1. Functionalist Theories: Crime and deviance is universal in that it exists in all known societies. As crime and deviance is normal, it performs necessary functions in society because it helps to maintain social stability.

2. Functionalist Theories: anomie is the cause of criminal behaviour, and it means that normally govern behaviour lose their influence and are ignored

3. Interactionist Theories：Focus on the social construction of crime and deviance, rejecting the idea that there are types of conduct that are fundamentally deviant. There is no ‘good’ and ‘bad’ behaviour.

4. Interactionist Theories: Labelling

Labelling theories interpret deviance as the product of interaction processes between deviants and non-deviants. However, labelling processes tend to express the power structure of society.
5. Interactionist Theories：The rules defining deviance are framed by: 

• the wealthy for the poor 

• men for women 

• older people for younger people 

• ethnic majorities for minority groups.  

6. Conflict：Some Marxist criminologists of the 1970s argued that deviance was deliberately chosen and often political. They advise people to actively choose to engage in deviant behavior as a response to inequality in the capitalist system. 
7.Measuring：Most of our information about crime provide by official statistics from the police, court,government and other law enforcement agencies.

Perspectives on green crime 

Globalization and changing crime 

Perspectives on state crime

Trends 

Structure approaches

Interactional approaches

Postmodern approaches 
In general, delinquency rates peak in mid- to late adolescence. It has been hypothesized that maturation of the brain or other changes in personal roles during early adulthood would reduce delinquency rates.

why women commit less crime than men 

why women commit crime different 

Feminist criticism of the CJS
Women who are regarded as criminally deviant are often seen as being doubly deviant. Feminist analysis focuses on the way gender inequality influences the opportunities to commit crime and the definition, detection, and prosecution of crime. In part, the gender difference revolves around patriarchal attitudes toward women and the disregard for matters considered to be of a private or domestic nature.

Ethnicity
The media and crime
Violence sensationalism
Moral panics
Crime control
Prison
other form of punishment
Police
Communities

2. Education and social class:
When the family belongs to the higher class. Their children are more educated and educated than children from middle- and lower-class families. This also shows that the difference in class also affects the level of education. Even if a child from a poor family studies hard, it is difficult for them to achieve real equality and change, and they need to spend more time and effort.

3. Women's education:
Analyze the importance of women's education and the contribution it can make to the economy and society.

Education for the disabled: special classes for the disabled can be set up to give them better care and patience, and more high-tech equipment can be provided to help them learn better

Inclusive education: to advocate people's understanding and help for the disabled, we can open lectures in universities to better popularize them.

The importance of family Education: Education is not only for teachers, but also for parents.

Diversity of education: more courses are offered so that students can learn more about the cultures of different countries and nations.

After-school education: set up rich club activities, learning is not only from books, but also from life.

Education and Interest: Establish students' interest in learning. Students are not interested in every subject, and establishing interest can help them learn better

4. Media :
Media is the best way to spread knowledge, information and news from one part of the world to the other. Media educates the people to know about their basic rights and how to use them. It is also a link between the government and people because all the policies and activities of government are conveyed through media.