e-Portfolio (Rituals, Ceremonies and Celebrations) by SITI HAZIMAH HAMDAN

Introduction

2023448442_ — 2023-10-22 03:57:33 UTC

Main language: Hokkien, a Southern Min language.
Religions: Chinese folk religion, taoism and Chinese buddhism.
Origin: The hokkien people are considered an ethnic group within the sinitic people. They are merely a part of the Han ethnic majority and do not belong to any of China's 55 ethnic memories. They also sometimes referred to as Hokkien, Hokuro, Min-nan, or Hokkien Lang people. They are believe to have come from regions in northern and central China that surround the Yellow River. They settled mostly in the southern province of Fujian, however there are also Hoklo groups in Guangdon and Hainan.

Hokkien community in Malaysia

2023448442_ — 2023-10-22 04:23:28 UTC

Hokkien is the largest Chinese dialect spoken language in Malaysia. Currently, Hokien is used as a trade language by most Chinese people in Malaysia, regardless of their ethic background, to communicate with other Chinese in certain areas. However, the majority of Chinese in these specific areas, no longer speak a pure form of the any of the Fujian dialects. They now speak a dialect called Hokkien, which is mostly derived from Malay and other Chinese dialects. The Hokkien dialect is the main language for the Chinese in Johor, Malacca, Penang, Kedah, Perlis, Terengganu, Kelantan and Sarawak.

Zhong Yuan Jie (Hungry Ghost festival)

2023448442_ — 2023-10-22 07:27:15 UTC

The 7th month in the Chinese calendar holds a special meaning. The Chinese believe that this month they will see the opening of the gates of hell and the release of hungry spirits to feast on the earth. Therefore, the Chinese would perform a ritual to represent offering alms to the ghost of their ancestors.

News article: Culture's Insider: China's Ghost Festival

2023448442_ — 2023-10-22 08:09:06 UTC

^{Key points in the article:}

According to Buddhist doctrine, deceased parents and relatives can be saved from terrible situations in the afterlife by donating objects on the festival day.
The ghost festival have two meanings. The first is to get people to support the Buddhist monks. The other is to convince individuals to carry out more acts of charity in order to release departed souls of sin and promote familyfaithfulness.
The floating water lantern is the grandest during the Zhong Yuan festival. The water lantern also known as the lotus lantern is usually created by pasting paper into the form of a lotus that have a lantern inside. Lanterns are released into lakes and rivers on the night of the Zhong Yuan festival.
Chinese people also believe that the departed ancestors will be released for half a month. So, they will burn a lot of paper^"money"to send off the spirits. Additionally, they will put some money into the an envelope with the user's name on it and the envelope will be burnt for sacrifice.

Wedding ceremony

2023448442_ — 2023-10-22 08:49:52 UTC

Preparation for the wedding ceremony must be done carefully. There are several wedding traditions and ceremonies that needs to be done throughout the wedding ceremony.

Video: Hokkien Wedding Ceremony

2023448442_ — 2023-10-22 09:22:43 UTC

A brief video on how the Hokkien wedding traditions is done.

A Hokkien tradition is to offer the red dates, longangs, lotus seeds, along with other sweet items (winter melons and rock sugar). These items will be presented to the family bride's side. The bride's family will accept the gift and return the same portion of it.
A tree of oranges will also give to the bride's family. 12 or 18 oranges will be presented because 12 represents luck while 18 represents prosperity.
Two pair of candles would also be send. (A pair of Dragon candles and as well a pair of Phoenix candles). The bride's family will keep the pair of dragon to represent that they have a new member in the family. However, the will send back the phoenix candles to the groom to congratulate them having a new daughter in law.
Ten of pig totters and two bottles of alcohol are also essential items. All these items are then being put in the traditional baskets and will accompanied by the matchmaker to bring over.

There are also some ceremonies that need to carried out before the actual wedding day.

2023448442_ — 2023-10-22 10:21:35 UTC

Setting up the matrimonial bed (An Chuang)

The setting up are usually performed by the groom's parents or the grandparents.
The rituals will starts by changing the bed linen into the auspicious color (red/pink/lavender). Next, the bed will be covered with the special items and objects that were from the bethrothal gift ceremony.
Once everything is set up, everyone will need to recite prayers wishing the couple a great marriage and life together.

2.Hair combing ritual (Shang Tou)

The ceremony symbolizes the couple has reached a mature and will receive congratulatory message from others.

Chinese New Year Celebration

2023448442_ — 2023-10-22 11:48:26 UTC

Chinese new year begins on the first day of the first month in the Chinese lunar calendar and last until the Yuen Xiao festival, which is also referred to as Chap Goh Meh in the Hokkien dialect. People celebrate Chinese New Year for 15 days.

History of Chinese New Year

2023448442_ — 2023-10-22 12:22:25 UTC

Legend has it that celebrating the Chinese New Year starts with the struggle against with the mythical beast called Nian. (Nian means year in Chinese.) It is believed that Nian would eat livestocks, crops and people on the New Year Eve.
To protect their lives, the people will put food in front of their door to prevent Nian from attacking them.
It was also said that Nien was succesfully chased away when the beast sae the little child wearing red clothing, who was crying in terror at the sight of the beast.
It was then when the people started to realize that the beast is scared of the colour red. To prevent Nian from entering, people would start hanging crimson scrolls and lanterns over their doors and windows.
They would also start to crackle the bamboo (later replaced by fireworks) to scare the Nian away.

References

2023448442_ — 2023-10-22 12:26:42 UTC

Project, J. (n.d.). Han Chinese, Hokkien in Malaysia. Joshua Project. https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/11344/MY
Hoklo people: China & Asia Cultural Travel. China & Asia Cultural Travel | TanSuo Cultural Travel Solution Ltd. (2018, February 8). https://www.asiaculturaltravel.co.uk/hoklo-people/
Culture insider: China’s ghost festival. Chinadaily.com.cn. (n.d.). https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202308/30/WS62f5c4f7a310fd2b29e71db0_3.html
Kajian Malaysia, Vol. 33, Supp. 2, 2015, 135–152 - web.usm.my. (n.d.). http://web.usm.my/km/33(Supp.2)2015/km33s22015_08.pdf
Celebrating Chinese wedding traditions: Hokkien. YouTube. (2020, October 16). https://youtu.be/pRZ3SLuv8Zs?si=KVxryDGRfeMLgbjO
Hair combing ritual 上头 (shang tou) for Teochew and Hokkien. Wedding Photography Singapore; Wedding Photographer Singapore; Bridal Photography Singapore; Pre-wedding Photography Singapore. (n.d.). https://www.topphotography.com.sg/wedding-traditions-for-teochew-and-hokkien/hair-combing-ritual-for-teochew-and-hokkien/
History of Chinese New Year. Timothy S. Y. Lam Museum of Anthropology. (2022, June 16). https://lammuseum.wfu.edu/education/teachers/chinese-new-year/history-of-chinese-new-year/#:~:text=Legend%20of%20the%20Origin%20of%20Chinese%20New%20Year&text=One%20of%20the%20most%20popular,at%20their%20doors%20for%20Nian
Setting up matrimonial bed 安床 (an Chuang) for Teochew and Hokkien. Wedding Photography Singapore; Wedding Photographer Singapore; Bridal Photography Singapore; Pre-wedding Photography Singapore. (n.d.). https://www.topphotography.com.sg/wedding-traditions-for-teochew-and-hokkien/setting-up-matrimonial-bed-for-teochew-and-hokkien/

Introduction

2023448442_ — 2023-10-22 14:55:40 UTC

Main language: Malayalam and Malay.
Religions: Hinduism, Islam, Judaism and Christianity.
Origin: The Malayali have ancestral origins in Kerala and other nearby South Indian states. There are only over 135,000 members of the Malayali ethnic group in Malaysia, despite the fact that there are over 35 million Malayalam speakers in India. In the early 1900, Malayali people went to Malaysia in search of a better living. At first, they worked as conductors, clerks and hospital assistants on plantations. Thanks to their exceptional grasp of English, the second generation of Malayali went on to become plantation managers or assistant plantation managers among other professionals.

Malaysian Malayalese community in Malaysia.

2023448442_ — 2023-10-22 15:06:12 UTC

Thaipusam

2023448442_ — 2023-10-22 15:23:58 UTC

^{Key points in the article:}

Thaipusam is a major celebration that falls on the full moon of the month of January to February. Thaipusam is celebrated as a public holiday in a number of states within Malaysia.
Months before Thaipusam, devotees begin putting themselves through strenuous ritual and making substantial preparations. Believers cleanse their bodies and minds of impurities using a combination of fasting, dieting, and prayer to get ready for the rigorous rite.
During Thaipusam, one popular form of giving is the Paal Kudam (Milk Offering). The Paal Kudam is the tradition of carrying a kudam, or pot-shaped vessel on one's head when offering milk to Lord Murugan. Next, the priest would perform Paal Abhishegam using this milk. As they carry sacrifices to their god, the individuals in the celebration do the "burden dance" or Kavadi Attam.
The Kavadi is considered the most auspicious and meticulous gift to Lord Murugan. The individual carrying the Kavadi sees the entire object as his personal shrine in addition to bearing a gift for the gods. Some devotees use body-attached hooks to pull large carts, while others would pierce their backs with hooks to hang milk bottles on.
Most devotees slip into a trance during such piercings because to the constant drumming and chanting of "vel vel shakti vel". The devotees who go to such extremes claims that they are experiencing painless, spiritual trance that pulls them closer to Lord Murugan.

Malayalee Wedding Ceremony

2023448442_ — 2023-10-22 17:18:54 UTC

A Malayalee wedding is a brief, sharp ceremony that takes place in the morning.

The article talks about the weddings customs followed in a typical Malayalee weddings:
1) Seek the blessings

Before heading to the wedding location to exchange vows, the bride and groom ask their elder relatives for blessings at their respective homes. The bride's friends will assist the bride in getting ready for the wedding.
For the wedding, the bride usually wears a two-piece sari, ofther called a "set saree". The bride's hair is decorated with flowers, usually jasmine, and she is accessorized with jewellery, usually gold.
The groom on the other hand, is clothed in an off-white or white silk shirt and a traditional dhoti (mundu). Gold rings, bracelets, and chains enhance the attreactiveness of the dress.

2) Welcoming the Bridegroom

After seeking their blessings from their elders, the bride and groom depart from their respective houses for wedding ceremony location.
As the groom's precession approaches the location, traditional drums (thavil) and nadaswaram, a non-brass acoustic instrument, are played to greet them.
The bride's brother (father in some parts of Kerala) greets the groom at the venue's doorstep by washing his feet with water. The groom gives the brother minor gifts in exchange, such as a gold chain, a bracelet, or cash.

3) The Nuptial Ceremony

The other name for Nuptial Ceremony is called veli. The marriage ceremony is officiated by the priest.
During the muhurtham time, the bride is tied around the neck by the husband with a mangalsutra, called "thaali" in Malayalam.
The bride and groom get bouquets and garlands from the priest, who exchanges them. Following the exchange of garlands, the bride's father performs the kanyaadaan, which involves placing the hand of the bride over the groom's hand.
The bride then puts chandan on his forehead in return for the groom applying vermillion (sindooram), on her. After then, the couple touches their parents feet to ask for blessings.

Deepavali

2023448442_ — 2023-10-23 14:38:07 UTC

The Hindu holiday of Deepavali, sometimes referred to as Diwali, is a celebration of lights. For Hindus, it is one of the most significant holidays of the year, which they observe by carrying out customs at home.

History of Deepavali

2023448442_ — 2023-10-23 15:59:12 UTC

^{Key points in the article:}

India's biggest holiday, Diwali, commemorates the victory of good over evil, light over darkness, and wisdom over ignorance. However, Diwali is mostly recognised as a festival of lights. Originating from the Sanskrit term dipavali, meaning "light-row".
In Hinduism, the Divali tale is told in a variety of ways by different geographical populations. All of these, however, are heroic tales of triumph achieved by men who were thought to be manifestations of the Hindu god Vishnu, who is regarded as the universe's sustainer and whose duty it is to restore the balance between good and evil in difficult times.
Lakshmi, the Hindu goddess of wealth and prosperity, is also celebrated during Diwali.

How Deepavali celebrated?

2023448442_ — 2023-10-23 16:10:32 UTC

There's a total of 5 days when celebrating Deepavali.

On the first day of Diwali, people clean their homes, make sweets, and offer prayers to the goddess Lakshmi.
The next day, they decorated their homes with lamps and rangolis. The also decorated the floor using coloured sand, rice, powder, or flower petals.
The third day of Diwali is the most significant because on this day, people can celebrate Lakshmi at temples or get together with friends and family for feast and fireworks.
The fourth day of Diwali is that when many people celebrate the start of a new year and exchange presents and well wishes.
Lastly, it is customary to honour one's siblings on the fifth day.

Introduction

2023448442_ — 2023-10-24 15:27:00 UTC

Main language: Thai
Religions: Buddhism, Christianity, Islam and Non religious.

Origin: Due to constant Chinese pressure, the Thai people, who were originally from China, fled south and conquered numerous people groups and cultures in the process. They had an extensive population in southern Thailand by the tenth century. They finally made their way as far south as Peninsular Malaysia, where they interacted with Malay Muslims.

Thai Malays community in Malaysia

2023448442_ — 2023-10-24 16:23:05 UTC

There are Thai residents lives in the northern Peninsula of Malaysia, which borders Thailand. They belong to a wider people group called the Tai and speak the tonal language of Thai. The Malay culture have had a significant influence of the cultures of other people, particularly the Thai.
For example, there is mutual respect between Malaysia and Thailand such as the city of Bangkok that has been an important part of Peninsular Malaysia since the thirteenth century. The rivers served as a conduit for diplomatic and political contacts in the past. Nevertheless, highways and railroads still facilitate trade and communication between the two countries today.

Songkran Festival

2023448442_ — 2023-10-24 16:45:30 UTC

^{Key points in the article:}

The largest and most significant yearly celebration is Songkran, also known as Thai New Year. Traditionally, the first full moon in April marks the beginning of three days of celebration. These days, April 13 is the festival's official start date.
The term "Songkran," which refers to the movement of the zodiac, is derived from an old Sanskrit phrase that means "enter" or "pass into."
In addition to being one of the hottest times of the year, the festival also marks the start of the rainy season.

Why are there water fights during Songkran?

The water fights that are now associated with Songkran represent an evolution in tradition.
Spring cleaning and a water pouring ceremony are customarily held on the first day of the celebration. During this, sacred Buddha images in temples are doused with scented water. This is a symbol for purification, or letting go of the old year in order to embrace the new one.
In exchange for blessings and flower garlands, young people honor their elders on the second day by dousing their hands and feet in fragrant water. Monks and temples are also given offerings.
These features have taken on a new form outside the temples such as turning into an enormous water fights with super soakers, buckets of ice water, loud music and street parties.

Siamese Wedding Attire

2023448442_ — 2023-10-26 18:39:57 UTC

The bride's wedding dress is a modified version of the Thai Chakkri traditional costume, knows as Chut Thai Pra Yook.

The Wedding of Siamese community in Perak

2023448442_ — 2023-10-26 18:43:20 UTC

Key points in the article:

The Siamese community's marriage customs start with making inquiries, continue with becoming engaged, set a date for the marriage solemnization and conclude with the actual wedding.
The majority of prospective couples decide to have all of the wedding ceremonies on one day.
For instance, a marriage reception in the evening, a marriage solemnization in the afternoon, and an engagement in the morning.

Video: How Loy Kathrong celebrated and the story behind the festival.

2023448442_ — 2023-10-26 19:25:38 UTC

A brief video showing what is Loy Kratong and how people celebrated it.

One of the largest celebrations is Loy Krathong, also known as Loi Krathong (ลอยกระทง), also called the Festival of Lights. Every year, Thai people celebrate the Loy Krathong Festival, a traditional Siamese holiday, as a way of honouring the Buddha and the Goddess of Water.

Loy Krathong

2023448442_ — 2023-10-27 02:40:33 UTC

When is Loy Krathong celebrated?

The evening of the 12th full moon of the lunar calendar is dedicated to celebrating the Loy Krathong Festival.
Based on the Western calendar, it often occurs in November. As a result, the date of Loy Kratong is flexible. Every year, it varies based on the full moon. In 2023, it will take place on the evening of 28th November.

What is the meaning of Loy Krathong?

The definition of "Loy (ลอย)" is "to float."
The translation of "Krathong" is "basket or boat."
So the meaning of 'Loy Krathong' is 'to float a basket'.

What is a Krathong?

A krathong is a tiny, ornamental float that is mainly constructed of banana leaves and usually has the shape of a little boat or lotus blossom. Usually, flowers, candles, incense sticks, and occasionally money or modest sacrifices are used to decorate the krathong.
During the event, the floating krathongs travel around rivers, lakes, or canals bearing people's wishes, hopes, and appreciation.

What makes Loy Krathong popular, and where did it come from?

The celebration, which combines Buddhist and Hindu traditions, is held to honor the Buddha and pay respect to Pra Mae Khongka (also known as Goddess of Water) for a year's worth of plenty supplies. It also serves as a means of requesting an apology from her for polluting the rivers.
These days, it's also a means of wishing good fortune for the upcoming year and letting go of negativity accumulated over the previous one.
The festival's origins are also believed to be connected to Nang Noppamas, the Sukhothai King's esteemed concubine. The krathong was inspired by a lotus-shaped that Nang Noppamas created and decorated with little bird images.
The tradition of beauty pageants, in which contestants dress as Nang Noppamas, was apparently inspired by this mythology.

Introduction

2023448442_ — 2023-10-27 03:49:52 UTC

Main language: Malaccan Portuguese Creole
Religions: Christianity and Islam.
Origin: Based in Malaysia and Singapore, the Kristang people are a creole ethnic group of mixed Portuguese and Malaccan (Malay) ancestry. Due to widespread marriages among the Kristang, members of this ethnic group have a significant Dutch heritage, some British heritage, as well as Chinese and Indian family history. In addition, many of the Jews of Malacca merged into Kristang group as a result of the Portuguese Inquisition in the area. During the 16th and 17th centuries, when Malacca was a port and the centre of the Portuguese Empire, the creole group emerged in Malaysia. Certain descendants speak a unique creole language called Kristang, which is derived from Portuguese. They are categorized as Portuguese Eurasian by the government.

Video: The Melaka Kristang culture

2023448442_ — 2023-10-27 04:17:03 UTC

A brief video showing the descendants Melaka Kristang live in Melaka.

Intrudu Festival (a water festival marking the beginning of Lent)

2023448442_ — 2023-10-27 07:16:17 UTC

^{Key point in the article:}

The century-old Intrudu is a major occasion for the Portuguese community to get ready for Lent, a religious observance of fasting and prayer in the liturgical calendar, according to Portuguese Culture and Heritage Activist Martin Theseira.
As today Intrudu is often referred to as "Fat Sunday" or dominggu gordo, meaning that it will be the final day of celebration before Lent.
The last Sunday before Ash Wednesday, the beginning day of Lent, is typically when people celebrate Intrudu, which means "introduction to a new season". Lent is a season of prayer, penance, make sacrifice, give charity and say good things.
Martin also said that this festival is preparing them spiritually for Easter Sunday, which is a festival honoring Jesus' resurrection. Martin also added that it initiates the seven-week countdown to Easter following commemoration of Jesus' birth (Christmas Day).
According to Martin, another aspect of "Intrudu" is the custom of younger people giving older ones a shot of brandy or wine, which they do as a show of respect.

Feast of the Fisherman Saint Peter

2023448442_ — 2023-10-27 14:58:56 UTC

^{Key points in the article:}

The feast of San Pedro is on 29th June.
The feast of San Pedro has been observed worldwide in nations where the Portuguese have a presence, but it wasn't until the early 1930s that it really became a part of the Malaccan community.
Additionally, it was around this time when Portuguese settlement was established and their ancestors resumed fishing in the region.
Even though fishing is no longer the primary source of income for the locals, the Kristang community nevertheless carries on the its tradition of hosting these celebrations and feasts.

Some events that features are:

Blessing of boats. (A ceremony that goes back more than 500 years to the Age of Exploration, when Portugal was sent on a global sailing expedition by Prince Henry the Navigator.)
Colourful parades. (The Portuguese community will seize the chance to dress up and act out sketches of situations including St. Peter.
Food and Merriment. (Your palate will be treated to a harmonic fusion of flavours from Dutch, Portuguese, Malay, Indian and Chinese influence everything from hearty stews to spicy sambals and aromatic curries.)
Folk Dances and Performances (You will be able to see the ladies and gentlemen in traditional clothes performing the Corridinho dance.)

Christmas in Melaka Portuguese Settlement

2023448442_ — 2023-10-27 18:46:31 UTC

^{Key points in the article:}

Christmas is one of the most significant days of the year for the Kristang community because the majority of its members identify as Christians. Because of this, their Christmas celebrations are also of legendary proportions.

The chronology of the Kristang families' activities from Christmas Eve to Christmas Day.

10am, Christmas Eve - The Preparation (usually the cooking begins on Christmas Eve morning with the chopping and slicing.)
5pm, Christmas Eve - Getting ready for Mass (given that Christmas Mass, also known as Midnight Mass, is one of the most significant church services of the year, a large crowd is anticipated, and everyone will be dressed to impress.)
9pm, Christmas Eve – Midnight Mass (Christmas music, Bible readings, a sermon by the priest, Holy Communion—(the consumption of bread and wine in remembrance of Jesus Christ's death for humankind's sins—and prayers are usually part of midnight mass.)
12 midnight, Christmas Day - The party begins (As midnight approaches and Mass concludes, everyone will begin wishing one another a Merry Christmas. Then, in a rush, everyone would return home to begin the celebration.)
5am, Christmas Day – Bedtime (Around four in the morning, the party crowd would begin to disperse, and around five, individuals would begin cleaning up. )

Video: How Kristang people celebrates Christmas

2023448442_ — 2023-10-27 19:47:26 UTC

Introduction

2023448442_ — 2023-10-27 19:50:33 UTC

Main language: Bahasa Ida'an
Religions: Islam

Origin: It's possible that the Ida'an were the first people to live in Sabah's eastern coastline region, but not much is known about their ancestry. The Ida'an are known to have lived in the Lahad Datu region from before the 13th century, despite it being unclear where they originated. Presently, there are between 5,000 and 6,0001 Ida'an, with their main centres being in and around Lahad Datu city, Ulu Tungku area of Lahad Datu District, the lower Kinabantangan River excluding Abai, runs from Bilit to the mouth of the river, and on the Segaliud and Suanlamba Rivers that flow into Sandakan Bay. Further east, at Dagat KN, on the Dent Peninsula's northern flank, are more Ida'an villages. Additionally, at least one village is said to be situated far to the north in the Sugut River region.

The people of this language group use three different autonyms.

In the area around the town of Lahad Datu, they are referred to as Ida'an. However, the non-Muslim populations residing in the Tungku LD region refer to themselves as Begahak Kadazan and call their language Begahak.
They refer to themselves as Sungai in Sandakan and the lower Kinabatangan area.

Ida'an community in Malaysia.

2023448442_ — 2023-10-27 20:37:18 UTC

Harvesting Bird Nest

2023448442_ — 2023-10-28 08:47:07 UTC

The Ida'an people celebrates the harvesting season of bird nest. During this season, there are many taboo and ritual that needs to obey throughout the season:

To help ensure a polite and cooperative harvesting situation, some behavioural abstinences are enforced while within the cave.
This ethnic group believes in spirits of their ancestors and supernatural forces. As a result, all abstinences are acts of respect for their ancestors, who are revered as the guardians of the cave.
One of the taboo that was obeyed before majority of Ida'an people embraced Islam is that they offered a meal of tumeric rice, white chicken, clay pots and goat to their ancestral spirits.
One is not permitted to enter the cave (Madai Cave) while wearing a tegawih or serawang ( a large head covering made of pandanus leaves.)
As for the superstition of Ida'an people is that sneezing upon entering the cave is seen as a bad omen. On that day, the sneezer must return home and is not allowed to harvest. Conversation inside the cave also employ metaphors and specialized vocabulary.
The mourning period for bird's nest harvesting due to death is two days. If an accident occurs inside the cave, such as someone falling from the cave's roof, then all harvesting work in the cafe area is suspended for three days.
Cats are the major rival of nesting birds, especially during the hatching season, hence breeding is prohibited for those who live near the Madai Cave.

Video : It talks about the History of Ida'an people at Sabah

2023448442_ — 2023-10-28 10:50:55 UTC

A brief video talking about Ida'an ancestors, the history of Ida'an and the beginning of harvesting bird nest.

The Ida'an Wedding Tradition

2023448442_ — 2023-10-28 11:55:51 UTC

The first custom is by sending a representative to the girl's house. This is done to find out the status of the girl whether she has someone or not.
They will send an experienced and eloquent representative for the purpose of the pengawang basaro (penyerahan pembuka mulut/pantun). At the same time, the wedding items such as the ring (Panando) will be worn as a sign of consent.
The third step is mengossur process. (Majlis hantaran)
Next, Gabbpie Tullau process will be done. (malam berinai). This process involves 1 set of henna ceremony equipment and is done at the bride's house.
The fifth step is the wedding process. The wedding will be held at the bride's house and the Okab lawang will be done there. (adat membuka pintu). Next, pengawat ambat-ambat (the opening of the fence) will be conducted followed by the husband bringing in the wife for the cancellation of the prayer water. There will also be Menemon ceremony. (husband and wife take turns feeding each other rice with egg.
After that, the bride and groom will sit on the pelamin to be shown to the guests. Both sides of the bride will sprinkler some water to the couple as a sign of the wedding blessing. This custom will continue on the third night (Ratob tello) and the seventh night (Ratob turu).
Lastly, the Tingkuang ceremony (welcome son in law) will be held after 7 days (Ratob turu). The groom will bring the bride home to be introduced to the family. A flour ceremony (Penemil) will be carried out before entering the house. When entering the house, the bride will be sprinkled with turmeric rice (Bengkas bianing) as a sign of gratitude.

References

2023448442_ — 2023-10-28 18:53:29 UTC

Project, J. (n.d.-b). Malayali, Malayalam in Malaysia. Joshua Project. https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/17433/MY
Selvakumaran, T. (n.d.). All about thaipusam. www.thesundaily.my. https://www.thesundaily.my/style-life/all-about-thaipusam-CN10590543
Malayalee wedding rituals. Malayalee Wedding Rituals - Malayalee Wedding Customs, Malayalee Marriage Ceremonies. (n.d.). https://weddings.iloveindia.com/malayalee-wedding/wedding-rituals.html
McKeever, A. (2022, October 11). Diwali is the Indian Festival of Lights. here’s what to know about its history and customs. History. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/diwali-history-customs-indian-festival-of-lights#:~:text=In%20northern%20India%2C%20Diwali%20commemorates,by%20the%20rival%20king%20Ravana.

References

2023448442_ — 2023-10-28 19:05:32 UTC

Project, J. (n.d.-c). Thai in Malaysia. Joshua Project. https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/11277/MY
Thai New Year returns this month with water fights and parties. euronews. (n.d.). https://www.euronews.com/travel/2023/04/14/what-is-songkran-everything-you-need-to-know-about-thailands-wet-and-wild-new-year-celebra#:~:text=Songkran%2C%20or%20Thai%20New%20Year,the%20lunisolar%20Theravada%20Buddhist%20calendar.
The culture and custom of the Siamese community of Pengkalan Hulu, perak: Wedding. (n.d.). https://pemetaanbudaya.jkkn.gov.my/en/culture/dis/105
YouTube. (2019, October 24). Thailand Loy Krathong Lantern Festival story and how people celebrate it. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eau-IS8gAgo
What is Loy Krathong Festival? - meaning, traditions & best places. (n.d.). https://www.asiahighlights.com/thailand/loy-krathong-festival#:~:text=Loy%20Krathong%20Festival%20is%20an,lanterns%20or%20Krathongs%20on%20waterways.

References

2023448442_ — 2023-10-28 19:07:08 UTC

Project, J. (n.d.-b). Kristang in Malaysia. Joshua Project. https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/11247/MY
Melaka Kristang, aside from the popular culture. YouTube. (2018, September 1). https://youtu.be/LxxirDLzqZM?si=a2DPWe0c75vUywKR
Intrudu Water Festival makes a splash at Malacca’s Portuguese ... (n.d.-a). https://www.nst.com.my/news/2017/02/215914/intrudu-water-festival-makes-splash-malaccas-portuguese-settlement
Martin Teo Editor-in-Chief, Teo, M., Editor-in-Chief, & Martin Teo Editor-in-Chief Martin has a s. (2019, June 26). All you need to know about the Malacca-portuguese feast of San Pedro. Lifestyle Asia Kuala Lumpur. https://www.lifestyleasia.com/kl/entertainment/all-you-need-to-know-about-the-malacca-portuguese-feast-of-san-pedro/
Therakyatpost. (2020, December 25). Celebrating christmas at Melaka’s Portuguese settlement. TRP. https://www.therakyatpost.com/living/2019/12/24/christmas-kristang-melaka-portuguese-settlement/
YouTube. (2022, December 23). How the Malaysian Portuguese celebrate Christmas. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FaQ2s19tHOA
Social integration of Kristang people in Malaysia - global journals. (n.d.). https://globaljournals.org/GJHSS_Volume14/6-Social-Integration-of-Kristang-People-in-Malaysia.pdf

References

2023448442_ — 2023-10-28 19:18:50 UTC

The ida’an language. (n.d.-c). https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/253355/1/PL-C78.85.pdf
The culture and custom of the IDAHAN ethnic in Lahad Datu the beliefs and abstinences of harvesting bird nest. (n.d.). https://pemetaanbudaya.jkkn.gov.my/en/culture/dis/420
Masyarakat Idahan di Lahad Datu. YouTube. (2021, June 27). https://youtu.be/zdj7ZqIpPp8?si=rKK1YzkuKx2tVt0B
Hussin, R. (n.d.). Pengkomersialan Budaya Orang sungai Melalui Ekopelancongan: Faktor Kejayaan Dan Limitasi. Jurnal Kinabalu. https://jurcon.ums.edu.my/ojums/index.php/ejk/article/view/493?fbclid=IwAR0tIKWWF8H0WN-6rq5LHynxY7dRbo8GqNNIA8vvUtFrOuF8vpfnqZfAYPw
syuhada, A. (2015, May 13). Adab Dan Budaya Kaum sungai di sabah. Academia.edu. https://www.academia.edu/12369295/ADAB_DAN_BUDAYA_KAUM_SUNGAI_DI_SABAH?fbclid=IwAR3RObGW4laCMAOI2A1pZ1RDzRZtCsLMX8c6BVACaXJ8HW4OSlgKlnPmY48

Reflection on Culture Awareness

2023448442_ — 2023-10-29 13:20:14 UTC

After a few days of compiling artefacts and materials on 5 different Malaysian ethnic groups, I have learned and discovered new festivals and rituals that are practiced by them. I am honored and grateful to be doing this e-portfolio because it helps me in getting knowledge, and the history of each of the festivals. Every ethnic has their own backstories and why that festival happens. Before I did this assignment, I was unaware and ignorant about the reasons the celebrations happen. As a Malay, Hari Raya Aidilfitri, Mawlid (Maulidur Rasul) and Nuzul Quran happen because they are stories and reasons that occur behind them. I should have known that it is the same for other cultures as well. Every ethnic group has customs, traditions, and taboos that must be followed and it shows how exquisite and detailed culture is. It is clearly shown that learning other cultures can make us recognise the differences between ourselves and individuals from other nations and backgrounds, especially with distinctive qualities and values. Cultures also enable us to understand the ways in which other cultures may help us in terms of communication and teamwork. This will help me become better at communicating with others and establish trusting relationships. Besides, having the knowledge and the awareness of other cultures, can help us avoid making incorrect assumptions about individuals from different cultural backgrounds. As we learn about the customs, beliefs, and struggles of people from diverse backgrounds, we gain a deeper understanding of their hopes and challenges. This connection inspires me to become a better leader so that I can have the ability to think critically, innovate, adapt at different places and also motivate other people around me. Moreover, I can also learn new skills which are problem-solving skills. We get a more broader perspective for tackling problems and coming up with original solutions when we are exposed to different viewpoints and methods in cultures. In conclusion, culture has broadened my viewpoint on a variety of issues. We not only become more informed global citizens but also more purposeful individuals, guided by a deeper understanding of our place in the world.

2023448442_ — 2023-11-02 17:23:51 UTC

Hoklo/Hokkien people
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Hokkien community in Malaysia
1.3 Zhong Yuan Jie (Hungry Ghost festival)
1.4 Wedding ceremony
1.5 Chinese New Year Celebration
1.6 References
Malaysian Malayalese
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Malaysian Malayalese community in Malaysia
2.3 Thaipusam
2.4 Wedding Ceremony
2.5 Deepavali
2.6 References
Thai Malays/ Siamese Malaysian
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Thai Malays community in Malaysia
3.3 Songkran Festival
3.4 Wedding ceremony
3.5 Loy Krathong
3.6 References
Kristang people
4.1 Intrudu Festival
4.2 Feast of the Fisherman Saint Peter
4.3 Christmas
4.4 References
Ida'an
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Ida'an community in Malaysia
5.3 Harvesting Bird Nest
5.4 The Ida'an Wedding Tradition
5.5 References
Reflection