https://padlet.com/arodriguez1333/wtpmiojj33c5q58s Made by Areli Rodriguez and Cristian Matias en-us 2023-09-21 17:45:11 UTC 2023-09-26 06:03:19 UTC hello@padlet.com arodriguez1333 https://padlet.com/arodriguez1333/wtpmiojj33c5q58s/wish/2715088732 The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a technique in the lab used to produce multiple copies of segments of DNA. It involves using DNA fragments as primers to make another segment of DNA amplified, then rounds of DNA synthesis to amplify the segment. PCR is the fundamental of biology and biomedical research. For example, PCR can diagnose certain diseases and genetic changes. ]]> 2023-09-21 18:13:34 UTC https://padlet.com/arodriguez1333/wtpmiojj33c5q58s/wish/2715088732 cmatias11 https://padlet.com/arodriguez1333/wtpmiojj33c5q58s/wish/2716565824 Osamu Shimamura, who isolated GFP from the jellyfish Aequorea victoria in the 1960s and found that the protein glowed green when illuminated with ultraviolet light.


]]> 2023-09-22 15:51:37 UTC https://padlet.com/arodriguez1333/wtpmiojj33c5q58s/wish/2716565824 cmatias11 https://padlet.com/arodriguez1333/wtpmiojj33c5q58s/wish/2716573961 By about 600 BC the Chinese were using moldy soybean curds to treat boils. The molds released natural antibiotics that killed bacteria and prevented the spread of infection.]]> 2023-09-22 15:57:52 UTC https://padlet.com/arodriguez1333/wtpmiojj33c5q58s/wish/2716573961 cmatias11 https://padlet.com/arodriguez1333/wtpmiojj33c5q58s/wish/2716590616 The human genome project provided the genetic makeup of humans and provided evidence on genetic variations that can lead to disease or increase the risk of developing disease. Today, we can sequence the DNA in cancer cells and compare that to the sequence found by the Human Genome Project.]]> 2023-09-22 16:10:10 UTC https://padlet.com/arodriguez1333/wtpmiojj33c5q58s/wish/2716590616 cmatias11 https://padlet.com/arodriguez1333/wtpmiojj33c5q58s/wish/2716592672 in 1857, Pasteur proved that a microscopic plant caused the souring of milk (lactic acid fermentation). Pasteur was able to prove that living cells, the yeast, were responsible for forming alcohol from sugar, and that contaminating microorganisms found in ordinary air could turn the fermentations sour.]]> 2023-09-22 16:11:45 UTC https://padlet.com/arodriguez1333/wtpmiojj33c5q58s/wish/2716592672 cmatias11 https://padlet.com/arodriguez1333/wtpmiojj33c5q58s/wish/2716601825 October 28, 1982, after only 5 months of review, the FDA approved Humulin, the first biosynthetic human insulin product created using gene recombination in bacteria, and the first approved medical product of any kind that derived from this technology]]> 2023-09-22 16:19:31 UTC https://padlet.com/arodriguez1333/wtpmiojj33c5q58s/wish/2716601825 cmatias11 https://padlet.com/arodriguez1333/wtpmiojj33c5q58s/wish/2716604913 in Diamond v. Chakrabarty, a five-to-four Court ratified the patent eligibility of both transgenic microorganisms and DNA. This decision settled expectations that at least some biotechnological inventions were patent-eligible, and encouraged investment in such inventions]]> 2023-09-22 16:22:07 UTC https://padlet.com/arodriguez1333/wtpmiojj33c5q58s/wish/2716604913 cmatias11 https://padlet.com/arodriguez1333/wtpmiojj33c5q58s/wish/2716607151 Ian Wilmut, a British developmental biologist who was the first to use nuclear transfer of differentiated adult cells to generate a mammalian clone, a Finn Dorset sheep named Dolly, born]]> 2023-09-22 16:24:00 UTC https://padlet.com/arodriguez1333/wtpmiojj33c5q58s/wish/2716607151 cmatias11 https://padlet.com/arodriguez1333/wtpmiojj33c5q58s/wish/2719607249 The new kind of rennin is produced by bacteria, a species called Escherichia coli. The bacteria were altered by implanting in them the cow gene carrying the blueprints for rennin. Since all cells read the same genetic code, the bacteria, now carrying so-called recombinant DNA, make rennet identical to the rennin calves make.]]> 2023-09-25 16:00:30 UTC https://padlet.com/arodriguez1333/wtpmiojj33c5q58s/wish/2719607249 cmatias11 https://padlet.com/arodriguez1333/wtpmiojj33c5q58s/wish/2719631726 two chimeric antigen receptor-T (CAR-T) therapies were approved by the FDA for advanced/resistant lymphoma and acute lymphoblastic leukemia. However, despite the breakthrough efficacy results, the safety of CAR-T treatment is still a concern for treating physicians and their patients.]]> 2023-09-25 16:15:21 UTC https://padlet.com/arodriguez1333/wtpmiojj33c5q58s/wish/2719631726 cmatias11 https://padlet.com/arodriguez1333/wtpmiojj33c5q58s/wish/2719644930
human embryonic stem cells have been successfully created by reprogramming skin cells (making them behave like embryonic stem cells) But although stem cell scientists share this enthusiasm, they go on to point out that the new technique, in its current form, is potentially hazardous. This issue will have to be dealt with before reprogramming can be applied in clinical medicine.

]]> 2023-09-25 16:23:24 UTC https://padlet.com/arodriguez1333/wtpmiojj33c5q58s/wish/2719644930 arodriguez1333 https://padlet.com/arodriguez1333/wtpmiojj33c5q58s/wish/2720431125 GloFish is a trademarked brand that genetically modifies fluorescent with the colors red, green, orange, orange, blue, pink, and purple. It is also known to be the first genetically modified pet to be publicly available, and the FDA finds no reason to regulate it.]]> 2023-09-26 03:46:02 UTC https://padlet.com/arodriguez1333/wtpmiojj33c5q58s/wish/2720431125 arodriguez1333 https://padlet.com/arodriguez1333/wtpmiojj33c5q58s/wish/2720441645 The discovery of the HER2 gene led to the development of herceptin in order to treat breast cancer patients. It was the first monoclonal antibody that blocks cancer-causing protein and was a breakthrough in the field to improve outcomes for those with advanced cases of breast cancer.]]> 2023-09-26 03:56:22 UTC https://padlet.com/arodriguez1333/wtpmiojj33c5q58s/wish/2720441645 arodriguez1333 https://padlet.com/arodriguez1333/wtpmiojj33c5q58s/wish/2720452983 Although genetically modified plants were tobacco and first made in 1983, they tested herbicide-resistance in 1986 throughout France and the U.S. Thus herbicide resistant tobacco increased yields and reduced costs though it also minimized moisture loss and soil erosion. ]]> 2023-09-26 04:08:22 UTC https://padlet.com/arodriguez1333/wtpmiojj33c5q58s/wish/2720452983 arodriguez1333 https://padlet.com/arodriguez1333/wtpmiojj33c5q58s/wish/2720458287 Alexander Fleming determined penicillin had an antibacterial effect that produced a self-defence chemical in order to kill bacteria. He discovered it by isolating the mold that belonged to the penicilium genus then proceeded to present it to the Medical Research Club. ]]> 2023-09-26 04:14:04 UTC https://padlet.com/arodriguez1333/wtpmiojj33c5q58s/wish/2720458287 arodriguez1333 https://padlet.com/arodriguez1333/wtpmiojj33c5q58s/wish/2720465821 Victoria Gray was the sickle cell patient that had received CRISPR-based treatment. CRISPR now allows scientists to quickly create cells that rewrite genetic code in almost any organism which speeds up the process of plant tissue culture and plant genetic engineering.]]> 2023-09-26 04:21:54 UTC https://padlet.com/arodriguez1333/wtpmiojj33c5q58s/wish/2720465821 arodriguez1333 https://padlet.com/arodriguez1333/wtpmiojj33c5q58s/wish/2720476439 Provenge is a personalized immunotherapy that activates the immune system to help fight advanced prostate cancer by removing some white blood cells then exposing them to a protein from prostate cancer cells. Although the manufacturer has faced marketing challenges and was forced to declare bankruptcy, about half the people who receive provenge still live after twenty one months of treatment.]]> 2023-09-26 04:31:54 UTC https://padlet.com/arodriguez1333/wtpmiojj33c5q58s/wish/2720476439 arodriguez1333 https://padlet.com/arodriguez1333/wtpmiojj33c5q58s/wish/2720493633 Both biotechnology experts invented a method of cloning genetically engineered molecules in foreign cells. In it, they used DNA segments made by digestion with restriction enzymes and enabled the start of the biotechnology industry with their what is now a multibillion-dollar industry. ]]> 2023-09-26 04:47:34 UTC https://padlet.com/arodriguez1333/wtpmiojj33c5q58s/wish/2720493633 arodriguez1333 https://padlet.com/arodriguez1333/wtpmiojj33c5q58s/wish/2720516205 Bacteria is used to treat sewage because bacteria is anaerobic, an important element to the wastewater treatment process. It removes most of the contaminants from wastewater before being released into the natural water stream. ]]> 2023-09-26 05:05:13 UTC https://padlet.com/arodriguez1333/wtpmiojj33c5q58s/wish/2720516205 arodriguez1333 https://padlet.com/arodriguez1333/wtpmiojj33c5q58s/wish/2720521752 George Kohler and Cesar Milstein produced the first monoclonal antibodies through the hybridoma technique. This immortalized antibody produced cells by fusing them with tumor which allowed unlimited production with predetermined specificity. ]]> 2023-09-26 05:09:07 UTC https://padlet.com/arodriguez1333/wtpmiojj33c5q58s/wish/2720521752 arodriguez1333 https://padlet.com/arodriguez1333/wtpmiojj33c5q58s/wish/2720531074 DNA fingerprinting was first used when police in the UK requested Dr. Alec J. Jefferys to verify a suspect's confession that he was responsible for two rape-murders. Ever since then, DNA profiling has played a significant role in the court of law.]]> 2023-09-26 05:15:40 UTC https://padlet.com/arodriguez1333/wtpmiojj33c5q58s/wish/2720531074 arodriguez1333 https://padlet.com/arodriguez1333/wtpmiojj33c5q58s/wish/2720542906 The Human Proteome Organization (HUPO) promotes the development and application of proteomics technologies for enhancement of biological knowledge, global health, and wellness. Its goal is to experimentally observe all of the proteins produced by sequences translated from the human genome.]]> 2023-09-26 05:23:54 UTC https://padlet.com/arodriguez1333/wtpmiojj33c5q58s/wish/2720542906 arodriguez1333 https://padlet.com/arodriguez1333/wtpmiojj33c5q58s/wish/2720547687 James Watson and Francis Crick discover the double helix, which is the twisted-ladder structure of deoxyribonucleic acid with the help of the first X-ray picture of DNA taken in 1952. Their historical discovery rose modern molecular biology ]]> 2023-09-26 05:27:51 UTC https://padlet.com/arodriguez1333/wtpmiojj33c5q58s/wish/2720547687 cmatias11 https://padlet.com/arodriguez1333/wtpmiojj33c5q58s/wish/2720580670 While it’s possible that humans began making some form of bread as early as about 30,000 years ago, they didn’t begin using yeast to produce beer, wine and leavened bread until about 6,000 years ago. Since then, yeast used for producing food has undergone a lot of changes.]]> 2023-09-26 05:56:10 UTC https://padlet.com/arodriguez1333/wtpmiojj33c5q58s/wish/2720580670 cmatias11 https://padlet.com/arodriguez1333/wtpmiojj33c5q58s/wish/2720585267 Koch’s postulates were devised as general guidelines to identify infectious microbes that could be detected with the available methods and that were demonstrably alive (i.e., capable of independent metabolism, growth, and reproduction). In many instances, one or more of the rules could not be fulfilled, such as when a pathogen could not be cultured, when a usually innocuous microbe becomes pathogenic, or when a valid animal model of the disease was unavailable for experimental transmission]]> 2023-09-26 06:00:13 UTC https://padlet.com/arodriguez1333/wtpmiojj33c5q58s/wish/2720585267