• John T. Scopes on trial in Texas for teaching evolution

• Against Butler Act which only allowed teaching of Biblical history not evolution theory

• Franklin Roosevelt (Democratic) wins by a land slide against Herbert Hoover (Republican)

• Won by a 88.9% Electoral Vote

The Great Depression ends

End of New Deal

Captains of industry: were essential to America's development in industry and modernisation, and made lives better for civilians.

Teddy Roosevelt: went on a trust busting campaign to eliminate monopolies in society.

An economic and political system in which country's trade and industry are controlled and owned by private individuals.

• In a capitalist economy the market, not the state, determines distribution and the price of commodites

• Workers sell their labour to employers in return for wages

• Producers sell and trade goods for the best profit

• Private ownership is a key feature of capitalism

A term used to describe American individuals and groups who worked to bring about change life

• One of their main aims was to expose corruption in the American government and political system, and to address increasing social strains from rapid industrialisation and urban growth

• A term adapted in 1910

• Americans voted to introduce prohibition in 1918 and it was introduced in 1920 under the Volstead act

• Prohibition was repealed in 1933

• The socialist party of America was established in 1901

• A political movement interested in furthering social and political reform, curbing political corruption caused by political machines, and limiting the political influence of large corporation

Causes of the Progressive era-

• Roosevelt campaign ran on progressives advocating democratic reforms and greater governmental regulation of the economy to temper the capitalistic excesses of the Gilded Age

• At the end of the Gilded Age, there was increasing public awareness of the problems caused by unregulated capitalism, such as monopolies, poor working conditions

• The Progressive Era arose out of a recognition that the government's hands-off approach to capitalism was creating significant social problems Progressives argued that government intervention was necessary to control the excesses of capitalism and protect workers, consumers, and the environment

The Progressive Era's impact on capitalism

• The Square Deal was not about eliminating capitalism but rather ensuring that it operated fairly and ethically for everyone

A decade of the 1920s which was a period of economic prosperity, cultural change, and a general sense of optimism and exuberance following World War I.

Caused by-

Post-World War I economic boom, fuelled by technological advancements, consumerism, and social change

Impacts-

Women Suffrage- The right for women to vote in elections

• Equal rights amendment, promoted by national women's party, would eliminate legal distributions on the basis of gender, to end wage discrimination and voting

• force feeding was common

• women still remained in largely feminised professions, such as teaching and nursing

Flappers-

The Jazz age and Harlem Renaissance- A cultural flowering in New York, the black neighbourhood of Harlem, based on jazz music, but also excellent black architect, and novelist, poets and painters

• Resulted in an increase and respect for African Americans, and being proud of their culture was welcomed into society

• Renaissance promoted racial pride in black cultural history and achievements, which fuelled the civil rights movement

  
  

Scope trials-

Northern Migration-

• African Americans moving from the south towards the north, (where the cities are)

• Moved as farmers in the south

• due to industralisation, farmers began to decline

  Key Facts about farmers-

• Failing farmers- 1919: $22 billion, 1928: $13 billion

• 42% of farmers below poverty line

• 32% of wealth belonged to the top 5%

  
  

Rise of organized crime due to Prohibition, significant income inequality, and social unrest

Prohibition- The legal act of prohibiting the production and sale of alcoholic beverages

• The Volstead act 1920 permitted prohibition under the 18th Amendment

• Prohibition fed into the idea that America was fighting a moral act

Reason it was implemented-

• Many brewery's were from German immigrants, a patriotic duty not to buy German alcohol

• The women's Christian temperate movement, campaigned for prohibition since the 19th century

• Women wanted to take control over domestic violence, belief no alcohol would reduce this

• Women tried to reduce poverty within the family, as men spent family salary on alcohol

The Klu Klux Klan- a white supremacies movement

Purpose-

• To oppress their victims, most notably African Americans, Jews and Catholic

• They were nationalistic (they used the word patriotic - "love your country), key difference was they believed they were superior, to keep whites in control

Key Facts-

• Systemic Racism

• Over 200 bombings

• 1940's their was a large decline

• Covered their faces as they were seen as one

• Members were Wasps, they believed in symbolism of the church so they burnt churches

• KKK

Why become a member?

• For jobs

• African Americans were accused of taking white jobs

• Many people were given a sense of purpose/belonging

• offered people something they could hold onto

  
  

Red Scare- Russia had just become communist, Americans feared that recent immigrants were bringing similar radical ideas with them, reaction was called the red scare, red because of the revolution

Facts-

• 1920s saw an increase in racist attitudes towards immigrants as their fear of communism or bolshevism increased

• Communist and foreigners become the target of fear

• Immigrants were targets of resentment

Strikes-

• Worker aren't on strike to maintain the gains won by the war

• Most strikes focused on achieved union recognition

• A few strikes were led by radical political groups

• 1919- their were 3600 strikes, involving 4 million workers

Palmer raids-

• Nov 1919 - Jan 1920: Attorney General A Mitchell Palmer send federal agents to raid the officers of radical organisations

• 5000 arrests many people held for months with no charge

• Hundreds of radical immigrants were deported

  Opinion on raids-

• raids criticised by congress, for breaching civil liberties

• Widespread approval among conservatives for supressing radicals

Immigration restriction act

• Total immigration limited was 357,000 per year

• Favoured British and Western European immigrants, lowered amount of southern immigrants

• Urban areas feared strikes and were seen as communist

• Scare tactics made the government react to the public, fear for a political advantage

  
  

• Roosevelt was the first Democrat to be elected president since 1916 (Woodrow Wilson)

• first to win an outright majority of the popular vote since 1876

• First to win a majority of both the electoral and popular vote since 1852.

  
  

Significance of 1932 election-

• Roosevelt was the first Democrat to be elected president since 1916 (Woodrow Wilson)

• first to win an outright majority of the popular vote since 1876

• First to win a majority of both the electoral and popular vote since 1852.

  
  

No government interferes in the economic or business affairs of individuals

·       An ideal rather than a description of an actual economic system

·       Ideal capitalist society there would be no state-funded social services, e.g. hospitals, schools or welfare

Social-Market Capitalism-

a socially minded form of capitalism, where the goal is making social improvements, rather than focusing on accumulating of capital in the classic capitalist sense

·           25% unemployment nationally in America

·           65%in Detroit,  80% in Toledo and Cleveland

·           1/3 of banks failed, resulting in 15% of deposits being lost

·           25% wage cuts

·           reliance on state handouts, had to swallow pride

·           bonus army perceived as a quasi-communist revolution

o   douglas marcarthur – ‘mob … animated by the essence of revolution’

·           psychological impact – men felt inadequate (something wrong with a man who can’t support his family)

·           monopoly board game became popular-get rich quick in your imagination

·           mining families in the mountains of Appalachia reduced to berries and dandelions

·           looked to cinema for distractions/ cinemas encouraged to produce ‘happy films’ by New York Mayor

o   cinema key propaganda tool for NRA

·           National Mine Wroerks Union (communist)

·           Communism ‘gaining a foothold’ – Theodore Bilbo (Gov- MSS)

·           However party membership never rose above 100 000

·           Hunger marches

Women

·           retained their employment moreso than men (23.2% unemployment vs 39% northern men)

·           women were usually breadwinners (services was stronger than industry)

o   shift in domestic power balance, men did not take to this well

·           25% of workforce

·           federal agencies had anti-women employment policy despite efforts of Frances Perkins, Eleanor Roosevelt

·           unions were also unwilling to admit women

·           marriage rate/fertility rate dropped

o   22% decline in marriages, 15% decline in births

o   below replacement rate for first time in US history

·           divorce rate fell – divorce fee

·           1.5 million women were abandoned by their husbands – 1940 report

·           resurgence of conservative attitudes towards family unit

o   the new ideas of the twenties – behaviourism/feminism undermined

o   flappers ceased to exist as a cultural icon

·           Practically every woman, whether she is rich or poor, is facing today a reduction of income. –Eleanor Roosevelt

·           Women who sought relief or paid employment risked public scorn or worse for supposedly taking jobs and money away from more deserving men.-Susan Ware

·           Sweatshops, child labour – exploitation

·           Women’s fashion – less makeup, more affordable dresses, lower heels

Farmers

·           750 000 farms abandoned

·           Penny (forced) Auction

·           Foreclosing magistrates threatened with lynching

·           Farmers Holiday association (militant)

o   Block highways, empty milk cans, attacked deputies

·           Iowan governor placed six counties under martial law

·           Share Croppers Union

·           Pouring milk into the streets, blockading food going to market

·           Anti-Okie law in California

·           Dustbowl

·           43% of farmers were migrated, some of which were expatriated

·           keep warm by burning corn

·            

Afro-Americans

·           invariably first to be retrenched

·           women fared better than men as ‘domestic hands’

o   jargon of ‘slave market’

·           New Deal programs such as Federal Music Project, Federal Theatre Project, Federal Writers facilitated Harlem Renaissance

·           Harry Hopkins (WPA) worked with NAACP to protect rights of blacks

·           Desert Republican Party

·           Anti-lynching bill filibustered 1937

·           a study in Harlem revealed that 65% of African-American children were malnourished.

·           Stealing jobs from ‘real’ Americans

·           Jim Crow laws refused African-Americans accommodation in hotels, motels

·           Blacks normally involved in textiles or sharecropping

·           9/10 African American women involved in worst hit industries – textiles

·           Scottsboro case – Share Croppers Union