejudice that exists is corruption of the funds for foreign aid. Bill Gates points out that a double standard exists among citizens regarding the judgement of corruption. It was brought to attention that four out of seven Illinois governments were imprisoned due to corruption cases. However, no one has ever demanded that money spent on the development of Illinois is a waste of funds. In contrast to that, when it comes to corruption in foreign aid, even though scales are in truth small, people see it as a big problem and demand an end to the aid. It is true that corruption in foreign aid cannot be completely erased but the positive effects of foreign aid still outweigh the negative effects caused by corruption. 

               First, she said if the acid was thrown at him, his face should have suffered from injuries as well. Well the proof does make sense because even if a little amount of acid makes contact on skin, this will definitely leave permanent marks on those part of the skin. So, if the acid attack is true, it will leave a bigger damage on face, Not just a damage on eye. Even if Novel gets a treatment from Singapore, his face would not be fully recovered.

               Second, she said one of the videos that shows Novel’s condition after the attack, his eye seems fine. The proof does not make sense because we do not know whether his vision is actually damaged or not. Especially, since we had seen the condition of his eyes, we believe his eyes and vision is damaged. Dewi also refused to give more details about the video, so we think this statement is invalid.

               We agree that the report is true because public must know the truth behind the acid attack case. However, we can’t conclude if the acid attack is fake or not, because the police still trying to find out the suspect. So, we hope the police can find out the suspect quickly and we will know the truth.


article : https://today.line.me/id/pc/article/Novel+Baswedan+on+Being+Reported+Dewi+Tanjung+Seeks+Sensations-mY5kEn

One of our basic instincts as a human is to follow the traits of what or who we grew up with. It is perfectly normal for a child to do exactly the same things as his or her mother’s habit. As we grow up, we became wiser in time, we are able to take choices and responsibilities for ourselves. However, there is a condition where people follow something the more it is followed by others, called the bandwagon effect. Ultimately, other people's choices has become a main point of consideration in taking a decision. Is it good for us to let ourselves fall in the effect? Here are why we think it might not be the best option.

When people need to make a decision in a certain condition, sometimes everyone has their own standards to choose something among choices. There might be a condition where everyone face the same question, and most of them will give an answer based on how the other people answer. Let’s say, to be in the same side of political choice, choose a university to continue their study, and even to record a Tiktok video or any Instagram challenge. In fact, people are born with their own ‘colour', a special characteristic which cannot be perfectly the same with any other people in this world. Thus, some decision are made for a several group of people which are not compatible for the rest of people. 

Everyone is born with their own uniqueness. There are many people who imitate the behaviour of others to attract people. However, some behaviour will torture yourself. Learn to understand your own ‘colour’ which can be developed as a light to ignite your charisma. However, do not ever feel embarrassed and try to hide some of your unattractive trait. If you ever feel worthless because you think that you have no special characteristic, remember again that there is no person like you in the world. You can be yourself and be useful to others and your environment.

In some cases, what people do is not compatible with our characteristic. Some people decide to not follow the trend, but the others tend to follow it. Actually, people who are refusing to follow the trend will be happier than the other one. This fact is proved by a study which was done by Guler Boyraz and his colleagues at Louisiana Tech University in 2014. It was found that those who showed more authenticity were more satisfied in life and less distress. In other word, people who enforce them to keep following the things that they do not like will gain more depression. They maybe can hold their feeling for a short time, but-as we know-feeling can not lie so over time they will definitely abject. At last, it will lower their productivity and some problems will be shown up because of that phenomena.

Bandwagon effect is a phenomenon that can arise as a result of manipulation of high-ranking officials who have certain goals, where the goal may be detrimental or harmful to us, and sometimes we are not aware of.  It could be for political interests, business, and others where the community as an object is made as if they are following the trend, when in fact the trend was created by embracing influential people to trigger the trend, and they have a hidden purpose behind  the trend. We as a society must be clever in responding to the trends created by the society or even the government. Not just following the trend in order to get recognition that we obey or follow the direction of the community. If we feel it is inappropriate, we should express our opinion and even have the right to express our rejection of it. Be a wise, intelligent, and critical society in responding to new things. At the end, think about the reasons behind your action: does it really has a great positive impact for you and your society, or it just a bandwagon effect.

Reference:

https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-the-bandwagon-effect-2795895

https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/what-doesnt-kill-us/201710/why-being-yourself-matters

Not doing something will always be faster than doing it. “Remember that there is no code faster than no code.” – an old computer saying by Kevin Henney. The same philosophy applies in other areas of life. For instance, there is no meeting that goes faster than not having meeting at all. However, it does not mean we should never attend any meeting to increase our productivity. That is to say people just need to delete unnecessary tasks to focus more on important tasks. 

Another reason is that by saying “yes”, one actually say “no” to every other option. However, by saying “no”, a person only say “no” to an option. The economist Tim Harford once said, “Every time we say yes to a request, we are also saying no to anything else we might accomplish with the time.” In other words, saying “no” saves you time in the future while saying “yes” costs you time in the future as you already commit to something.

In conclusion, when people say “no” to something, their activities are going to run faster and they save time in the future. Therefore to become more productive, one should filter activities by saying “yes” to only important tasks and say “no” to every other option. As a result, one’s life could become really effective and productive.

Jakarta has been the sole center of business, trade, monetary, and services. The transfer of capital city is not an easy task, there are a lot of factors requiring attention and a lot of planning requiring good strategy. The government has arranged an intensive study and research for 3 years regarding this matter, because small mistakes can lead to greater error, resulting in financial loss and a lot of people’s energy wasted in vain. Recently, a contest of creating the concept of an ideal city for the people has emerged many interesting and creative ideas. Since the contestants are most certainly Indonesian people, the ideas should, on its own, represent their desire and vision of an ideal city. Designing a new capital city can realize those ideas—an ideal capital city—and help Jakarta alleviate its heavy burdens of being the sole center of many activities—two birds with one stone.

For the same reason of Jakarta (and Java) being the center of economy and trade, its contribution to Indonesia’s GDP is a lot more dominating than other regions. The main cause of this is the yet well-distributed infrastructure development. In Java, infrastructures are developing quickly, strengthening industrial development along with it. If compared to Java, other regions’ development seems unmoving because of the lack of infrastructure development. This leads to ineffective distribution of economic growth, as the rest of Indonesia nearly has no contribution to GDP compared to Java. Once the capital is transferred to Kalimantan, it is expected to help economic growth as it is strategically located in the center of Indonesia (hence the term “Centric Indonesia”).

Java has been the habitant of 54% of the entire Indonesia population, despite being only 6% of Indonesia’s vast land. According to a projection of Indonesia population (2015-2045), the population of Java in 2019 reached 150 million lives. That amount is equal to more than a half of Indonesia population of 266 million lives. Java has been the center of many happenings and historical events, so it makes sense that it is considered as the most strategic land as it becomes the center of social development, economy, politics, and culture. The facilities available to people in Java are a lot better and up to date than those provided in other regions. This caused many Indonesians to think that Java is the best place to live and stay. Each day, houses and residences are built on forests and empty land, damaging the nature and causing instability. The non-stop increase of population density will eventually lead to even bigger problems such as unemployment, high level of crime, and dangerous pollution. This will also lead to increasing needs of education, medical services, and many other facilities. Transferring the capital city to Kalimantan will make government focus more on development in other regions, giving access to the necessary facilities and services to all people in Indonesia. Therefore, it is expected to reduce the population density in Java as people would be more willing to live in regions other than Java.

As we have talked about Jakarta being the center of many activities and the population density in Java causing nature instability, this transfer of capital city is seen as a great step to help restoring nature stability in Java. Jakarta itself is experiencing many development problems caused by limited space to build. If the capital is then moved to Kalimantan, the largest island in Indonesia full of forest and empty land, the government will have a lot more space to develop, converting them to a more productive area. Currently, there are a lot of terrain in Java that is built into residences and industrial area. The change of geographical morphology has caused many disasters to happen in Java, ranging from floods to landslides. Buildings and residences have prevented soil from absorbing water. A bad drainage system and Indonesian people’s habit of throwing trash on thr streets and rivers worsened this problem. As the rainy season comes, a great amount of rainwater will fill the sewers, and since the drainage system is not large enough, trashes from the streets flow along the rainwater and eventually piling up and blocking the drainage system. The rainwater then will have no place to flow and eventually overflowing back to the streets. Floods can cause many losses, especially financial loss. The time has come for Java to restore its nature stability by planning and carrying out a new task—reforestation. As explained in previous paragraph, transfer of capital city is expected to reduce population density in Java, allowing it to carry out reforestation and helping Java to survive and develop in other ways in the long run.

Natural disaster in Java is also one of the contributing factors worth mentioning. According to scientists, the Java Island is located in a zone where natural disasters often occur. Earthquakes, tsunamis, and other natural disasters threatened the safety of Jakarta as the capital city. Furthermore, the ‘unstoppable’ global warming is said to increase the atmosphere temperature, leading to melting of ice in northern pole. As the volume of seawater increases, the sea level will also increase. Jakarta is regarded as a coastal region as it is located on the outskirts of Java Island. This has led many people to believe that Jakarta will sink if the sea level keeps increasing. Kalimantan Island, on the other side, has a strategic centric location and less prone to natural disaster than Java Island. The transfer of capital is then seen as a solution to natural disaster threats towards the capital of Indonesia.

For reasons that have been explained in previous paragraphs and with a lot of consideration and comparison, transferring the capital of Indonesia from Jakarta to Kalimantan has a lot of advantages outweighing the disadvantages. The writer then believes that it is a wise decision and therefore a cause worth supporting. [CONCLUSION]

References :

https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2019/08/27/07325011/6-hal-penting-soal-pemindahan-ibu-kota-ke-kalimantan-timur?page=4

https://www.google.com/amp/s/amp.kompas.com/nasional/read/2019/08/27/09284821/4-alasan-mengapa-ibu-kota-indonesia-harus-keluar-dari-pulau-jawa

https://www.instagram.com/p/B4jb7qDhhBL/?igshid=aykf85yklofo