Plant Biology: Tissues, Transport, Hormones, Tropisms, Reproduction by Jorge Pastoriza https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329 Made with a creative frenzy en-us 2020-09-29 06:58:09 UTC 2025-04-28 14:11:48 UTC hello@padlet.com https://padlet.net/icons/png/1f33f.png Transpiration Pull jorgepastoriza1 https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/786933402 2020-09-29 07:00:58 UTC https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/786933402 Transport in Xylem jorgepastoriza1 https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/786962915 Summary
A summary of water transport in the plant.

]]> 2020-09-29 07:15:57 UTC https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/786962915 How Tall Trees Transport Water jorgepastoriza1 https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/786988390 Mind Blowing!!!]]> 2020-09-29 07:29:12 UTC https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/786988390 Adaptations for Water Conservation jorgepastoriza1 https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/787008991 2020-09-29 07:40:47 UTC https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/787008991 Halophytes Adaptations jorgepastoriza1 https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/787014363 2020-09-29 07:43:44 UTC https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/787014363 Factors Affecting Transpiration jorgepastoriza1 https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/787020074 Some internal factors include:

  • Root to shoot ratio
  • Surface area of leaves
  • Number of stomata per unit leaf area
  • Leaf structure, for example, the presence of hair or thick waxy cuticle.
Some external (environmental) factors include:

  • Light
  • Wind
  • Temperature
  • Humidity
  • Water availability.
]]> 2020-09-29 07:46:29 UTC https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/787020074 Adaptations jorgepastoriza1 https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/787243597 Carnegiea Gigantea Saguaro National Park Tucson Arizona]]> 2020-09-29 09:57:36 UTC https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/787243597 Adaptations 2 jorgepastoriza1 https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/787246066 Salt cristal excretions]]> 2020-09-29 09:59:20 UTC https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/787246066 Mangroves jorgepastoriza1 https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/787248914 Special adaptations]]> 2020-09-29 10:01:16 UTC https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/787248914 Transpiration Pull jorgepastoriza1 https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/787249986 How it works]]> 2020-09-29 10:02:05 UTC https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/787249986 Anatomy of a leaf jorgepastoriza1 https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/787251545 Focus on Spongy Tissue]]> 2020-09-29 10:03:11 UTC https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/787251545 Stoma jorgepastoriza1 https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/787253316 Guard cells allow the stoma to open or close according to water availability.]]> 2020-09-29 10:04:24 UTC https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/787253316 Photosynthesis jorgepastoriza1 https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/787254500 The formula]]> 2020-09-29 10:05:17 UTC https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/787254500 Respiration jorgepastoriza1 https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/787255292 The Formula]]> 2020-09-29 10:05:51 UTC https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/787255292 Water Properties jorgepastoriza1 https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/805435845 Cohesion]]> 2020-10-06 03:28:14 UTC https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/805435845 Water Properties jorgepastoriza1 https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/805437459 Adhesion]]> 2020-10-06 03:29:09 UTC https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/805437459 Properties of Water jorgepastoriza1 https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/805440126 Cohesion - Adhesion]]> 2020-10-06 03:31:01 UTC https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/805440126 Questions Transport in Xylem jorgepastoriza1 https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/812717094 2020-10-08 05:11:29 UTC https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/812717094 Transpiration Questions jorgepastoriza1 https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/812725143 2020-10-08 05:16:18 UTC https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/812725143 Osmosis in the Root jorgepastoriza1 https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/843533580 2020-10-20 04:25:56 UTC https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/843533580 Active Transport in the Root jorgepastoriza1 https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/843534724 2020-10-20 04:26:39 UTC https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/843534724 Transport in Xylem jorgepastoriza1 https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/843535932 Summary]]> 2020-10-20 04:27:22 UTC https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/843535932 Questions Adaptations for Water Conservation jorgepastoriza1 https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/847565080 2020-10-21 05:46:43 UTC https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/847565080 Questions on Factors Affecting the Rate of Transpiration jorgepastoriza1 https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/847583633 2020-10-21 05:56:23 UTC https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/847583633 Transport in Phloem jorgepastoriza1 https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/864255854 Unlike xylem cells, phloem cells are alive at maturity. The main phloem cells are sieve tube elements, which are arranged end to end, forming sieve tubes.  The end walls have many small holes through which nutrients move from cell to cell.  ]]> 2020-10-27 03:10:53 UTC https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/864255854 Transport in Phloem jorgepastoriza1 https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/864268722 Changes in nutrient concentration drive the movement of fluid through phloem tissue in directions that meet the nutritional needs of the plant.
The leading explanation of phloem transport is known as the pressure-flow hypothesis.
1. The membranes of sieve tube cells can use active transport to move sugars from their cytoplasm into the sieve tube itself.
2. Water then follows by osmosis, creating pressure in the tube at the source of the sugars.
3. If another region of the plant has a need for sugars, they are actively pumped out of the tube and into the surrounding tissue. Water then leaves the tube via osmosis, reducing the pressure.
The result of the pressure-flow system is the flow of nutrient-rich fluid from the sources of sugars (source cells) to the places where sugars are used or stored (sink cells). 
The pressure-flow system gives plants flexibility in responding to changing seasons. 
 
During the growing season, sugars from the leaves are directed into ripening fruits or into roots for storage. 
 
As the growing season ends, the plant drops its fruits and stores nutrients in the roots.  
 
As spring approaches, phloem cells in the roots pump sugars back into phloem sap, and the pressure-flow system raises these sugars into stems and leaves to support rapid growth.
]]> 2020-10-27 03:19:43 UTC https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/864268722 Phloem Cells jorgepastoriza1 https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/864287541 Phloem consists of columns of living cells called sieve tubes. Each cell in a sieve tube is called a sieve element (or sieve tube element). Sieve elements contain limited cytoplasm with a few mitochondria and other organelles, but the nucleus, vacuole, cytoskeleton, and many other structures are broken down. Thus, sieve elements require 'life support' from companion cells that run alongside each element. Sieve elements and companion cells are connected by pores called plasmodesmata (singular: plasmodesma)]]> 2020-10-27 03:34:06 UTC https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/864287541 Sive Tubes and Compamion Cells jorgepastoriza1 https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/864291374 Sieve elements or sieve tube elements are elongated living cells. Many sieve elements are connected end to end to form a sieve tube. The walls connecting sieve elements become perforated during development to form sieve plates.]]> 2020-10-27 03:36:52 UTC https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/864291374 Structure and Function of Phloem jorgepastoriza1 https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/864293596 2020-10-27 03:38:30 UTC https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/864293596 Questions on Transport in Phloem jorgepastoriza1 https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/864299246 2020-10-27 03:42:31 UTC https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/864299246 Notes on Transport in Phloem jorgepastoriza1 https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/864399369 2020-10-27 04:46:51 UTC https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/864399369 Translocation jorgepastoriza1 https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/868482987 Translocation works in the following way:

  1. Sucrose produced by a source (in photosynthesis or released from storage organs) is actively loaded using ATP into phloem tubes. (Technically, companion cells are actively loaded and sucrose then diffuses through plasmodesmata into the sap of the sieve tube elements.)
  2. The active loading of sucrose increases the solute concentration in the sieve tubes.
  3. Water then moves from xylem vessels to the sieve tubes by osmosis, moving from an area of lower solute concentration to higher solute concentration.
  4. Water is essentially incompressible, meaning its volume has almost no change at different pressures. As water enters sieve elements and pushes on the phloem cell walls, it causes increased internal pressure. The pressure exerted by water is called hydrostatic pressure.
  5. The high hydrostatic pressure at the source squeezes the sap through the pores of the sieve plates, away from the source and towards the sink. This movement is called mass flow, or bulk flow, because the water and solutes are moving together.
  6. At the sink, companion cells unload sugars from the sieve tube. This may be active or passive transport depending on the relative sugar concentrations. As sugars leave the sieve tube, the concentration of solutes decreases.
  7. Decreasing solute concentration allows water to return to xylem vessels.
  8. The decrease in water in the sieve tube causes lower hydrostatic pressure near the sink. This allows sap to flow from the areas of high hydrostatic pressure by the source to areas of low hydrostatic pressure by the sinks.
  9. As phloem sap flows from source to sink, it flows down hydrostatic pressure gradients. This process is also referred to as the pressure-flow mechanism.
]]> 2020-10-28 05:48:20 UTC https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/868482987 Phloem jorgepastoriza1 https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/875594826 2020-10-30 04:31:49 UTC https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/875594826 Aphid jorgepastoriza1 https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/875595143 2020-10-30 04:32:13 UTC https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/875595143 Aphid stylet cut jorgepastoriza1 https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/875595439 2020-10-30 04:32:36 UTC https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/875595439 Plant Growth jorgepastoriza1 https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/884818090 Meristems]]> 2020-11-03 03:25:40 UTC https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/884818090 Auxines Apical Dominance jorgepastoriza1 https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/884829248
Hormones are chemical signals produced by living organisms that affect the growth, activity, and development of cells and tissues within them. They also coordinate responses to the environment.

In plants, hormones may act on the same cells in which they are made, or they may travel to different cells and tissues, as seen in the figure.
]]> 2020-11-03 03:33:16 UTC https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/884829248 Auxines jorgepastoriza1 https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/884831167 One of the effects of auxins is to stimulate cell elongation.

When light hits one side of the shoot, auxins collect in the shaded part of the shoot. 

This change in concentration stimulates cells on the dark side to lengthen, causing the shoot to bend away from the shaded side and toward the light.
]]> 2020-11-03 03:34:38 UTC https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/884831167 Auxines jorgepastoriza1 https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/884832075 Auxines and Phototropism]]> 2020-11-03 03:35:18 UTC https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/884832075 Geotropism or Gravitropism jorgepastoriza1 https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/884834538 Plant movement in response to gravity. The shoot has negative geotropism (moves against the stimulus), the root has positive geotropism (moves towards the stimulus).

Auxines are responsible for Geotropism in plants.]]> 2020-11-03 03:36:44 UTC https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/884834538 Phototropism jorgepastoriza1 https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/884842347 Plant movement in response to light. The shoot has positive phototropism (moves towards the stimulus), the root has negative phototropism (moves away from the stimulus).

Auxines are responsible for Phototropism in plants.]]> 2020-11-03 03:42:11 UTC https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/884842347 Tigmotropism jorgepastoriza1 https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/884843932 Movement in response to touch. It is typical to vines.
Auxines, together with other hormones, are responsible for Tigmotropism in plants.]]> 2020-11-03 03:43:14 UTC https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/884843932 TIgmotropism in Action jorgepastoriza1 https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/884846834 2020-11-03 03:45:03 UTC https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/884846834 Plant growth and Hormones jorgepastoriza1 https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/884849277 Tropisms]]> 2020-11-03 03:46:46 UTC https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/884849277 Structure of the Stem jorgepastoriza1 https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/885818975 All plant bodies are divides in nodes and internodes.
Branches, lives and buds, are found ONLY in the node.]]> 2020-11-03 10:54:36 UTC https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/885818975 Apical Dominance jorgepastoriza1 https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/885821652 Plants grow only at the tips of stem and branches. This gives the typical conic shape or the plant. The branches at the bottom have been growing for longer time. Auxines are hormones responsible for apical dominance.]]> 2020-11-03 10:56:03 UTC https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/885821652 Apical Meristem in Stem jorgepastoriza1 https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/886304954 Growth is produced ONLY in the apical meristems of stem, branches and roots.]]> 2020-11-03 14:16:50 UTC https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/886304954 Apical Meristem in Root jorgepastoriza1 https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/886308591 The root grows ONLY in the apical meristem of the root and root branches.]]> 2020-11-03 14:17:49 UTC https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/886308591 Mocropropagation jorgepastoriza1 https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/886385359 Micropropagation is a technology that uses plants' flexible growth patterns to produce very large numbers of clones from an original parent plant. A small tissue sample is taken, usually from the shoot apical meristem, and sterilised. It is grown in a sterile medium with concentrations of auxin that promote cell growth but not differentiation. This produces a large mass of undifferentiated cells called a callus. The callus can then be broken up to create many tiny cell samples that are grown in a different medium, this one with concentrations of hormones that trigger cell differentiation and plant development.]]> 2020-11-03 14:38:24 UTC https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/886385359 Micropropagation Benefits jorgepastoriza1 https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/886398808 Micropropagation offers some important benefits, such as:

When a new variety of plant is created, micropropagation allows rapid increase in numbers of plants, known as 'bulking up' a new variety. Other methods of plant cultivation would take much longer.
Production of virus-free individuals of existing varieties. Even when a parent plant is infected with a virus, the virus is usually not found in the newly produced cells of the apical meristem. The sterile micropropagation technique allows uninfected individuals to be grown from an infected parent.
Production of orchids and other rare species. Orchids are delicate and difficult to breed, as well as difficult to grow from their tiny seeds. Micropropagation allows many individuals to be created from a callus, bypassing issues with breeding and germination.]]> 2020-11-03 14:42:01 UTC https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/886398808 Plant Growth jorgepastoriza1 https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/897159520 Flowering: The conversion of a meristem into a floral meristem to promote flowering involves a change in gene expression in the shoot apex.

The change in gene expression is a response to internal and external factors, often including the photoperiod (the relative length of light and dark periods.
Although plants are referred to as short-day or long-day plants, it is the length of darkness that controls flowering.
IMPORTANT:
In long-day plants a short night induces flowering.
In short-day plants a long night induces flowering

]]> 2020-11-06 10:40:22 UTC https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/897159520 Pollination 1 jorgepastoriza1 https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/897170329 Pollination is the transfer of pollen from the anther of a flower to the stigma.

Pollen is a multicellular structure containing one or two sperm.

Stigma is a part of a flower's female reproductive organ that receives the pollen. 

Pollination is the delivery of pollen to the stigma.

]]> 2020-11-06 10:48:36 UTC https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/897170329 Pollination 2 jorgepastoriza1 https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/897174672 Green Pepper]]> 2020-11-06 10:51:41 UTC https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/897174672 Flower Structure jorgepastoriza1 https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/897176554 Sterile cycles:
Calix: Sepals
Corolla: Petals
Fertile cycles
Androecium: Stamens.
Ginoesium: Carpels.]]> 2020-11-06 10:53:06 UTC https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/897176554 Stamen structure jorgepastoriza1 https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/897290962 2020-11-06 12:14:19 UTC https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/897290962 Pistil structure jorgepastoriza1 https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/897294435 2020-11-06 12:16:51 UTC https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/897294435 Pollination 3 jorgepastoriza1 https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/897295009 2020-11-06 12:17:15 UTC https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/897295009 Structure and function of seeds jorgepastoriza1 https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/897298403 A dicotyledonous seed normally contains the following:
The embryonic plant, which comprises:
Radicle – an embryonic root
Plumule – an embryonic shoot
Hypocotyl – a shoot above the root and below the cotyledons
Cotyledons – modified leaves that store food for the embryo
Testa – a seed coat that protects the embryo and food stores
Hilum – a scar where the seed was attached to the ovary
Micropyle – a small pore above the hilum where the pollen tube entered to allow fertilisation.]]> 2020-11-06 12:19:32 UTC https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/897298403 Dycotyledoneae seed jorgepastoriza1 https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/897305750 Bean]]> 2020-11-06 12:24:00 UTC https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/897305750 Monoctyledoneae seed jorgepastoriza1 https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/897306856 Corn]]> 2020-11-06 12:24:40 UTC https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/897306856 Seed dispersal animal jorgepastoriza1 https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/897313919 Birds]]> 2020-11-06 12:28:27 UTC https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/897313919 Seed dispersal animal jorgepastoriza1 https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/897314822 Fur]]> 2020-11-06 12:28:56 UTC https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/897314822 Seed dispersal jorgepastoriza1 https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/897316325 Wind]]> 2020-11-06 12:29:36 UTC https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/897316325 Seed dispersal jorgepastoriza1 https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/897317718 Winds - Wings]]> 2020-11-06 12:30:10 UTC https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/897317718 NOTE: jorgepastoriza1 https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/897321315 Be able to distinguish between:

  • Pollination: delivery of pollen to the stigma of a flower
    • Major vectors are wind and animals
      • Insects are the most common pollinators
    • Pollen must be carried to other individuals to maintain genetic diversity
  • Fertilisation: fusion of the sperm and the egg to create a diploid zygote
    • Occurs in the ovule
    • Pollen grain grows a tube through the style to allow the sperm to travel from the stigma to the ovule
    • Flowers must be pollinated before the eggs can be fertilised
  • Seed dispersal: transport of seeds to new locations
    • Major vectors are wind, water and animals
      • Mammals and birds are the most common animal seed-dispersal agents
    • Seeds (each containing an embryo) must be dispersed to reduce competition between closely related individuals and to colonise new areas.
]]> 2020-11-06 12:32:01 UTC https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/897321315 Factors Affecting Germination jorgepastoriza1 https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/897334146 Water: For metabolic reactions to occur, the seed must first rehydrate by taking in water through imbibition. This is a passive process, because the solutes in the seed are highly concentrated.
Oxygen: The embryonic plant will need a great deal of oxygen because it will have a high rate of growth and metabolism. This means a high rate of oxygen-consuming cellular respiration. The plant does not have mature leaves during germination and thus does not perform photosynthesis or produce oxygen.
Temperature: Different seeds have different optimal growth temperatures, but they all require temperatures that allow enzymes to function well. Temperatures that are too high can denature enzymes, while cold temperatures can slow enzyme activity substantially.
Light does not affect germination in most seeds, though some do require light, and some require darkness.]]> 2020-11-06 12:38:23 UTC https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/897334146 Questions on Growth in Plants jorgepastoriza1 https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/897411506 2020-11-06 13:14:37 UTC https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/897411506 Questions on reproduction in plants jorgepastoriza1 https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/897498436 2020-11-06 13:45:19 UTC https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/897498436 Pollination jorgepastoriza1 https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/906932614 The delivery of pollen, a multicellular structure containing one or two sperm, to the stigma, the part of a flower's female reproductive organ that receives pollen, is called pollination. Some angiosperms use wind for pollination, but the vast majority (85%) of the 250 000 species of flowering plants depend on pollinating animals. Pollinators are most frequently insects, often butterflies or bees, but can also be other animals, including bats or birds]]> 2020-11-10 03:33:50 UTC https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/906932614 Seed Dispersal jorgepastoriza1 https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/2199219313 2022-05-25 11:02:27 UTC https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/2199219313 Pollination: The Children of the Sun jorgepastoriza1 https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/2621950668 2023-06-13 06:29:47 UTC https://padlet.com/jorgepastoriza1/wjsc1dh06cd88fsx1629221329/wish/2621950668