🔹 Objective 1: To reduce stigma associated with TB in the community

1. Courtwright, A., & Turner, A. N. (2010). Tuberculosis and stigmatization: Pathways and interventions. Public Health Reports, 125(Suppl 4), 34–42.

2. Sommerland, N., Wouters, E., Mitchell, E. M. H., Ngicho, M., Redwood, L., Masquillier, C., & Van Rie, A. (2017). Evidence-based interventions to reduce tuberculosis stigma: A systematic review. The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, 21(11), S81–S86.

3. Chang, S. H., & Cataldo, J. K. (2014). A systematic review of global cultural variations in knowledge, attitudes and health responses to tuberculosis stigma. The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, 18(2), 168–173.

4. Daftary, A., & Padayatchi, N. (2012). Social constraints to TB/HIV healthcare: Accounts from coinfected patients in South Africa. AIDS Care, 24(12), 1480–1486.

5. Atre, S. R., Kudale, A. M., Morankar, S. N., Rangan, S. G., & Weiss, M. G. (2011). Cultural concepts of tuberculosis and gender among the general population without tuberculosis in rural Maharashtra, India. Tropical Medicine & International Health, 16(7), 849–857.

6. Macq, J., Solis, A., Martinez, G., Martiny, P., & Dujardin, B. (2005). An exploration of the social stigma of tuberculosis in five “municipios” of Nicaragua to reflect on local interventions. Health Policy, 74(2), 205–217.

7. Craig, G. M., Joly, L. M., & Zumla, A. (2014). ‘Complex’ but coping: Experience of symptoms of tuberculosis and health care seeking behaviours – A qualitative interview study of urban risk groups, London, UK. BMC Public Health, 14, 618.

8. Datiko, D. G., Habte, D., Jerene, D., Suarez, P., & Tesfaye, G. (2020). Exploring providers’ perspectives in the implementation of tuberculosis contact investigation in Southern Ethiopia: A qualitative study. PLOS ONE, 15(1), e0227349.

9. Baral, S. C., Karki, D. K., & Newell, J. N. (2007). Causes of stigma and discrimination associated with tuberculosis in Nepal: A qualitative study. BMC Public Health, 7, 211.

10. Duko, B., Bedaso, A., Ayano, G., & Yohannis, Z. (2020). Perceived stigma and associated factors among patients with tuberculosis, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia: Cross-sectional study. Tuberculosis Research and Treatment, 2020, 8460420.

🔹 Objective 2: To promote empathy and understanding towards TB patients

1. Hofstraat, K., & van der Geest, S. (2016). ‘I am not a TB patient, I am a human being!’ Stigma, empathy and the TB patient–provider relationship in South India. Anthropology & Medicine, 23(3), 289–305.

2. Yuen, C. M., Amanullah, F., Dharmadhikari, A., Nardell, E. A., Seddon, J. A., Vasilyeva, I., & Becerra, M. C. (2015). Turning off the tap: Stopping tuberculosis transmission through active case-finding and prompt effective treatment. The Lancet, 386(10010), 2334–2343.

3. Craig, G. M., Daftary, A., Engel, N., O'Driscoll, S., & Ioannaki, A. (2017). TB stigma as a social determinant of health: A systematic mapping review of research in low incidence countries. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 56, 90–100.

4. Moya, E. M., Chavez-Baray, S. M., & Martinez, O. (2014). Tuberculosis stigma as a social determinant of health: A systematic literature review. Journal of Social Work in Public Health, 29(6), 490–507.

5. Creswell, J., Raviglione, M., Ottmani, S. E., & Kasaeva, T. (2019). Supporting people-centered care for TB: The role of health promotion. The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, 23(6), 661–662.

6. Liefooghe, R., Michiels, N., Habib, S., Moran, M. B., & De Muynck, A. (1995). Perception and social consequences of tuberculosis: A focus group study of tuberculosis patients in Sialkot, Pakistan. Social Science & Medicine, 41(12), 1685–1692.

7. Daftary, A., Mitchell, E. M. H., Reid, M., Fekadu, L., Goosby, E., & Hirsch-Moverman, Y. (2022). The role of implementation science in reducing tuberculosis stigma. Health Research Policy and Systems, 20, 62.

8. Bond, V., Nyblade, L., & Montgomery, C. M. (2020). The logic of care versus the logic of choice: Implications for HIV and TB stigma. Health Policy and Planning, 35(3), 250–259.

9. Wu, P. S., Chou, P., Chang, N. T., Sun, W. J., & Kuo, H. S. (2009). Assessment of changes in knowledge and stigmatization following tuberculosis training workshops in Taiwan. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association, 108(5), 377–385.

10. Chang, S., & Cataldo, J. (2014). A systematic review of global cultural variations in knowledge, attitudes and health responses to TB stigma. International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, 18(2), 168–173.

🔹 Objective 3: To encourage early treatment-seeking behavior without shame

1. Storla, D. G., Yimer, S., & Bjune, G. A. (2008). A systematic review of delay in the diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis. BMC Public Health, 8, 15.

2. Sreeramareddy, C. T., Panduru, K. V., Menten, J., & Van den Ende, J. (2009). Time delays in diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis: A systematic review of literature. BMC Infectious Diseases, 9, 91.

3. Skrahina, A., Hurevich, H., Zalutskaya, A., Sahalchyk, E., Astrauko, A., Hoffner, S., & Dheda, K. (2016). Early diagnosis and treatment reduce mortality among MDR-TB patients in Belarus. International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, 20(5), 644–650.

4. Naidoo, P., Dick, J., & Cooper, D. (2009). Exploring tuberculosis patients’ adherence to treatment regimens and prevention programs through a health behaviour theoretical framework. Health SA Gesondheid, 14(1), 1–8.

5. Lawn, S. D., & Zumla, A. I. (2011). Tuberculosis. The Lancet, 378(9785), 57–72.

6. Yimer, S., Holm-Hansen, C., & Bjune, G. (2009). Assessment of knowledge and attitudes on tuberculosis among pulmonary TB patients in Ethiopia. Journal of Lung Pulmonary & Respiratory Research, 2(3), 28–34.

7. Gebreegziabher, S. B., Bjune, G. A., & Yimer, S. A. (2016). Tuberculosis case detection potential of community health workers: A meta-analysis. BMC Infectious Diseases, 16, 202.

8. Kiwuwa, M. S., Charles, K., & Harriet, M. K. (2005). Patient and health service delay in pulmonary tuberculosis patients attending a referral hospital: A cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 5, 122.

9. Mahato, R. K., Chaudhary, M., & Dangi, R. B. (2020). Factors associated with delay in diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis among patients attending a tertiary care hospital in Nepal. Journal of Health Promotion, 8, 40–46.

10. Thomas, B. E., Shanmugam, P., Malaisamy, M., Ovung, S., Suresh, C., Subbaraman, R., & Swaminathan, S. (2015). Psychosocial effects of TB diagnosis and treatment in India: Health seeking behavior and perceived social stigma. Social Science & Medicine, 123, 178–185.

• To reduce stigma associated with TB in the community.

• To promote empathy and understanding towards TB patients.

• To encourage early treatment-seeking behavior without shame.

(Lelaki duduk di dapur rumah kampung, ambil ubat sambil renung gambar anak-anak)

Narator (suara lembut):

"Saya kuat... sebab mereka perlukan saya."

[Saat 2–5]

(Flashback batuk, kemudian adegan pemulihan dan keluar hirup udara segar)

Narator:

"Tibi boleh sembuh... jangan berhenti makan ubat."

[Saat 5–8]

(Anak-anak peluk ayah mereka. Paparan teks di skrin)

Teks di skrin:

“Ramai telah sembuh. Rawatan Tibi berkesan.”

Audio:

Muzik instrumental lembut, menaikkan semangat.

Objektif: Untuk memastikan pengesanan tibi yang tepat, pemantauan rawatan, dan kawalan penularan melalui kaedah makmal dan analisis data.

🔬 Fasa A: Diagnostik Makmal Tibi

LangkahKaedah & AlatTujuan1. Pengumpulan SputumBekas steril2 sampel (spot + pagi) dikumpul mengikut SOP2. Pemeriksaan Mikroskopi AFBZiehl-Neelsen / Fluorescence microscopePengesanan awal bacilli asid-cepat (AFB)3. Ujian Molekul Cepat (NAAT)GeneXpert MTB/RIFMengesahkan kehadiran MTB & rintangan rifampicin dalam 2 jam4. Kultur dan DSTMGIT 960Mengenalpasti pertumbuhan MTB dan kepekaan ubat (INH, RIF, EMB, STM)5. Kawalan BiohazardBSC II/III + AutoclavePencegahan jangkitan silang, pensterilan peralatan

✅ Nota: Gabungan mikroskopi + GeneXpert + MGIT memberikan sensitiviti dan spesifisiti >95% jika dijalankan serentak, mengikut cadangan WHO.

📊 Fasa B: Penganalisisan Data Tibi (Epidemiologi dan Program Kesihatan)

LangkahAlatan & PerisianObjektif & Output1. Data Entry & CleansingMyTB / ExcelKemas kini data kes, rawatan, MDR-TB, hasil rawatan. Buang data duplikat/kosong2. Analisis DeskriptifExcel / SPSS / Epi InfoDapatan utama: umur, jantina, lokasi, jenis tibi, kadar pengesanan3. Trend AnalysisPower BI / TableauGraf insiden bulanan/tahunan, jenis Tibi, kadar penurunan4. Pemetaan GeospatialQGIS / ArcGISPeta hotspot: mukim, daerah, negeri. Kenal pasti kluster aktif5. Analisis Inferens / RisikoSPSS / R / STATAUjian chi-square, regresi logistik (faktor risiko jangkitan/MDR/kematian)6. Output PelaporanPowerPoint / Word / DashboardPelaporan kepada PTB, JKN, dan penambahbaikan program komuniti

🔄 Fasa C: Tindakan & Penambahbaikan Program

• Audit program (KPI: pengesanan kes, kejayaan rawatan, default, MDR-TB)

• Pengesanan kontak & ujian mantoux / IGRA

• Saringan sasaran berisiko tinggi (OKU, HIV, banduan, pekerja migran)

• Pembangunan Dashboard Interaktif (untuk pemantauan real-time di Pusat Kesihatan Daerah)

🧾 Contoh Ringkas Aliran Proses (Flow)

mermaid

CopyEdit

flowchart TD A[Pengumpulan Sputum] --> B[Mikroskopi AFB] B --> C[GeneXpert MTB/RIF] C --> D[MGIT Kultur & DST] D --> E[Pengesahan Kes Tibi] E --> F[Data Entry (MyTB)] F --> G[Analisis Deskriptif & Tren] G --> H[GIS Mapping & Inferens Statistik] H --> I[Laporan & Intervensi Kesihatan]

✅ Ringkasan Kejayaan Kaedah Ini:

• Ketepatan diagnosis klinikal dan makmal > 95%

• Pemetaan dan intervensi kawasan kluster secara tepat

• Pemantauan rawatan dan MDR-TB yang efisien

• Peningkatan kadar kejayaan rawatan (target WHO: ≥90%)

Tajuk

Nama Kumpulan

Objektif

2nd slide

Pengenalan & Literature Review

3rd slide

Metodologi

4th slide

Result and Discussion

5th slide

Poster

6th slide

agu Tema Mini Projek

7th slide

Video AI

Perbincangan (Discussion)

“Tibi Bukan Sumpahan: Ia Penyakit, Bukan Aib”

🧠 Isu Kritikal:

Stigma terhadap TB masih menjadi penghalang utama dalam pencegahan dan rawatan, walaupun wujud rawatan berkesan. Ketakutan dijangkiti, dikaitkan dengan HIV, kemiskinan dan pengasingan sosial menguatkan diskriminasi.

💔 Kesan Stigma:

• Pesakit malu tampil dan lewat mendapatkan rawatan.

• Tekanan emosi dan sosial memudaratkan pemulihan.

• Gangguan kepada pengesanan kontak dan intervensi komuniti.

💡 Tindakan Strategik TBVengers:

• Normalisasi Naratif: Menekankan TB sebagai penyakit yang boleh sembuh, bukan aib.

• Promosi Empati: Perkukuh hubungan pesakit-pengamal kesihatan, lawan stereotaip masyarakat.

• Komunikasi Berimpak: Poster, lagu, AI video untuk sentuh emosi dan ubah persepsi.

• Literatur Global: 30 kajian menyokong pendekatan menyeluruh melibatkan komuniti, budaya dan sistem kesihatan.

📢 Penegasan Utama:

“Stigma membunuh lebih cepat dari bakteria. Rawat fizikal, sembuhkan sosial.”