Tourism: it accounts for about 11% of the nation’s annual GDP. Spain is the world’s 3rd most popular destination and it receives more than 75 million tourists each year (mostly tourists from France, the UK, Germany and Italy).

Manufacturing: it accounts for about 9% of the annual GDP. Pharmaceuticals and automobiles are the primary export commodities of Spain. The pharmaceutical market in the country is valued at an estimated $25 billion. The automobile sector is among Spain’s primary economic drivers, with an annual vehicle production of more than 2.8 million units.

Agriculture: agricultural production in the country is limited by the poor soils, with only 10% of the land area in Spain being considered excellent for cultivation. Nonetheless, Spain still has Europe’s second-largest land devoted to agricultural purposes, with the country’s agricultural land only exceeded in size by France. Horticultural products are Spain’s most important agricultural export commodities, and these include vegetables and citrus fruits.

Energy: the country is heavily reliant on fossil fuels in its energy consumption. The country has to source most of the fossil fuels from external markets, as the country has few proven oil reserves while its coal is of poor quality. Only 3% of the electricity produced is exported. Renewable sources such as nuclear, hydropower, geothermal, wind and solar are important in electricity generation, as a result of Spain’s heavy investment in the sector.

- 1985-1991: the price nearly tripled

- 1992-1996: the price remained somewhat stable

- 1996-2007: prices grew astonishingly again

- after financial crisis in 2007-2008: prices began to fall

- estimated in 2013: prices dropped more than 30% since 2007.

However, the country is heavily indebted, mostly because of the property recession. Much of the debt held by Spain's regional governments is owed to small, local businesses, which carried out work for local authorities and have still not been paid.
In 2013, the country’s gross external debt stood at $1.3 trillion. 

• An inward investment consists of foreign entities investing in local economies  bringing in foreign capital. 

• Foreign direct investment is a specific type of inward investment, consisting of  mergers and acquisitions or establishing new operations for existing businesses. • Inward investments improve local economies by bringing wealth, job creation, and  infrastructure development. 

Inward investments typically stem from multinational corporations investing capital in  foreign markets to grow their own presence or to meet specific demand of the local  economy. This can take the form of new demand for products or increased development of a  region. 

A common type of inward investment is a foreign direct investment (FDI). This occurs when  one company purchases another business or establishes new operations for an existing  business in a country different than the one of its origin. 

Inward investments or foreign direct investments often result in a significant number of  mergers and acquisitions. Rather than creating new businesses, inward investments often  occur when a foreign company acquires or merges with an existing company. Inward  investments tend to help companies grow and open borders for international integration.

Generally, the term is used to describe a business decision to acquire a substantial stake in a  foreign business or to buy it outright in order to expand its operations to a new region. It is  not usually used to describe a stock investment in a foreign company. 

• Foreign direct investments (FDI) are substantial investments made by a company  into a foreign concern. 

• The investment may involve acquiring a source of materials, expanding a  company's footprint, or developing a multinational presence. 

• As of 2020, the U.S. is second to China in attracting FDI. 

Foreign direct investments are commonly categorized as horizontal, vertical, or  conglomerate. 

• With a horizontal direct investment, a company establishes the same type of  business operation in a foreign country as it operates in its home country. A U.S.- based cell phone provider buying a chain of phone stores in China is an example.  

• In a vertical investment, a business acquires a complementary business in another  country. For example, a U.S. manufacturer might acquire an interest in a foreign  company that supplies it with the raw materials it needs. 

• In a conglomerate type of foreign direct investment, a company invests in a foreign  business that is unrelated to its core business. Since the investing company has no  prior experience in the foreign company's area of expertise, this often takes the  form of a joint venture.

After 2021, however, the country is expected to experience another population decline that is projected to be much steeper later in the century. Spain's population is projected to decline to 33.33 million people by 2099.

1.  Between 2000 and 2009, Spain accounted for around 30% of all new homes built in the European Union (EU). After Spain joined the euro in 1999, interest rates were low, property was seen as a good investment in a country with very high home ownership (85%), and there was a high foreign demand for holiday and retirement homes due to the 60 million tourists who visited Spain annually. When the property bubble burst, jobs were destroyed as quickly as they had been created. 

2. Spain’s labor market laws were very flexible, largely as a result of widespread use and abuse of temporary contracts.

3. Immigrants were lured to Spain when the economy began to expand rapidly. Their number soared from more than 900,000 in 1995 to 5.7 million in 2012, the largest increase in a European country in the shortest time. They were particularly needed in the construction and agricultural sectors and more than half of the 3.3 million non-EU immigrants in Spain worked in the construction sector. When the economy went into recession, immigrants bore a large part of the surge in the unemployment, as many of them were on temporary contracts and were the first to lose their jobs.

So annual paid holiday leave is 22 working days (30 calendar days) for a full-time employee. You can take your leave either in one go or have them spread out.

Keep in mind that you won’t receive compensation for unused vacation days.

You can take a paid sick leave. But for this, you’ll need to have a medical examination and get a certificate from State Health Services.

If you take sick leave for more than 4 days, you’ll receive compensation. You’ll receive 60% of your salary up to 20 sick days. If you need more than 20 days, then social security will pay 75% of your salary

Further details: https://housinganywhere.com/Spain/spain-labor-laws

Your pay rate will increase as you gain work experience. As a guideline, with 2 - 5 years of work experience, you’ll earn an average of 32% more than an entry-level employee.

The HDI is a summary composite measure of a country's average achievements in three basic aspects  of human development: health, knowledge and standard of living. It is a measure of a country's  average achievements in three dimensions of human development:

• a long and healthy life, as measured by life expectancy at birth; 

• knowledge, as measured by mean years of schooling and expected years of schooling; and • a decent standard of living, as measured by GNI per capita in PPP terms in US$. 

The HDI sets a minimum and a maximum for each dimension, called "goalposts", then shows where  each country stands in relation to these goalposts. This is expressed as a value between 0 and 1. The  higher a country's human development, the higher its HDI value. 

Ecological Footprint accounting measures the demand on and supply of nature. 

On the demand side, the Ecological Footprint adds up all the productive areas for which a population,  a person or a product competes. It measures the ecological assets that a given population or product  requires to produce the natural resources it consumes (including plant-based food and fiber  products, livestock and fish products, timber and other forest products, space for urban  infrastructure) and to absorb its waste, especially carbon emissions. 

The Ecological Footprint tracks the use of productive surface areas. Typically these areas are:  cropland, grazing land, fishing grounds, built-up land, forest area, and carbon demand on land. 

On the supply side, a city, state or nation’s biocapacity represents the productivity of its ecological  assets (including cropland, grazing land, forest land, fishing grounds, and built-up land). These areas,  especially if left unharvested, can also serve to absorb the waste we generate, especially our carbon  emissions from burning fossil fuel.

Each country´s score is a combination of at least 3 data sources drawn from 13 different  corruption surveys and assessments. These data sources are collected by a variety of  reputable institutions, including the World Bank and the World Economic Forum.

The HDI is also used to question national policy choices and to determine how two countries with the  same level of income per person can have widely different human development outcomes. For  example, two countries may have similar incomes per person, but have drastically differing life  expectancy and literacy levels, such that one of the countries has a much higher HDI than the other.  These contrasts stimulate debate on government policies concerning health and education to  determine why what can be achieved in one country is beyond the reach of the other. 

The HDI is also used to highlight differences within countries, between provinces or states, and  across genders, ethnicities and other socioeconomic groupings. Highlighting internal disparities along  these lines has raised the national debate in many countries. 

Human Development Index (0 - 1) in the European union: The average for 2020 based on 26  countries was 0.895 points.The highest value was in Ireland: 0.955 points and the lowest value was in  Croatia: 0.783 points. The indicator is available from 1980 to 2020.

Human Development Index (0 - 1), 1980 - 2020: For that indicator, we provide data for Spain from  1980 to 2020. The average value for Spain during that period was 0.836 points with a minimum of  0.702 points in 1980 and a maximum of 0.904 points in 2020. The latest value from 2020 is 0.904  points. For comparison, the world average in 2020 based on 185 countries is 0.724 points.  

An additional year of life would add to the GNI and thus be different in countries with different GNI per capita.

It also correlates factors that are more common in developed economies. For example, a higher level of education would tend to lead to higher GNI per capita. Critics argue the benefit or lack thereof of including two highly correlated values when perhaps one would be a better indicator of a country's well-being.

The HDI also fails to take into account factors such as inequality, poverty, and gender disparity. A country with a high value for GNI per capita would indicate a developed country, but what if that GNI is reached by marginalizing certain genders or ethnic classes? And what if that GNI is achieved by a small percentage of the population that is wealthy and, therefore, ignores the poor?

Furthermore, the values of the factors that make up the HDI are bound between 0 and 1. This means that certain countries that already have high GNIs, for example, have little room to improve in terms of GNI score even if their GNI continues to grow and improve. This same parameter affects the logic of the life expectancy score.

The HDI is controversial because it is highly influential yet considered to be deeply flawed. The United Nations itself even admits that the HDI is not “a comprehensive measure of human development” and that the index is slow to reflect recent policy changes and improvements to the lives of a nation’s citizens.

The HDI was designed to measure development not just in terms of how much money people have but also in terms of education and length of life. The problem is not everyone is happy about the choice of indicators nor the way they are aggregated.

We see this assessment as highly relevant for sustainability, competitiveness and long-term well-being, because living within the regenerative capacity of the Earth’s ecosystems is a necessary (although not sufficient) condition for human long-term success. And, as Ecological Footprint accounting demonstrates, we are failing to meet this condition by a long shot.

Still, as with any metrics, the Ecological Footprint has clear limitations. These are identified in more detail in papers on the method, results or applications, or in the upcoming book "Ecological Footprint: Managing our Biocapacity Budget." Limitations of the metric include:

Computing one score to accurately cover such variety is always going to be very difficult. Plus, if a state were ever to register a score of 100, what precisely would that mean? What does a country that apparently has no corruption at all actually look like? Or, conversely, what would a country that scored 0 (totally corrupt) look like? Any discussion of utopias usually ends in disagreement, and it is very likely that that would be the case here.

Furthermore, measuring concepts such as democracy, justice, fairness and indeed corruption is hard at the best of times, but those who do it well acknowledge that their attempts are always approximations. Indeed, statisticians have developed their own language to discuss the problems in getting these measurements right. Even though the CPI’s methodology has undoubtedly got more rigorous over the years, none of this is overtly acknowledged. This has led some researchers to cast doubt on whether this data can be put to any real use at all.

One particular challenge concerns the problem of defining corruption. It is not always clear what respondents actually understand the term corruption to mean. The terms bribery and corruption often appear to be used interchangeably plus responses to the various surveys are very likely to be shaped by – whether directly or indirectly – the assumptions and attitudes of the western business community. That is the case for the simple reason that the majority of people asked have roots in this particular milieu.

The CPI also measures perceptions of corruption rather than corruption itself. TI regularly and consistently acknowledges that this can be problematic. While knowing more about how citizens perceive a phenomenon certainly has its uses, it is also plausible that perception and reality might differ considerably. As Ritva Reinikka and Jakob Svensson succinctly note “perception indices raise concerns about biases”. These potential biases may well mean that the CPI is actually (and inadvertently) distorting reality, and simply reinforcing stereotypes and clichés. A further limitation is that the CPI focuses on perceptions of public sector corruption. In other words, the corruption that takes place in and around governments and public servants. It says nothing about corruption in private business.