Reading to understand the author’s choices allows the reader to decide whether or not they should incorporate that technique into their writing.

The words used in a writing affects the entire tone of the paper, whether it is a specific word, the way a sentence is written, or the format of the pages.

Reading allows the reader to understand the writing process, something that every writer goes through to make a piece that voices their thoughts/concerns

Reading and writing with purpose changes the way the audience sees reading and writing, causing them to develop a new writing technique or read a text in a specific perspective

“In other words, intelligence isn’t fixed. Intelligence isn’t general. Intelligence is not a thing. Intelligence is a dynamic, diffuse, and ongoing process. This finding fits perfectly with the earlier work of Mihály Ssikszentmihályi and colleagues, who concluded that “high academic achievers are not necessarily born ‘smarter’ than others, but work harder and develop more self-discipline.” (4) 

“Intelligence” is affected by the environment and the exposure time of that environment to the kid

People can be street smart and booksmart and those differences don't define each of their intelligence

There is a correlation between IARP score and perception about academic reading 

Some college students are unable to meet the proficiency that college holds them up to due to past experiences with reading, like not being able to have a good instructor to guide them

Reading is a continuous phenomenon, it changes every time we read affecting our reading skills.

The paradox of students when it comes to academic reading. “We found that reading is important but that students do not read.”

Develop new curriculums regarding writing to help students develop the needed writing skills to approach the new world

Educators should learn to adapt to the changes in literacy to assist students 

Writers become writers through collaboration and social activities.

Scholarly conversations are endless due to the complex perspectives from each scholar that is participating

Through the exposure of information, one will develop information literacy that can help the person to be more experienced when trying to find a credible source

We should have an open mind when joining into these conversations because we could come in with confirmation bias where we only listen to information that is aligned with our beliefs.

AI generates texts that are different from the writer’s own writing, if the writer was to incorporate AI generated writing into their own papers.

Using Ai to write for a writer causes the writer’s cognitive abilities to not develop since writers are not using their brain to write their thoughts and ideas

Ai is not flawless, it has flaws where it spits out false information or information that is not related to what the writer is searching for

AI can be taken advantage of which harms the academic integrity and intelligence of students.

Multiliteracies framework should be emphasized more and used to prepare undergraduates for the new and changing world, as well as helping them meet the academic requirements such as being able to write efficiently, reading with a strategy, etc.

Literacy is not just reading and writing, it also involves speaking and interacting with peers to build off each other’s perspectives and ideas.

Students should learn to denaturalize, where we should unlearn something we learned and relearn it with a new perspective that can help benefit us.

Everyone's knowledge are at different levels in the beginning of school

School prepares students for the future

Students need more experiences with different types of literacies to prepare them for college

Looking at how writers write

See what technique you can pick up form them to improve your writing 

You can choose different choices which leads to different outcomes/ impact on readers

Intelligence isn’t a thing

Different backgrounds can impact learning 

Different environments influence our intelligence/ development

students thinking reading isn't really important to get a good grade

Reading assignments are boring and ineffective 

Most students think reading is important (in survey)

technology have improved

writing has improved

Social media leads to different audience

Open to more perspectives before judging 

Don't stick to one opinion before doing more research from different perspectives 

Scholar conversations were there before you were there, and go on after you leave

Through the writing process, the writer is also learning new information

Using Al, you won't have much of a learning process through writing 

With AI getting more advanced, more people will learn how to use Al, educators need a way to adapt to AI

Read with an open mind and with purpose

Analyze the structure of sentences when you read to possibly add to your own writing

Ask questions about why an author wrote the way they did

There's a direct correlation between how many words are exposed to children at an early age and their later achievement

Environmental factors like speaking and reading to children early, encouraging them, setting high expectations, and embracing failure can positively impact their intelligence development

Intelligence can’t be measured. It is dynamic and ongoing

Students believe that reading is important, but not essential for passing classes

Motivation is a big factor that affects whether students want to finish academic readings or not

To solve this paradox, faculty should try to understand students’ beliefs and align their teaching style to complement that

Writing in the 21st century has changed a lot. Many of the traditional forms of writing is now changing into digital

Writing today is no longer restricted for classrooms or testing. Because of better technology, writing is now more public and free

Since technology is advancing, teachers needs to also change their teaching practices to reflect those advancements

Being a scholar involves ongoing, evolving conversations that contributes to a larger collection of knowledge

Scholarly conversations are more than just binary, it is “interminable”

If you already come to a conclusion in your mind, it’s harder for you to absorb the information that counters your conclusion (confirmation bias)

One of the main consequences of using AI to write is that it takes away the critical thinking portion of learning

Another consequence is that machine generated writing will lead to homogenization of writing styles

It is important for us to recognize the effects of using AI and only use it to complement our writing rather than substituting it

College students need access to a wide range of literacies to help adapt to college

Living in the 21st century requires more than just knowing how to read and write to engage with the world 

The multiliteracies framework includes important literacies we need like digital, visual, social, and cultural

Bunn focuses on asking the right questions while reading different pieces of writing.

He mentions how different elements, such as specific words, phrases, style, and the way you phrase something, really affect how the reader perceives it.

Bunn also mentions how learning different techniques of reading, can teach you new ways to write. He mentions how it is important to recognize how your audience is, and kind of shape your writing by targeting your specific audience.

One of the main points is that children before the age of 4 tend to be affected by the class of their family depending on the family’s money status.

Poor families talk a lot less with their kids compared to the rich families. The text also brings up a point of how workers from a factory have great mathematical skills, considering they came from less fortunate families (carton calculus).

Shnek also wraps up with a very wise thought that I resonate with; intelligence cannot be measured, it is not general, and it is very difficult to measure someone’s intelligence, “like messing a 5- year-olds weight.” It is only applicable on that day.

Reading skills come with cognitive skills that take time and experience. We never stop learning how to read. 

Most undergraduate students agree that reading is important, but they do not believe that reading is essential for success in the classroom.

The reading practices of students is influenced by their reading skills. 

Those with good IARP scores think having good reading skills is essential for grades in school, and those with a low score do not believe that reading skills are essential in order to succeed in a classroom.

It is important to have an open mind while having scholar discussions as a scholar student

There are never only two sides to a topic, there are always more, and it is important to keep that in mind

Confirmation bias creates a challenge for scholars 

It is not about “opposing sides” like two political parties, but more of different shades of gray and less like black and white, and all are important.

It is important to revise and improve how we read and write because society is always evolving. 

Through reading, the world is being controlled and propagandized, and through writing, people take back their freedom and control because they choose what to put down on paper and how. 

In 1845, teachers started testing students for writing to be more fair and consistent because oral tests were inconsistent and unfair. This is important to recognize because we still have this method to this day, in a form of any writing assignment. 

In 1935 NCTE developed a curriculum in the English course for students from elementary classes all the way to college

The evidence of participants wanting complexity in their students' work should be explored more. What is complexity? What is the bare minimum of complexity? Maximum? The right amount of complexity? Everyone has a different definition of complexity.

Every person is on their own level of writing "complex" papers. Some people have to work twice as hard to achieve the "right" level of complexity.

College is a path to get a good job, but it also helps people become PEOPLE. It helps you grow as an individual.

AI is good for writing very brief texts for on the surface topics

You have to do your own research first and then tweak the AI writing

AI cannot substitute an actual person writing a paper, because it takes mental formulation and textual output. 

AI is not good for complex writings because it simply will give you some gibberish. 

Students need more diversification in order to fully grasp the English courses material. It must be adaptable to everyone. 

Universities need multiple literacies to fulfill the engagement of the broader community.

In the 21st century, people need a lot more than reading, writing, and arithmetics to fully engage with the world around them.

Students recognize reading to be important to gain knowledge and intelligence, but don’t put the effort in to read as their professors expect them to.

Some students face challenges with reading, as some feel that the reading workload they are assigned is too burdensome, and some feel that their reading assignments are uninteresting.

Students stop reading when they think they have read enough for their desired grade instead of when they feel that they’ve actually understood a concept. 

Composing writing has changed with the technologies given in the 21st century, creating more opportunities for people to write and for people to view others’ writing.

We should adapt to and incorporate the benefits of 21st-century writing to create new teaching models and then teach them in schools.

Historically, reading has been seen with a more positive association than writing has, mainly because writing has been associated with test-taking and unpleasant feelings.

The topic that students will have a scholarly conversation about has been going on for quite a while, so they should listen to past and current ideas from others before joining in.

Scholarly conversations are often seen to have only two sides, for example, if it’s better to take notes on paper or laptops, but most conversations have nuances that make for more than only two sides.

Even if you think your point of view on a conversation is the “right one”, you shouldn’t be ignorant to others’ ideas because even if your argument is irrefutable, you might not have answers to disprove others’ arguments as well.

Most people read to gain information from a text, but students should learn to read like a writer in order to improve their own writing styles by looking at texts written by others.

Important to think about how the author led you to feel certain emotions with the way they, for example, structure their sentences or use a certain word for a certain purpose. 

Learning how authors structure their texts makes it easier for you to build your own, after observing the pros and cons of each technique they choose to utilize.

Reading a text with the elements of the rhetorical situation in mind (audience, purpose, etc.) is helpful in understanding why authors use those techniques when addressing a certain audience.

The Head Start program doesn’t do enough to improve low-income kids academic skills, as it got a hold of them too late and they were already behind their richer peers.

The old belief that smart genes from richer families was the sole reason why richer kids were smarter is wrong, as it is true that genetic differences exist, but the environment a kid grows up in is important as well.

A growth mindset is important to have as a student because studies show that the more a student believes they can improve an area, the greater their success will be when they put in the work.

Intelligence is not a fixed thing that is set by genetics when you are born, it is something that can be built over time and can be classified as a process. However, genetics still play a role and the environmental inputs in a child’s life can greatly affect their intelligence later on.

University curriculums must have multiliteracy curriculums in order to prepare their students to succeed in and beyond the university setting. 

The standard for being “literate” has increased as time has passed, for example, one is expected to learn more in the 21st century compared to the 20st century.

Curriculums must adapt and accommodate many things that can influence a student’s learning, for example, digital literacies and socioeconomic disadvantages, so that the curriculum can be as effective as possible.

One main key point that Shenk makes is that caregivers can make an influence on a children’s language development

Another key main point that Shenk makes is that children who experience the age gap are more likely to struggle academically

The last main point that Shenk made is that limited exposure to language and vocabulary affects academic skills

One main key point that Mike Bunn makes is that we need to read with purpose because if we don’t than we will not be able to fully understand what the author is saying we can not fully understand the message that the author is conveying

The other main point that the author makes is that we need to read with attention to detail because if we don’t we will not fully understand the experience that the author is trying to describe to us

The last main point that the author makes is that we need to critique and reflect on our work because it helps us on our critical thinking skills and tells us that the critique that we receive can lead to us figuring out what can and what can not work in our writing

Lack of motivation for students to read because the text isn’t interesting  to them 

There are barriers of reading which include time constraints had workholds

Students need support because if they don’t get it their overall academic performance gets affected

The evolution of writing and how technology has impacted the way that we write

The new need for literacies which helps how diverse writing has become and the way we can communicate with other people 

The last key main point is how collaboration on writing has lead to more and more people writing in new environments

Engagement with sources is crucial in understanding academic conversations

Multiple Perspectives Matter because we get to see other perspectives that are not ours

The last main claim is that research is an ongoing process and that we need to give it time to develop before we analyze it

The first main claim that they make is that there are multiple forms of genre when it comes to literacy and reading and writing

The second main claim that they make is that writing is a collaborative process and that we need to collaborate to make our writing better 

The last main point that the author made was that with the integration of technology writing has become more advanced

The first main point is the author talking about how AI impacts students cognitive thinking because AI being able to do an assignment in under 30 seconds leads to students not analyzing their work correctly

The second main point that the author makes is that with AI being able to do assignments quickly students would rather use AI instead of using and developing their own ideas

The last main claim the author makes is that the use of AI may weaken students writing skills because they will rely on AI instead of writing and making their own writing better

Using AI to handle routine tasks that don’t require much critical thinking doesn’t take away from someone’s learning habits, and it can even save them time that they can use to write more complex things.

When people compose complex texts themselves and revise them, they can formulate new ideas and perspectives they might’ve not had before using their critical thinking to write about the topic.

Using AI to write complex tasks for you takes away from the learning process and its benefits, and there should be regulations in the classroom to make sure that doesn’t happen to students.

Reading one word at a time is “wrong”. We should be reading strategically with wanting to learn to write as a main thought and the content will be absorbed either way.

We can and should adopt others writing styles and techniques if it is something that makes us respond positively 

Reading like a writer means wanting to make choices that help you understand piece by piece how something is structured or constructed in hopes of recreating and understanding the topic.

We need to make conscience choices in our writing to convey our message more effectively.

Intelligence is nearly impossible to measure

Environmental aspects can express or depress genes 

Speaking clear complex words to children can help them be smarter even if they don’t know what you're saying,

Academic reading is a continuum of skill

Reading practices and attitudes may be influenced by own reading skills

Reading is complex ability acquired overtime and is continually changing.

Academic reading improves grades and understanding

Open minded 

Listening to the whole conversation before jumping in

Brilliance is simple

There are more than two sides to any story

Don’t decide on anything until you have a good understating of “both sides”

Citizens of the world need to be composers

Everyone needs to have access to the same tools and resources

Advantage of technology

Writing now is sharing, but also participating 

Action is important

Kids should write not solely read

AI is helpful in some genres

Human writing is irreplaceable

AI is good at simple tasks

Humans are better at writing complex unique texts that require complex reasoning

AI can’t create new information

Students need access to the same resources 

Multiple literacies are needed to develop literacy competency 

Multiliteracy framework to give students the maximum and most effective amount of writing knowledge

Recognizing that every kid has different backgrounds 

A critical eye is important

Traditional literacy techniques 

Academic literacy techniques 

All writing consists of a series of choices. 

One of the key points in Bunn's essay on how to Read Like a Writer is that the goal of RLW is to consider the choices an author has made as a reader, then to incorporate them into your own writing as a writer for your own readers.

An important factor to consider when reading is the context. The context will inform your reading, and with more background knowledge the stronger your reading will be. Understanding the audience and purpose of the author will better inform you on how to read like a writer and understand the choices the author has made.

Prioritizing is crucial while reading like a writer. Although Bunn initially read word for word, you can still set priorities so that reading may not be so time consuming. Reading with a purpose in mind is crucial, and this requires understanding the context of what you will be reading as well as the author's purpose and intended audience. When it comes to writing, it is important to set similar priorities for yourself, such as considering your intended audience, genre, style, and what you would like your readers to gain from your writing if they were to read RLW style. Prioritizing your writing from the perspective of a reader reading in RLW can help both parties

Shenk's mention of genetics makes me think of how the Atlantic describes Shenk as a "writer on genetics, talent and intelligence" and how this may be elaborated on further in the essay. This sentence also introduces one of Shenk's questions on nature vs nurture.

Shenk's inclusion of the 1995 American Psychological Association task force's argument is used to illustrate how, in the past, "intellectual differences" were simplified to genetic differences such as inheriting smart genes from smart parents. He counters this argument, though he acknowledges that genetic differences do exist, they are not predetermined limits to our growth and intelligence. They are malleable and shaped by the environment such as the adults, financial status, and attention from a young age which one grows up in. He refers to this as a formula: GxE, the genetics we are born with multiplied by the environment in which we grow.

The idea of a growth mindset connects back to the study by Hart and Risley that found that nurturance and encouragement are directly related to a child's growth. Without positive reinforcement children will grow up without a sense of their own growth and achievements. By encouraging your child, you are setting them up to develop a growth mindset which promotes their pursuit of knowledge and future goals, directly combating the idea that genetics is a strict and predetermined factor in one's intellectual growth.

Shenk recognizes that "genetic differences do exist" but the most important factor in these genetic differences is the way they are nurtured by the parents. By nurturing a child's reading and speech, parents can help their children express their genes. I am still confused on how genes work and if there are specific reading and speaking genes.

I believe this sentence represents the main idea of Shenk's essay. Intelligence is rated differently across the world, based on different values and environments. Intelligence is not predetermined or set in stone and neither are the ways in which we determine the level of our intellect. Street smart and school smart show that intelligence comes in many different forms that are unique to individuals. Our parents' style of parenting, schooling, cultural values, personal values, career, and many other factors play a role in shaping who we are and what we have learned to place importance on. We grow from experience and circumstances and develop skills we need to survive and learn what will help us get by.

The professors' emphasis on the importance of reading, summary, critique, managing sources, and taking intellectual risks as the differences between defining "good writing" raise some concerns regarding the curriculum taught in schools as well as what this implies for students without experience.

From personal experience, AI can be a tempting tool to use when faced with a new system that is no longer based on "standards", "strategy", or "stepping stones" but rather specific skills such as citation, summary, critique, and reading which isn't something everybody has access to practicing before college.

Providing students with a handbook or sample paper is a helpful resource for all students, especially freshmen. In High school, I never learned Chicago or APA style which is considered the "standard" of these departments. I hope to learn them and I hope that my professors may provide such resources but I fear that they expect us to know.

Word choice plays a big role in understanding the tone of the text.

Writing is an active process that involves a series of choices to be made which helps add your own touch to the writing and make it unique to you because everyone has their own style of writing.

RLW teaches you to be more intentional about both your reading and writing, making you think critically about the text you are reading.

It is important to understand why the author wrote in the way that they did because it tells us more about them and how their experiences can be reflected in the text.

Many students do not take writing as an opportunity to express themselves as we have only been pressured to use it for academic means.

The criteria and rubric laid out to support the "Five Paragraph Essay" structure dictate our grades and limit our ability to explore multiple thesis' and conclusions. In High school, the argumentative and five paragraph essay format imposed by the teachers resulted in my writing being cut short and diluted to fit a certain formula.

John Warner expands on this idea of abstract rules that exist as guidelines to find our limit. I was in Elementary school when the "Said is dead" lesson was drilled into our heads. Though it was frustrating, it also pushed us to be creative and explore synonyms while expanding our vocabulary.

There is a clear difference in the number of words young children speak in welfare homes compared to professional homes

Language development is vital starting from a young age because it can impact a child’s academic learning ability

Children who has less language development from a early age may also come across challenges when socializing with their peers

Several students see reading as an irrelevant thing to do in classrooms

Lengthy reading assignments steer students away from completing them

There is a disconnect between what students see fit for their success in the classroom versus educators

Writing must expand in order to include the new media age

Technologies have changed writing practices such as online tools

It is important to work with others in the writing process

Scholarships are an ongoing conversation between scholars and educators

Writing should be collaborative in order to gain depth about a subject

Scholarships can influence certain teaching practices

Literacy goes beyond reading and writing and emphasized critical thinking skills

Students should be able to navigate through multiple forms of literacies such as books and digital media

Literacy is shaped from different background such as culture

Reliance on AI tools diminishes the cognitive processes in writing including critical thinking and analysis

Students may become more reliant on digital tools for generating writing as opposed to themselves

Reliance on AI tools for writing can hinder learning opportunities and which is not beneficial for the academic success of students

How writing is all about choices

Always ask questions while reading

Think about what works for you and what doesn’t work for you as a writer while reading

Always think about your audience

Intelligence is not defined

Genes and environment play a role in the 32-million word gap

To become intelligent is a process within oneself

It’s all about perspective. And how we view reading is how we apply ourselves when reading

Mixed consensus on a lot of the themes in reading

Professors and students view reading on different levels

Writing has advanced throughout the years

We are controlled through reading, but free through writing

Our process of writing is still the same concept, but now we add more to engage more with an audience

Scholarly conversations are not black and white

To have knowledge is power, and a way to seek out conversations

Jumping into a conversation, and picking up what the conversation is about will add to the conversation at hand

Changing times causes for us to change as well

We must constantly want to grow our virtual backpack

There are more than 3 R’s that we need in order to have an understanding of literature

AI is not being used in helpful way to students

Students aren’t losing because of AI

Teachers should integrate the use of AI in a helpful way

Students should have a multi-literacy curriculum to be successful in and out of university 

Everyone has a different background in reading

School curriculums should to what students need to succeed

Using AI in a way that completely does the work for you, won't allow you to learn anything that is meaningful.

A scholarship as a conversation is where scholars and researchers share their ideas and see new povs on the topic of discussion.

If you don't have an open mind in a conversation you are less likely to learn and absorb information from other points of view.

The process of learning to write is a life long process

Students know and think that reading is something that is very important throughout life but they don’t think reading assignments are necessary

Surveys done by the authors show that a majority of students think the the amount of reading assignments they do are unnecessary, they think that their reading skills are good enough.

Students do just enough reading to get a decent grade, they don’t put effort into it unless the class is important to them

Young children between the ages of 3-4 years old who hear more words from either their parents and those around them will do better in school later on in life.

Children from professional homes compared to working-class homes and welfare homes hear about 8 million words more per year, which is 32 million by 4 years old

Studies show that if you have a growth mindset, the person will be more successful

Read with the goal of improving your own work

Focus on the choices of writing techniques  rather than subject of the writing itself

Ask why an author makes a choice, AND how it affects later reading

Many kids have a limited vocabulary based on occupation of parents

Limited vocabulary results in lower test scores

Intelligence is changing and emerges in different ways not just academic tests

Many undergraduates study in a way skewed for grades over understanding 

A sizable amount of people agree that reading is important to learning, but a vast amount of students believe too much reading is assigned for the gains they get

By making reading more common and less used, its perceived value is much less to students

Writing is often used as a means not a subject

Students understand the implications and power of networking/spreading information through writing

We should adapt to the new mediums of writing as they spread more rapidly with the digital age

New literacy models are needed for student success

Current models allow disproportionate help since they are not suited to teach basic literacies to succeed 

The digital age means multiliteracies are much more common and needed

Cultural literacies affect academic success in current models

32 million word gap came from the idea that lower-class people are far behind in their vocabulary and knowledge due to the fact they aren’t getting exposed to literacy early. 

Shenk uses psychologists to support his idea that the environment and experiences ultimately affect a kid/student's knowledge and capacity for growth.

It was looked at on a global scale, where different parts of the world were under surveillance to make sure that his claim could be potent throughout. And it was shown that intelligence can always be grown and not stuck in some perusal place that makes you dumber than someone else. 

Reading like a writer is about “going into their shoes” to understand and characterize their motions and choices. This can help one become a better writer or better understand the true “meaning” of the text. 

It’s not about the final product but rather the construction of how they got there. Something can be deemed bad, but ultimately could have good points. Analogies appear consistently throughout the text like this. 

The importance of looking at the credentials of the writer. Are they trustworthy? The importance can make or break the strength of the writing and could should the weaknesses

There is a disconnect between reading and writing when it comes to how much one read’s to correlate with how great someones writing is. 

Distractions, or a lack of interest, causes for barriers to invoke interest in reading, where as engagement would allow for a want to read thoroughly. 

Allowing someone to read something they are interested in, highlights the importance of choice. 

A “call” for new writing models was elaborated upon as they aren’t updated for the 21st century. 

Interestingly, they also mentioned that a new curriculum could be used across multiple subjects as they should be able to work with each other in a school.

And then a big elaboration on the effect of the internet on writing has made old teaching methods useless as the internet caused big changes in the way one can read and where to attain information even when it can be faux.

Academic writing should engage with existing ideas, and creating a conversation to elaborate upon. 

Where there should not be 2 sides but rather a scope of agreement to allow for more nuanced writing 

Where multiple perspectives should be explored when it comes to strengthening writing. 

Participation via talking about it as a conversation allows for more expertise in a subject. 

A framework for multiliteracies is advocated for as academic, traditional, and critical, is essential in order for success at a university. 

It also happens to be critical for educational institutions to discuss the cultural gap between different students which leads to a lack of skills that would allow for someone to properly thrive. 

I also enjoyed how it was mentioned that students should also be co-creators of their own literacy practices, as rather than benign the receivers of writing skills, they should engage in it. 

It’s distinguished how AI-based natural language processors or NLP, are different when used for routine writing tasks vs. complex writings that need creativity or more advanced thinking. 

I find it interesting that the text highlighted the use of critical thinking skills in order to write meaningful writing and that AI can not be able to replicate. 

Besides this, the concern of how this will effect the education system is brought up as students could send a prompt to AI and have a writing created, which highlights the use of English.