1 million people died from starvation or disease, 2 million more emigrated.

Economic Impacts on Ireland:

• Explored through the rest of the timeline, mass migration away from Ireland seen, resulting in a smaller workforce, less output and less GDP.

International ties: Britiain responsible, Mass Emigration to US, Australia, Canada

Economic Impact Globally:

• North America sees around 2.1 million Irish emigrants between 1845-1855, with the primary destinations being the US and Canada

• Britain also sees a high level of immigrants, as does Australia, The Assisted Passage Scheme helped many Irish people reach Australia.

• Global Fundraising seen, the US provided aid, not enough to halt the widespread famine and death, notable donations from the Choctaw Nation, indigenous americans who had survived their own horror of the Trail of Tears

1.5 million dead/emigrated

Gender ratio shifted: more women than men recorded within the census.

Economic impact on Ireland:

• Workhouses intake had risen, reflecting the destitution across Ireland; peaked with around 4% of the whole population living within the workhouses.

• Workhouses: A place that took in people who could not afford to live, made them work extremely harsh worlking conditions but provided them with food and shelter, usually terrible living conditions too.

Economic Impact Globally:

• Showed the large numbers of immigrants within the US, and Britain , and how they had created communities within the host countries.

• Before the famine, there were around 430,000 Irish living in Britain. By 1851, the Irish population had grown to 730,000.

1922- Irish Civil War, Pro Treaty wins, 26 of 32 Irish counties form the Free State, with its own government.

Economic Impact on Ireland:

• State formed on economic hardships, high unemployment rates, ongoing Irish civil war, the UK claimed in the Treaty that the new state owed between 80-100%nof GNP (total economic output) in national debt.

  
  

Economic Impact Globally:

• Limited impact, as focused internally, however Britain maintained a very dependent relationship with Ireland as it transitioned into a Free State, overseeing the market and ensuring it stayed intact.

• Bloody Sunday: Massacre of protesting citizens by the British Military in Derry, on 30th January 1972, with 26 men shot and 14 killed.

• Paramilitaries carry out most of the fighting, the UVF and the IRA, both with religious and political associations.

• Led to geopolitical and religious divides, within Northern Ireland, that are still felt today.

• Ended with the Good Friday Agreement of 10 April 1998, an agreement between the British and Irish governments, as well as most of the political parties in Northern Ireland, on how the government would be instated.

Economic Impacts on Ireland:

• Damage to buildings and infrastructure: Bombings frequent and required rebuilding of areas affected, funds had to be redirected to security

• Reduced investment: businesses and corporations less inclined to invest in an area which could potentially be destroyed/ see no profit (reduced tourism, less workers)

• Overall, Northern Ireland's GDP estimated to have declined by 10% throughout the Troubles.

Economic Impacts Globally:

• Northern Ireland became heavily reliant on subsidies from the rest of the UK to maintain living standards in the aftermath of The Troubles.

• The EU also provided substantial funding for peace and economic stability in Northern Ireland and the border regions.

• The open border credited to the EU and by Northern Ireland's and the Republic of Ireland's both having membership in the European Union was a key component of the peace process, and also tackled the issue of trade.

Due to:

• declining agricultural and farming sector, which had been Ireland's primary output, Ireland had over the last 100 years been shifting its agricultural sector away from primarily potatoes.

• lack of industrial jobs; where the UK and other european countries had successfully transitioned to a primarily industrial based economy, Ireland had yet to transition.

• Ireland's real national income grew by only 8% between 1949 and 1956, far below the European average of about 40%. 

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Economic Impact on Ireland:

• High numbers of youth looking for regular wages emigrating; led to a decline in the Irish workforce numbers.

• Only country in Europe with a declining population during this time period.

Economic Impact Globally:

• Within the UK specifically, Irish migrants formed the basis of the labor force, often working hard labor jobs such as factory work.

• Both the UK and the USA saw economic growth in the 1950s, due to the increase in workforce.

• Within the US, studies showed that Irish emigrants assimilated well into the US labor force, working well-paying jobs and saving money.

• Historically, Irish immigrants had been crucial to building US infrastructure like railroads and canals, contributing to the expansion of the market across the US.

Key factors of rapid growth:

• government imposed low corporate taxes, there was a skilled English-speaking workforce due to the UK's removal of the Irish language, and substantial foreign investment, especially from the US.

• Ireland's EU membership and subsequent access to the Single Market and European funds played a crucial role in its economic transformation.

• The social partnership program in Ireland contributed to economic stability by balancing wage moderation with tax cuts and social welfare commitments.

Economic Impact on Ireland:

• Period of high economic growth

• Ireland, where before was seen as a poorer nation, now transformed into economic "powerhouse"

• Low unemployment rates and rising GDP

• transformed from an agricultural economy to one focused on technology and services, creating economic opportunities.

Economic impact Globally:

• The government's low-tax policies attracted big foreign direct investment from the US, creating a major hub for American multinational corporations within the EU_, as an English-speaking EU member, became a gateway for these US companies to access the entire European market, increasing trade and economic integration within the EU. 

• The Celtic Tiger put pressure on other European countries to adapt their own economic policies and models, creating a competitive environment

It joined as a way to move out of the stagnant agrarian economy that it was stuck in, by accessing a larger European market with better prices, as well as to combat high unemployment rates and mass emigration rates.

Economic Impact on Ireland:

• Ireland's real Gross National Income (GNI) per capita increased almost 3.5times as much in the 50 years since joining the EU.

• EU membership meant that Ireland adopted the Euro, ensuring Ireland's economy remains stable and competitive with the other European members.

• The economy, where once primarily agrarian based, shifted to one driven by high tech industries and global exports, with the services sector now the primary sector, it rose from being 45% of the workforce in 1973 to 77% in 2022. 

Economic Impact Globally:

• Before becoming an EU member the UK was Ireland's main trading partner. Since joining, the trade with the UK is less, while trade with other EU countries has grown substantially. 

• The United States has become one of Ireland's most important trading partners, it is greater than the UK in terms of export value. 

• Specific sectors of the European market have expanded since Ireland joined the EU, fx Chemicals, benefitting the whole European Economy