Definition: Verbs where the subject acts on themselves (e.g., lavarse).

Example: "Ella se lava las manos." (She washes her hands.)

Common reflexive verbs: ducharse, vestirse, levantarse.

Used to express feelings or reactions.

Example: "Me alegro de verte." (I’m happy to see you.)

Other examples: enojarse, aburrirse, preocuparse.

Por: Cause, duration, exchange (por teléfono, por 2 horas).

Para: Purpose, destination, deadlines (para mi mamá, para las 5pm).

Mnemonic: Por = "passing through," Para = "directed toward."

Used for completed past actions.

Regular endings: -é, -aste, -ó, -amos, -aron (AR verbs).

Example: "Ayer comí pizza." (Yesterday I ate pizza.)

Required before specific direct objects (people/pets).

Example: "Veo a María." (I see María.)

Not used with nonspecific objects ("Veo un perro.").

Replaces the direct object: me, te, lo/la, nos, os, los/las.

Example: "Lo leo." (I read it.)

Placement: Before conjugated verb or attached to infinitives.

Stem-changing verbs: tener → tuve, estar → estuve, hacer → hice.

"Ser" and "ir" share the same forms (fui, fuiste, fue).

Example: "Ellos fueron al parque." (They went to the park.)

Follow the gustar structure (indirect object + verb).

Examples: encantar, importar, faltar, doler.

Example: "Me duele la cabeza." (My head hurts.)

Hacerse (voluntary change): "Se hizo médico."

Ponerse (emotional/physical): "Se puso triste."

Volverse (sudden/drastic): "Se volvió loco."

Used for habitual/repeated past actions or descriptions.

Endings: -aba, -ías, -ía, -íamos, -ían (AR verbs).

Example: "Cuando era niño, jugaba fútbol." (When I was a kid, I played soccer.)