Concept Map 01 by Sophie Gregoretti

gregoretti668 — 2023-08-27 15:54:20 UTC

blue = lecture

Fxn of Nervous System

gregoretti668 — 2023-08-30 03:25:44 UTC

1. sensory input: gather info (stimuli from inside & outside body)
2. integration: NS processes input decides whether to take action
3. motor output: response activating muscles/glands

gregoretti668 — 2023-08-30 03:31:35 UTC

CNS
- brain & SC
- integration, interpret sensory input, send outgoing instructions

PNS
- nerves extending from brains (cranial nerves) & SC (spinal nerves)
- communicxn btwn sensory organs <> brain & SC <> muscles/glands

Neuro Fxn, History, and Techniques

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gregoretti668 — 2023-08-30 03:34:19 UTC

green = textbook

Ancient Egypt

gregoretti668 — 2023-08-30 03:37:55 UTC

at first, Kemetians didn't believe the brain was important but later they were the first to write abt the presence of the brain and injuries related to the brain & head

History

gregoretti668 — 2023-08-30 03:38:13 UTC

Ancient Greeks

gregoretti668 — 2023-08-30 03:40:24 UTC

pythagorean: the mind is w/in the brain
hippocrates: the brain contains intelligence
aristotle: cooling mechanism for blood makes us more rational than other animals

Roman Empire

gregoretti668 — 2023-08-30 03:43:35 UTC

Galen
- temperament and bodily fxn controlled by brain
- dissected brains of sheep, and other non-human mammals
- cerebllum is denser --> controls muscle
- cerebrum is softer --> controls senses

Descartes

gregoretti668 — 2023-08-30 03:47:48 UTC

- God sets world in motion, but it's mechanical from there and there's no divine interference
- reflexes are automatic, no participation of the mind
- the mind is not subject to the rules of the universe

phrenology

gregoretti668 — 2023-08-30 03:50:46 UTC

- pseudoscience
- measure skull and bumps to predict mental traits
- racism and misogny: used to justify European & male supremacy

Luigi Galvani

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electrical stimulation in frog nerves cause muscle contractions

Pierre Flourens

gregoretti668 — 2023-08-30 03:53:36 UTC

- ablation: removing parts of brain
- inferred fxn based on wht part was missing
- heart rate, breathing, purposeful movement, reflexes

Paul Brocca

gregoretti668 — 2023-08-30 03:54:24 UTC

- found portion of cerebral cortex on front L side is necessary for speech

Santiago Ramon y Cajal

gregoretti668 — 2023-08-30 03:58:21 UTC

- microscopic image of brain
- arborizations of brain cells

Hodgkin and Huxley

gregoretti668 — 2023-08-30 04:01:48 UTC

- squid's giant axon (don't need microscope to see axon) to determine ions involved in the AP
- blocked certain ions to determine which are responsible for depolarization of the neuron

Eric Kandel

gregoretti668 — 2023-08-30 04:03:05 UTC

- father of modern neuro
- physiological basis of memory storage in neurons

May Britt-Moser

gregoretti668 — 2023-08-30 04:05:05 UTC

- first female in neuro to win nobel
- grid cells in entorhinal cortex
- many types of space-representing cell tyes in that circut that make up the position system in the brain

Neuro Methods & Techniques

gregoretti668 — 2023-08-30 16:24:52 UTC

polymerase chain rxn (PCR)

gregoretti668 — 2023-08-30 16:29:30 UTC

- make DNA from a preexisting template
- use a PCR primer: single stranded DNA that matches the target sequence you're looking for
- produces the target sequence, not the whole DNA

Reverse Transcriptase

gregoretti668 — 2023-08-30 16:43:53 UTC

- convert RNA to copy of DNA = complementary DNA = cDNA
- process: reverse transcriptase PCR
- reverse transcriptase is an enzyme, found in retroviruses
- PCR to make more copies

Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH)

gregoretti668 — 2023-08-30 16:48:44 UTC

- find a gene in a chromosomal DNA when the chromosome is in metaphase
- label w fluoresense

SDS-PAGE (SDS Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis)

gregoretti668 — 2023-08-30 16:51:50 UTC

- seperate proteins by size in gel electrophoresis
- all proteins have neg charge, repelled in gel by neg charge, smaller proteins can get through the gel faster and further than big proteins

western blot

gregoretti668 — 2023-08-30 17:07:51 UTC

use primary antibody to find a specific protein, use secondary antibody to find where the primary is --> location of protein

RNAi (RNA-interference)

gregoretti668 — 2023-08-30 17:10:50 UTC

Behavioral

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Molecular & Genetic

gregoretti668 — 2023-08-30 17:12:56 UTC

gregoretti668 — 2023-08-30 17:14:03 UTC

open field: anxiety lvl, quant & qual
forced swim: learning & memory (learn to find platform)
elevated plus maze: anxiety, quant & qual
seizure induction

physiology

gregoretti668 — 2023-08-30 17:27:57 UTC

Physiology

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xrays, MRIs, MRAs, or PET scans of the brain
can do tasks during fMRIs

Brain Scans

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negative signs: clinical symptoms that are a failure of a system to produce a fxn
positive signs: abnormal symptoms occurring in place of or in addition to normal fxning

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perception: conscious awareness of charges in internal or external environment
sensation: unconscious processing of sensory info

motor hierarchy

gregoretti668 — 2023-08-30 17:45:51 UTC

upper motor control centers instruct motoneurons

homeostasis

gregoretti668 — 2023-08-30 21:48:10 UTC

gregoretti668 — 2023-08-30 21:50:09 UTC

brain inside cranium
spinal cord inside spinal canal

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somatosentory info ascends from into SC to forebrain

gregoretti668 — 2023-08-30 23:39:25 UTC

all research is studying history

gregoretti668 — 2023-08-30 23:41:55 UTC

yellow = article

gregoretti668 — 2023-08-31 00:04:31 UTC

intro and discussion sections summarize past history that is relevant to the study

gregoretti668 — 2023-08-31 00:13:12 UTC

can't allow memories (neuro history) to be forgotten by new scholars --> they won't have a full understanding of why modern neuro works the way it does --> contemplate new models holistically and differently!

gregoretti668 — 2023-08-31 00:21:02 UTC

study history to be able to give credit to discoveries that came too early to be published, or are in non-English journals

gregoretti668 — 2023-08-31 00:22:39 UTC

bridge the gap btwn arts <> social sciences <> scientific research by having a broad, well-rounded understanding of them all

gregoretti668 — 2023-08-31 00:31:10 UTC

Ancient Greco-Roman Surgical Tools at an archeological museum; looked modern --> increased students interest in learning history

gregoretti668 — 2023-08-31 00:44:38 UTC

Hebb: concept of synaptic change and cell assemblies
"cells that fire together, wire together"

gregoretti668 — 2023-08-31 00:47:01 UTC

studying history has become X-rated because it studies subjective memories rather than "objective truths" and thus not a good model for science, but all research is based on history!

gregoretti668 — 2023-08-31 01:09:40 UTC

learn abt Pavlov's discoveries from the time he was actually making them by seeing how he wrote and how his students interacted with him, not just the final sterilized product we reference decades later

gregoretti668 — 2023-08-31 01:15:01 UTC

avoid falling into popular current research by evaluating neuro history as a whole to choose new research directions

gregoretti668 — 2023-08-31 14:08:50 UTC

be aware of ethical breaches in history to inform choices of today

gregoretti668 — 2023-08-31 14:45:58 UTC

amplify DNA (make copies, then those copies make more copies) to see what's present by looking for certain promoters (looking for a target piece)

gregoretti668 — 2023-08-31 14:48:01 UTC

use DNA with a fluorescent tag that goes into cell, mixes with chromosomal DNA

antibodies

gregoretti668 — 2023-08-31 14:55:14 UTC

gregoretti668 — 2023-08-31 15:00:16 UTC

rodents don't like open fields bc they're vulnerable to predators

gregoretti668 — 2023-08-31 15:02:44 UTC

if rodents is trying to get out of water, that's healthy
if rodents is floating, just to keep head above water --> depressive-like behavior

legend

gregoretti668 — 2023-09-01 12:08:31 UTC

gregoretti668 — 2023-09-01 12:11:41 UTC

purple: concepts that were highlighted during the lecture, that I missed when preparing

CNS

gregoretti668 — 2023-09-01 12:13:23 UTC

meninges: 3 specialized membranes that form fence around CNS --> mechanical & chemical protection of CNS
- dura mater: outermost layer, protects CNS from penetration
- arachnoid mater: middle layer, fluid resistant sac around CNS
- pia mater: thin & delicate, separated from arachnoid mater by subararchnoid space where cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flows

PNS

gregoretti668 — 2023-09-01 12:13:43 UTC

1. primary sensory neurons in spinal and cranial sensory ganglia carry into into CNS that allow us to percieve stimuli
2. autonomic ganglia (sympathetic or parasymp types) contain neurons for homeostatis (controls smooth muscle, cardiac, and glands)
3. enteric NS 1 billion neurons that line the gut; for digestion; connected to CNS so CNS can influence digestion

motor control centers

gregoretti668 — 2023-09-01 12:15:06 UTC

- cortical motor control centers: fine movement in digits, face, mouth
- brainstem motor control centers: critical for maintenance of posture and breathing/swallowing/locomotion

motoneurons

gregoretti668 — 2023-09-01 12:15:18 UTC

motoneurons: neurons running from brain & SC (CNS) to skeletal muscles, connecting at the muscle fiber by neuromuscular junction

cerebellum as support

gregoretti668 — 2023-09-01 12:15:33 UTC

supported by
cerebellum: coordinates complex movements (multi muscle, fine movements); learns from past movements
basal ganglia: chooser of 1 or few related actions at onces