There were many new Artistic styles, such as linear perspective and chiaroscuro. The Renaissance also saw an increase in Patronage, not only from the church but also from wealthy families, such as the Medici’s. Artists such as Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci made many iconic works of art, such as Mona Lisa and the statue David. Papal patronage saw an increased amount of Religious Art, particularly in Churches and Chapels. Private patronage resulted in a huge increase in art production, a staple of the Renaissance.

The ideas of the Renaissance almost exclusively affected the higher-class men, as only they had exposure to art and literature. However, the lower classes did gain an enhanced social position because of the massive reduction of manpower from the Black Plague. Women, although they had increased access to education, experienced a decline in social status, being viewed as possessions of men.

The Italian City- States were the dominant power during the Renaissance, through utilizing their strategic position in the middle of the Mediterranean and vast trading networks. The Pope was the religious authority, wielding both economic and political power from Rome. Florence was the ‘birthplace’ of the Renaissance, and became the center of the Renaissance in the 1400s (quattrocento). However, it declined in power following the French invasions. As a result, Rome became the center of Renaissance art in the 1500s (cinquecento).

The Italian City States likewise dominated the Renaissance economy. Venice and Genoa had powerful fleets comprised of galleys and merchant ships that had trading posts throughout the Mediterranean. Constantinople was also a trading hub, controlling trade between the Mediterranean and the Black Sea. Throughout Europe, workers experienced a rise in wages, because of the severe reduction of the workforce from the Black Plague.

- Killed an estimated 1/3 of Europe's population, up to a half in cities

- Influenced Northern Renaissance art- dark, death related themes

- Because of reduced population, labor was in much higher demand

- Lead to dark themes throughout Northern Renaissance art

- Created Baroque style of sculpting, best known for sculptures

- Known for using hidden light sources for emphasis on sculptures

- Many works were religious- e.g. Appollo and Daphne

- Known for his Il Duomo, created in 1436- largest dome in all of Europe at the time

- Recognized as the father of the linear perspective

- Competed with Ghiberti in making The Gates of Paradise

- Author of Book of the Courtier- most important book of the Renaissance

- His book emphasized social etiquette- how a gentleman must be skilled

in many crafts, opposed to Medieval times where many only focused on one area

- Florence (Medici's): birthplace of the Renaissance; Rome (Pope): Papal seat, religious and political rule; Venice: Trading Republic, very wealthy; Milan (Sforza's); and Naples- only City to have a King

- Forged numerous alliances with neighboring states to political autonomy

- Vast wealth from family trading and banking- used to control politics and patronize artists

- Grandfather to Lorenzo the Magnificent

- Based on Manors, which controlled the surrounding area and its inhabitants

- Included a very strict caste system- serfs<vassals<noblemen<royals<pope

- Paintings used chiaroscuro among other stylistic ideas unique to the Renaissance

- Best known for Scrovegni Chapel in Padua, contributed to Florence Cathedral

- Based in Florence- influenced how Florence became the birthplace of the Renaissance

- Based in Rome, which replaced Florence as the center of Italian Renaissance art

- Driven by figures such as Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael

- Renewed emphasis on Classical tradition, many works based on religion/ myths

- Increased patronage (especially from Pope) resulted in many iconic works, such as Mona Lisa (da Vinci) and the statue David (Michelangelo)

- Best known for Mona Lisa and The Last Supper, both from 1498

- Recognized as the epitome of Renaissance thought, intellectual genius that was held in utmost esteem during the Renaissance

- Employed exaggerated and elongated shapes, use of strange colors in paintings

- E.g. Madonna with the Long Neck by Parmigianino

- Creator of the David statue; painted ceiling of the Sistine Chapel

- Involved in designing dome of St. Peter's Basilica

- Best known for The Prince- outlined Machiavelli's ideas on how rulers should exert their power to maintain political control

- Came up with the idea that rulers needed to be clever and cunning like a fox and aggressive and ruthless like a lion

- "The end justifies the means"

- Capital in Constantinople- 'City of the World's Desire'

- Greatest Leader- Suleiman the Magnificent- aggressive expansion but stopped at Vienna, Austria

- Became the 'Sick man of Europe as technology became inferior to Western countries

- A response to the growing Ottoman threat- conquered Constantinople

- Allowed City States to focus on countering Ottomans rather than fight amongst themselves, which was very common before

- Preserved a relative balance of power during the 40 years

- Patronized extensively, including St. Peter's Basilica and the Sistine Chapel

- Labeled as the 'warrior pope' because he was usually fighting in foreign lands, didn't do much religiously

- Creator of the Raphael rooms in the Vatican, also The School of Athens

- Along with da Vinci and Michelangelo, forms the traditional trinity of the High Renaissance

- Patronized extensively, e.g. Botticelli, Michelangelo

- Maintained a fragile peace during his reign, but collapsed after his death

- Mainly between France and England, each with various allies

- Ended all English possessions in France, except Calais

- Destabilized the feudal system, especially in France

- Marked shift towards projectile weapons- crossbow, longbow, and later, guns

- Works include Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet, and Julius Caesar

- Signified how slowly the Renaissance spread to England

- Wrote many types of literature- tragedies, comedies, histories, sonnets

http://regentsprep.org/regents/core/questions/question.cfm?Course=glob&TopicCode=4c&QNum=1&Wrong=0

http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/0073406929/student_view0/chapter10/multiple_choice_quiz.html

Art:

http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/0072317264/student_view0/part5/chapter16/multiple_choice_quiz.html

Women did have limited access to literature through their households, and increased education to a degree, but most remained illiterate.

In art, women were mainly involved through modeling for artists. This reinforced the idea that women were possessions of men.

In the lower classes, women did gain a slightly better status, as many worked in the cottage industry, because of the relative small size of the labor force, following the black death.

High Renaissance

High Renaissance

High Renaissance

Italian Renaissance

Mannerism

Machiavelli outlines his idea of the ideal Monarch- ruthless, cunning, and willing to sacrifice their people in order to achieve ether objectives. This influenced many rulers, who heeded Machiavelli's advice that 'The End Justifies the Means', putting their country in priority, which would later influence the rise of politiques.

Castiglione describes how a proper gentleman should act, summarizing that why must be well balanced, intelligent, and driven by curiosity. The book describes the life of a courtier in a Renaissance court, who becomes involved in an argument concerning the true qualities of a skilled courtier. To this day, this work is the general synopsis of a dignified and well balanced human being.

This book describes a fantastical utopian society, where everything is seemingly 'perfect'. The main significance of this book is how stark the contrast was between the utopian society and society at the time of publication, leading many to believe that the upper echelons of the social structure was corrupt. This lead to widespread criticism of the Catholic Church, further strengthening secularism, while also fueling the public indignation which would culminate in the Portestant Reformation.