Historical Foundations of Counseling and Psychotherapy by Kim Brenneman https://padlet.com/kim_brenneman/wr834galvfn1 Made with serendipity en-us 2018-11-15 19:16:24 UTC 2018-11-15 19:29:07 UTC hello@padlet.com kim_brenneman https://padlet.com/kim_brenneman/wr834galvfn1/wish/304983997
  • Prior to the 19th century, it was believed that mental illness was a fixated disease that could not be improved with treatment. 
  • Little understanding of emotional difficulties or mental disorders
  • Those with a mental illness were confined to institutions and subjected to ineffective treatment.
  • Those with mild emotional difficulties did not receive any professional support. 
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  • Sigmond Freud spearheaded the movement psychodynamic approaches to psychotherapy
  • Emotional difficulties were viewed through the lens of past experiences 
  • Unconsciousness was emphasized in treatment
  • Long-term treatment was used with clients

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  • B. F. Skinner, Albert Ellis, Aaron Beck, William Glasser, and Donald Meichenbaum lead the second through their research and practice.
  • Behavioral treatment approaches were integrated with cognitive approaches leading to their integration.
  • Influence of thoughts and emotions on action was emphasized to support clients.
  • Interventions focus on replacing negative or dysfunctional thoughts and then behaviors with more positive thoughts leading to positive actions. 

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  • Importance of emotions and sensations
  • The client is responsible for their own life and finds meaning in their own lives
  • Client-centered counseling - the client is responsible for the direction of change and growth within counseling.  
  • Carl Rogers led to the development of the third force, existential-humanistic psychotherapy. 
  •  Rogers advocated for more training on counseling techniques and understanding the counseling process and developing a therapeutic alliance.  
  • The work of Fritz Perls, Viktor Frankl, and others contributed to this force as well. 

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  • Twenty-first century - the current force that clinicians are working in.
  • Elements of first, second and third force treatment approaches are integrated to support a client fully.  
  • Gender, culture, age, race, sexual orientation are considered in counseling work to support the individual in their complete identity and develop a positive therapeutic relationship. 
  • Culturally competency is a vital part of understanding the multiple perspectives of the client have of themselves. 
  • New approaches to therapy have evolved from this collaborative mindset - including incorporating Eastern thought and philosophy to support understanding people’s experiences.  

    • ]]>     2018-11-15 19:26:47 UTC https://padlet.com/kim_brenneman/wr834galvfn1/wish/304989276     Reference kim_brenneman https://padlet.com/kim_brenneman/wr834galvfn1/wish/304989936 Seligman, L. W., Reichenberg, L. W. (2014). Theories of Counseling and Psychotherapy: Systems, Strategies, and Skills, 4th Edition. [VitalSource]. Retrieved from https://bookshelf.vitalsource.com/#/books/9780133346466/

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